Prevalence Of Childhood Trauma Research Articles

Prevalence of Childhood Trauma and its Relationship with Psychological Resilience among Undergraduate Nursing Students in North India

Background: The evaluation of Childhood trauma (CT) rates among nursing students is important as the repercussions of childhood trauma on nursing students might affect not only the individual students but also the patients that he or she may care for. Aims and Objective: 1) To evaluate the prevalence of CT among nursing students 2) To determine the relationship between CT and psychological resilience among nursing students 3) To assess the contributing factors of CT among nursing students. Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study involved 1326 nursing students who had been selected using a non-probability method. Childhood trauma was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Resilience was weighed using Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square tests, and independent samples t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Around two-thirds (65%) of the nursing students reported exposure to some type of childhood trauma. More than half (58.2%) students were exposed to more than one type of CT and 8.6% experienced all five forms of CT. Out of five types of traumas, majority of the students experienced emotional neglect. CT was shown to be inversely related to psychological resilience. CT subscales also exhibited a statistically significant negative link with psychological resilience. Conclusion: Childhood trauma is common among nursing students. For the development of trauma-informed interventions, the findings of this study have important ramifications for nursing educators.

The effect of childhood trauma on moral cognition in patients with schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a potential moral cognitive impairment (failure in understanding moral rules) exists in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and to explore the effect of childhood trauma (CT) on moral cognition in a group of patients with SCZ. A total of 99 patients with SCZ and 102 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ) was administered to assess childhood trauma experiences in both groups, while the Moral Identity Measure (MIM) and the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) were applied for a comparative evaluation of moral cognition across the two groups. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was administered to assess the psychopathology. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly greater CTQ scores than HCs (42.77 ± 13.50 vs. 29.11 ± 4.25, t=9.697, p<0.001). The prevalence of childhood trauma (χ 2 = 58.452, p<0.001) and history of aggressive behaviors (χ 2 = 23.565, p=0.001) among patients with SCZ were greater than that among HCs. In addition, the scores of moral cognition (MIM: 61.82 ± 15.12 vs. 70.88 ± 8.87, p=0.001; MFQ: 87.24 ± 22.30 vs. 112.62 ± 23.42, p=0.045) in the SCZ group was lower than that in the HC group after controlling for the influence of CT covariates. The MFQ score was negatively correlated with the CTQ score, the emotional abuse (EA) score, the physical abuse (PA) score and the physical neglect (PN) score in SCZ patients. Among HCs, the MFQ score was positively correlated with the CTQ score, as well as with the dimensions of physical abuse (PA) and emotional Neglect (EN). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that impaired moral cognition performance was significantly predicted by the CTQ score (beta=-0.235, p=0.034, 95% CI -0.743 to -0.031) in patients with SCZ but was significantly predicted by years of education (beta=-0.392, p<0.001, 95% CI -4.783 to -1.876), alcohol use (beta=0.210, p=0.023, 95% CI 2.191 to 29.399) and the CTQ score (beta=0.184, p=0.046, 95% CI 0.019 to 1.928) in HCs. CTQ moderated the effect of SCZ on MFQ (B = 0.516); Simple tests revealed that the group effect on the MFQ was B=12.306 at the lower level(-1SD) and B = 54.089 at the higher level(+1SD) of the CTQ scores. SCZ patients exhibit impaired moral cognition. The contribution of CT to the presence of moral cognitive impairments seems to be independent of psychopathology.

Prevalence of Childhood Trauma Among Women with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study

IntroductionSchizophrenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder believed to arise from the interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences. Among these environmental factors, childhood trauma stands out as a significant contributor to the onset of schizophrenia in adulthood.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the occurrence rates of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect in a group of Tunisian women diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among stabilized female patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, in the ‘B’ psychiatry department at Hedi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax, Tunisia, from May to June 2023. We administered the 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).ResultsIn this study, 41 female patients were enrolled, with 65.9% diagnosed with schizophrenia and 34.2% with schizoaffective disorder. The average age of participants was 49.19 years, ranging from 17 to 79. The mean score on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was 56.34, with scores ranging from 43 to 98. Emotional neglect was the most prevalent form of trauma, reported by 40 patients (97.6%). Following emotional neglect, physical abuse was found in 16 patients (39%), sexual abuse in 10 patients (24.4%), emotional abuse in 6 patients (14.6%), and physical neglect in 2 patients (4.9%).Conclusions Based on these findings, our recommendation is to establish government-operated facilities that offer emotional and psychological support, legal assistance, parenting guidance, and medical monitoring in collaboration with educational institutions and social and child protection services for those in need.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Unearthing the Past: Childhood Trauma among Nursing Students and its Profound Impact on Mental Health and Resilience

