Prevalence Of Child Labor Research Articles

Beneath the kiln: The unyielding spirit of women shaping rural India's brick tale

The brick industry, characterized as an informal and unorganized sector in India, has witnessed growth concurrent with urbanization across various states. This labor-intensive industry relies significantly on the widespread exploitation of women and children and heavily depends on migrant workers for production. This study aims to shed light on the current socio-economic conditions of women in the brick industries of Falta and Budge Budge-II C.D blocks in the South 24 Parganas District of Indian state West Bengal. The variables considered for this study encompass gender, age, marital status, nature of work, experience, education, income, benefits, and challenges —these factors serve as indicators of the socio-economic status of women in these manufacturing units. Environmentalists have identified the brick industry as one of the hazardous sectors with adverse implications for the health and physiological well-being of women and children. The present study is based on both primary and secondary data. The findings reveal that women in this field experience various forms of suffering, and the prevalence of child labor is notably high for both boys and girls in the brick kilns of these two blocks.

Does trade liberalization increase child labor in rural Pakistan? A rural perspective

Trade liberalization has differentiated effects on the regions (i.e., urban and rural). Concerning regional importance, we investigate the association between trade liberalization (TL) and child labor (CL), with special emphasis on rural areas, using micro-level data from 1990-2005 in rural Pakistan. Our estimation approach analyzes geographical differences in the effects of trade policy through province-level exposure to a reduction in import tariffs. We construct provincial panel data for the investigation of the liaison between trade liberalization and child labor in rural Pakistan. The feasible generalized least-squares (FGLS) method is utilized for empirical analysis. Pakistan is related to trade liberalization and the prevalence of child labor in rural areas. In Pakistan, trade liberalization has given rise to child labor in rural regions. It might be the reason that children who are living in rural areas assist their parents with household chores and on-farm. In rural Pakistan, trade liberalization leads to a rise in child labor. Our results hold up well against a range of control variables. The policy implication of the study is that the government should provide free education programs and packages to the poor, especially in rural areas, for the survival of their lives and then parents should send their children to school instead of work.

Informal institution meets child development: Clan culture and child labor in China

Using a national representative sample, the China Family Panel Studies, this paper explores the influences of clan culture, a hallmark of Chinese cultural history, on the prevalence of child labor in China. We find that clan culture significantly reduces the incidence of child labor and working hours of child laborer. The results exhibit strong boy bias, and are driven by boys rather than girls, which reflects the patrilineal nature of Chinese clan culture. Moreover, the impact is greater on boys from households with lower socioeconomic status, and in rural areas. Clan culture acts as a supplement to formal institutions: reduces the incidence of child labor through risk sharing and easing credit constraints, and helps form social norms to promote human capital investment. We also employ an instrument variable approach and carry out a series of robustness checks to further confirm the findings.

Child Labor Among Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Nearly 4 million Syrian refugees, including more than 1.8 million Syrian children, fled to Turkey during the Syrian war, where they face many challenges to rebuild their lives. They are confronted with restrictions on their residence status and access to the labor market, limiting their formal employment opportunities. Poverty and labor exploitation are widespread consequences, and to make ends meet, children are driven into the workforce. In Turkey, child labor among Turkish nationals is also widespread as follows from the Turkish national child labor survey from 2019, creating a fertile ground for Syrian children to take up work. Although child labor among the Syrian refugee population is gaining increasing attention among scholars and humanitarian actors, knowledge about its extent or characteristics remains limited. Drawing on a survey conducted in late 2020, this paper contributes to a deeper and more numerically based understanding of the current situation of Syrian minor workers in Turkey. The quantitative results of our research are compared with the Turkish national child labor survey, highlighting the differences and commonalities between Syrian and Turkish children working in the country and looking into the impact of the lack of permanent residency on the prevalence of child labor. Our findings suggest that Syrian children enter the labor force at a younger age and have less access to education while working very long hours and earning low wages. The study thus demonstrates the specific vulnerabilities of Syrian children to labor exploitation.

Socio-Economic and Health Determinants of Child Labor an Overview of Multiple index Cluster Survey

This paper identifies the various determinants of child labor and analyzes the variation in child labor with different socio-economic and demographic factors in the northern Karakoram region of Pakistan. For this paper, the data related to the different socio-economic and demographic variables of child labor have been used from the Gilgit-Baltistan “Multiple Index Cluster Survey (2016-17)” of 6,213 households conducted by the provincial government of Gilgit-Baltistan. The results of the demographic determinants have revealed that the prevalence of