Trauma affects children from all communities and regions. Among nursing students, the prevalence of childhood trauma is a concern that can have long-lasting effects on their mental health and well-being. Childhood trauma refers to experiences of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and neglect during childhood. The prevalence of childhood trauma among nursing students has significant implications for their mental health and well-being. Various factors contribute to childhood trauma among nursing students, such as personal and family issues, environmental factors etc. Understanding the prevalence of childhood trauma among nursing students is crucial for healthcare institutions and educators to develop appropriate support systems and interventions that address the unique challenges faced by this population.

Prevalence of childhood trauma in patients with psychiatric disorders and its association with perceived social support and suicide attempts: A cross-sectional observational study in a tertiary hospital in South India

Background: Adverse childhood experiences include exposure of children to physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Children exposed to severe maltreatment and trauma during their early childhood are at a higher risk of early onset of psychiatric disorders. Aim: To find the prevalence of childhood adverse experiences in psychiatric patients and its association with perceived social support and suicidal attempts. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the psychiatry outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. Patients with a diagnosis of substance use disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and neurotic disorders according to ICD-10 (F10-F45) and in remission were included in the study. Institutional Ethical Committee approval and informed consent from the participants were obtained. Socio-demographic and clinical details were obtained. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and Multidimensional scale of Perceived Social Support were administered. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were employed for data analysis. Results: Eighty-five per cent of the subjects had a history of at least one type of childhood trauma. Emotional abuse was the most commonly reported type of trauma. Among patients with childhood trauma, 47.2% reported high levels of perceived social support, whereas 18.5% individuals reported a history of at least one suicide attempt. Conclusions: A significant proportion of patients with psychiatric disorders in an Indian setting have experienced childhood trauma. Childhood trauma in psychiatric disorders is associated with a higher risk of attempting suicide.

The lasting effects of childhood trauma on developing psychiatric symptoms: A population-based, large-scale comparison study.

Childhood trauma (CT) increases rates of psychiatric disorders and symptoms, however, the lasting effect of CT into adulthood has little exploration using large-scale samples. This study estimated the prevalence of CT in a large sample of Chinese young adults, examining the risk factors of current psychological symptoms among those with CT experiences. 117,769 college students were divided into CT and non-CT groups. The propensity score matching method balanced the confounding sociodemographic factors between the two groups, compared to 16 self-reported psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder), and seven current psychiatric symptoms. Hierarchical regression employed the significant risk factors of the seven current psychiatric symptoms. The prevalence of CT among young adults was 28.76% (95% CI: 28.47-29.04%). Youths with CT experiences reported higher psychiatric disorder rates and current symptom scores (P < 0.001). Sociodemographic factors (females, family disharmony, low socioeconomic status, poor relationship with parents, lower father's education level) and lifestyle factors (smoking status, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise) were significantly associated with current psychiatric symptoms. Public health departments and colleges should develop strategies to promote mental health among those who have experienced CT.

Prevalence of Childhood Trauma in a Community-Based Mental Health Clinic.

A large number of individuals in the US have experienced childhood trauma. However, little is known about the prevalence of trauma in a diverse patient population entering treatment in a community mental health center. To assess early trauma in this population, the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACEs) questionnaire was administered to 856 participants over a nine-month period. 40% reported four or more ACEs. Among high scorers, emotional abuse, physical abuse and emotional neglect were the most prevalent ACE experiences. High mean ACE sum scores were observed among patients with PTSD, depression, impulse disorder and substance use disorder. Having a higher ACE sum score was associated with a greater number of co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Characterizing ACEs by patient sociodemographic attributes and psychiatric diagnoses extracted from the electronic medical records (EMR) can benefit therapeutic interventions. These findings indicate a need for creating more trauma-informed settings with knowledgeable, trained staff.

Mitigating Rural Adolescent Trauma: Remote Delivery of a Trauma-Informed Yoga Intervention During COVID-19.

Given the prevalence of childhood trauma in rural Montana, this project is intended to help mitigate stressors that may contribute to poor behavioral and mental health in high school-aged children, which may be exacerbated by the collective trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic. The immediate goal was to measure physical and mental health outcomes in adolescents resulting from a remotely delivered trauma-informed yoga intervention designed to foster positive youth development. Our study builds on the successes from an initial feasibility pilot study one year prior in order to evaluate a more robust intervention comparing experimental and control group outcomes. Students at a small, rural high school in Montana volunteered to participate in a 6-week, twice-weekly trauma-informed yoga intervention in their physical education class. Validated survey measures, including the PHQ-A, GAD-7, and ACE-Q instruments, were utilized to measure mental health outcomes pre- vs. post-intervention. Salivary cortisol levels were also measured pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Statistically significant declines in cortisol levels and improvements in sleep duration were noted when comparing experimental vs. control groups. Noteworthy declines in depression and anxiety levels were also seen when comparing the treatment to control groups. Descriptive differences between the control and experimental groups illustrate the mental health benefits of reduced anxiety and depressive symptoms in rural adolescents resulting from a remotely delivered trauma-informed yoga intervention. Our study holds the potential for a long-term public health impact in reducing adolescent rates of anxiety and depression while mitigating trauma in geographically isolated settings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT04664855.

The Influence of Childhood Trauma and Family Functioning on Internet Addiction in Adolescents: A Chain-Mediated Model Analysis.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of Internet addiction in adolescents, analyze the associations of childhood trauma, systematic family dynamics, and family functioning with Internet addiction, and investigate the mediating chain role of anxiety and depression in the relationship of childhood trauma and family functioning with adolescent Internet addiction. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which general sociodemographic data were obtained from 3357 adolescents in grades 6–12 who were assessed using psychometric instruments such as the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Young Internet Addiction Test, Systematic Family Dynamics Self-Rating Scale (SSFD), Family Functioning Assessment (FAD), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: (1) The prevalence of Internet addiction among adolescents was 26.09% (876/3357). The prevalence of childhood trauma was 54.96% (1845/3357), and the prevalence of Internet addiction was significantly different between adolescents who suffered childhood trauma and those who did not (χ2 = 96.801, ν = 1, p = 0.000). (2) Childhood trauma and various dimensions of systematic family dynamics had a significant negative and positive relationship with poor family functioning and anxiety or depression, respectively. (3) Childhood trauma was a positive predictor of Internet addiction through the chain-mediated effect of anxiety and depression, but there were no direct effects. Poor family functioning was a positive predictor of adolescent Internet addiction, and this positive prediction was augmented by the chain-mediated effect of anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Childhood trauma and poor family functioning or support predicted Internet addiction in adolescents, with anxiety and depression as mediators.

Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Childhood Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Among Adolescents From Two-Child Families in China.

The two-child policy has been implemented in China since 2016 and has attracted the attention of the world. Adolescents may face huge psychological challenges in the process of changing family structures and relationships. To date, no mental health survey of adolescents from two-child families has been conducted. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors for childhood trauma, anxiety, and depression in two-child families in a statistically representative sample of Chinese senior high school students from Shanghai. A total of 426 participants were randomly selected from 1,059 students of four senior high schools in different districts of Shanghai. The childhood trauma questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used as the screening tools. We found that the overall prevalence of childhood trauma, anxiety, and depression among senior high school students in two-child families was 46.70% (95% CI, 39.93–53.47%), 22.17% (95% CI, 16.53–27.81%), and 35.85% (95% CI, 29.34–42.36%), respectively. The two-child families was an important factor associated childhood trauma, emotional neglect, and physical neglect (χ2 = 5.984, p = 0.014; χ2 = 4.071, p = 0.044; χ2 = 4.202, p = 0.040). Ranking in two-child families was a risk factor for childhood trauma (β = −0.135, p = 0.048). Parental preference was a significantly correlated with physical abuse, physical neglect, anxiety, and depression (β = −1.581 to 0.088, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect of participants in the two groups were positively correlated with anxiety and depression (r = 0.195–0.478, p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between sexual abuse and anxiety symptoms in the one-child family group (r = 0.161, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that the overall prevalence of childhood trauma, anxiety and depression among adolescents from two-child families in China was high. The two-child families and family ranking are important factors associated childhood trauma, while parental preference is related to anxiety and depression. These results highlight an urgent need to be addressed by adolescents' mental health service providers and policy-makers.

Prevalence and types of childhood trauma in first episode psychosis patients. Relation with clinical onset variables

ObjectiveTo study the prevalence and the type of childhood trauma (CT) in a first-episode psychosis (FEP) cohort and in a healthy control (HC) sample. To study which clinical and sociodemographic variables in the onset of the FEP are related to having suffered some traumatic experience in childhood. Method100 FEP patients and 94 HC participated in the study. The Childhood Traumatic Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate CT. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Personal and Social Performance (PSP), the Suicide Risk Scale of Plutchik (SRSP), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were also administered. Results61% of FEP patients and 17% of HC reported having experienced some kind of CT. FEP showed more CT than controls in all subscales, except in sexual abuse. The most frequent CT was emotional abuse. For the FEP group, younger age, more years of education, have a first-degree family history, more positive and negative symptoms, more perceived stress and more personal and social functioning were the variables more influenced by having suffered some kind of CT. ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of CT in FEP patients. Having a first-degree family history of mental illness, more positive symptoms, and more perception of stress at the time of hospital admission were related to having suffered CT. More research is needed to find out the best way to detect CT and its role in psychosis to be able to implement interventions to improve the evolution of these patients.

Epidemiology of Childhood Trauma and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Psychiatric Disorders Among Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study.

Childhood trauma (CT) can lead to long-term psychiatric disturbances. The current study investigated the prevalence of CT and its associated risk factors among Chinese adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Adolescents were recruited from a large study on mental health in the Hunan province of China in 2014. The study had a two-phase cross-sectional design. Patients with mental disorders (n = 907) and healthy subjects (n = 2,240) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. Of all types of CT, emotional neglect (EN; 48.44%-68.82%) and physical neglect (PN; 60.0%-72.1%) were most common among adolescents. The experience of emotional abuse (EA), physical abuse (PA), sexual abuse (SA), EN, and multiple types of trauma (≥3) was higher among adolescents with psychiatric disorders than the healthy comparison group. Moreover, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that living in semi-urban areas and villages, having a sibling, and having bad-to-average academic performance were risk factors for CT among adolescents with psychiatric disorders (p < .05). In additional, the results of logistic regression analysis revealed that being a left-behind child and bad academic performance were risk factors for experiencing multiple types (≥3) of CT (p < .05), while being female and having siblings were found to be protective factors against (≥3) CT (p < .05). In summary, the prevalence rate of CT (especially multiple types of trauma) is high among adolescents with psychiatric disorders. These results indicate the importance of reducing CT to limit the likelihood of psychiatric disorders, especially among adolescents.

Childhood trauma in adults with ADHD is associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and functional impairment

Background Child and adolescent psychological trauma exposure is associated with psychopathology in the adult population in general, but literature on childhood trauma (CT) in adults with ADHD is scarce. Aims To determine the prevalence of CT among adult patients with ADHD, and whether a history of CT implies different adult outcomes of psychiatric comorbidities, and functional impairment than without. Method Previously unmedicated adult outpatients with ADHD (n = 250, median age 32 years) entered the study. Participants were diagnosed with ADHD using the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults, second edition (DIVA 2.0), and were assessed by historical data, validated questionnaires, and structured clinical interviews for CT and mental disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and functional impairment. Analyses compared ADHD patients with and without CT. Results Prevalence of CT was 44%. Of those with PTSD (n = 21), many had CT (85%, p < 0.001). In binary logistic regression analyses, CT was linked to an increased likelihood of concomitant panic disorder (unadjusted odds ratio, OR = 3.0, p < 0.001, and adjusted OR = 2.7, p < 0.01) and any anxiety disorders and two or more comorbid psychiatric disorders (adjusted OR = 1.9, p < 0.05 and OR = 1.7, p < 0.05, respectively), and was associated with significant functional impairment. Conclusions These findings suggest that awareness of child and adolescent trauma is clinically relevant among young to middle-aged adult ADHD patients, and implications for earlier detection of CT and treatment warrant further studies.

Prevalence of childhood trauma and its association with lower urinary tract symptoms in women and men in the LURN study.

To describe the association between childhood traumas (death of a family member, severe illness, sexual trauma, parental separation) reported by women and men and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In this secondary analysis of the Lower Urinary Tract Research Network Observational Cohort Study, participants completed the LUTS tool, childhood trauma events scale (CTES), PROMIS depression and anxiety and perceived stress scale. LUTS tool responses were combined to quantify urinary urgency, frequency, incontinence, and overall LUTS severity. Multivariable linear regression tested associations between trauma and LUTS; mental health scores were tested for potential mediation. In this cohort (n = 1011; 520 women, 491 men), more women reported experiencing at least one trauma (75% vs. 64%, p < .001), greater than three traumas (26% vs. 15%, p < .001), and childhood sexual trauma (23% vs. 7%, p < .001), and reported higher impact from traumatic events compared with men (median [interquartile rnage] CTES score = 10 [5-15] vs. 6 [4-12], p < .001). The number of childhood traumatic events was not associated with severity of overall LUTS (p = .79), urinary frequency (p = .75), urgency (p = .61), or incontinence (p = .21). Childhood sexual trauma was significantly associated with higher incontinence severity (adjusted mean difference 4.5 points, 95% confidence interval= 1.11-7.88, p = .009). Mental health was a mediator between trauma and LUTS among those with at least one childhood trauma. Although total childhood trauma is not associated with LUTS, childhood sexual trauma is associated with urinary incontinence severity. For patients with childhood trauma, half of the effect of CTE Impact score on overall LUTS severity is mediated through the association between trauma and the patient's mental health.

Prevalence of childhood trauma among adults with affective disorder using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A meta-analysis

Childhood trauma is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) in adults. However, no meta-analysis was performed on the prevalence of different types of childhood trauma in adults with affective disorders, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Four databases were used to search articles regarding the prevalence of childhood emotional abuse (CEA), childhood physical abuse (CPA), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), childhood physical neglect (CPN), and childhood emotional neglect (CEN) in patients with MDD and BD using the CTQ. A total of 17 and 11 articles were found analyzing patients with MDD and BD, respectively. A pooled prevalence rate of 33.0% and 30.0% for CEA, 17.0% and 18.0% for CPA, 19.0% and 22.0% for CSA, 37.0% and 31.0% for CEN, and 31% and 30.0% for CPN was found in patients with MDD and BD respectively. A difference in 95% confidence interval in the CSA rate between men and women was found in patients with MDD in the gender subgroup and in the rate of some types of childhood trauma in the continent subgroup in both patient types. A limited number of articles were included in some continents, thus, the heterogeneity in the meta-analysis was generally high. The prevalence of CEA, CEN, and CPN in patients with affective disorders was relatively high, whereas that of CPA and CSA was relatively low. These childhood traumas might be affected by continent and gender.

Traumatic Childhood Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans in Substance Use Disorder Treatment.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) dramatically increases the risk of both substance use disorder (SUD) and suicide in veterans. Military-related trauma, however, may not be the only or most significant trauma experienced by veterans. Trauma exposure is high among those joining the military. This study sought to identify the prevalence of five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and emotional and physical neglect) and three adult trauma symptom clusters (intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal) among veterans seeking SUD treatment and to clarify the associations between types of trauma and specific symptom clusters. Veterans at three Veterans Affairs (VA) SUD treatment facilities in the Midwest completed surveys at treatment entry (n1 = 195) and at 6-month follow-up (n2 = 138). Measures included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the PTSD Checklist, either a military or a civilian version, depending on whether the most traumatic event occurred in or out of the military. The prevalence of childhood trauma was high, ranging from 40.5% experiencing physical abuse down to 22.8% experiencing sexual abuse. At baseline, 60.2% of the military trauma group met criteria for PTSD, compared with 33.9% of the civilian trauma group, a significant difference, χ2(1, N = 195) = 14.46, p < .01. Childhood emotional and physical abuse were moderately associated with intrusion and hyperarousal in the military trauma group, but in the civilian trauma group a broader spectrum of childhood traumas were associated with a broader array of symptom clusters, including avoidance. At follow-up, symptoms improved and were less associated with childhood trauma. These findings illuminate the persistence of effects of childhood trauma and recommend more targeted PTSD treatments.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Community Physicians: What We've Learned.

The prevalence of childhood trauma, as measured by the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study questionnaire, has been studied in a wide variety of community settings. However, little is known about physicians' familiarity with and use of the ACE questionnaire or the prevalence of childhood trauma in the physician community. To survey a convenience sample of community-based physicians and resident physicians to assess for familiarity with and use of the ACE questionnaire in clinical practice and to measure the prevalence of their own ACEs. An electronic survey was created and disseminated that included demographic questions, questions about physician awareness and use of the ACE questionnaire in clinical practice, and the 10-point ACE questionnaire. Most physicians surveyed (81%) reported they had never heard of the ACE questionnaire. Even fewer (3%) reported using the questionnaire in clinical practice. Most physicians (55.5%) reported no personal history of ACEs. Physicians reporting a history of childhood trauma reported a wide range of ACE scores (1-9). Compared with men, women reported a statistically higher number of ACEs (p < 0.001). In this sample of community physicians, familiarity with and clinical use of the ACE questionnaire was low. Most physicians surveyed reported no personal history of childhood trauma. Of physicians reporting a history of childhood trauma, women were disproportionately affected. Physicians in this study reported a lower prevalence of ACEs than the population they serve. Physicians must become better educated and actively address the effects of ACEs on their patients and on themselves.

The Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Schizophrenia Symptoms Severity at Zagazig University Hospitals

Background: Childhood trauma is an environmental and risk modifying factor for schizophrenia. Aim of the work: The objective of the present work is to evaluate the incidence of childhood trauma among schizophrenic patients and how this impacts the clinical features of the disorder. Subjects and Methods: It is a crosssectional study conducted from January 2019 to June 2019 at the Psychiatry Department, Zagazig University hospitals where the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) Arabic version was used to verify the diagnosis of randomly chosen 104 schizophrenic patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for the assessment of positive, negative and general psychopathology connected with schizophrenia. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) Arabic version to assess adverse childhood experience. The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Zagazig University Hospitals and a written informed consent is obtained from all patients. Results: The prevalence of childhood trauma in schizophrenic patients is (85.6 %), (42.3%) of them had ≥3 types of trauma. Childhood trauma was associated with low education level and rural residence. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between childhood trauma and positive symptoms of schizophrenia in which (ACE total score ≥ 3 traumas) were associated with severe positive symptoms. Conclusion: Childhood trauma is prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. Childhood trauma patients are associated with more severe positive symptoms, especially in patients with 3 or more traumas. Patients with childhood trauma were associated with early schizophrenia onset.

The prevalence of childhood trauma in psychiatric outpatients

BackgroundThe aim of this present study was to compare the prevalence and type of trauma experienced by community sample with the outpatient sample with mental disorders.MethodsA total of 354 outpatients, aged 14–35 years old, with mood disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, adjustment disorder and anxiety disorder were recruited from a tertiary psychiatric hospital. A total of 100 healthy controls were recruited from the Singapore general population by snowballing. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) designed to measure childhood trauma and the severity (e.g., physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect) was administered to participants. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from interviews with the participants and from outpatients’ medical records, respectively. Independent sample t tests and Chi-square tests were used to investigate the differences between the outpatient and community samples.ResultsOverall the CTQ-SF total and domain scores indicated that outpatient sample experienced higher rate of traumatic life events in childhood than community sample. Two most reported trauma types were emotional abuse (n = 81, 59.1%) and physical neglect (n = 74, 54%) reported by the mood disorder group. In the community sample, emotional neglect (n = 46, 46%) and physical neglect (n = 18, 18%) were the most commonly reported trauma type. Overall outpatient sample (n = 80, 22.6%) and community sample (n = 28, 28%) reported at least one type of trauma.ConclusionThe findings indicate higher rates of CTQ-SF total and domain scores in outpatient sample demonstrating a higher rate of traumatic life events in childhood compared to community sample. Further research in childhood trauma is needed to improve the knowledge in psychiatric clinic practices.

Prevalence of self-reported trauma in a sample of Iranian children is low and unrelated to parents' education or current employment status.

Objective:In Western countries, the prevalence of childhood trauma (CT) ranges from 15 to 25%. CT might be indirectly associated with lower parental socioeconomic status and educational attainments. The aims of this cross-sectional study were fourfold: to assess prevalence of CT in a large sample of Iranian children; to compare the Iranian prevalence rates with those of Western countries; to explore gender-specific patterns; and to explore possible socioeconomic predictors.Method:The sample comprised 608 children (mean age 11.49 years, 51.5% females). All completed the Farsi version of the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children. Additionally, parents reported on their current employment status and highest educational level.Results:Trauma symptoms were reported by 20 of 295 boys and 23 of 313 girls. The overall prevalence was 7.1%. Child-reported trauma symptoms were not associated with parents’ socioeconomic status or highest educational level. Compared to prevalence findings from U.S. national surveys (ranging from 15-25% of children and adolescents), the prevalence among 11- and 12-year-olds in the present study was considerably lower.Conclusions:The overall prevalence of reported trauma symptoms among a large sample of Iranian children was unrelated to parents’ socioeconomic status, and was lower than that reported in U.S. surveys.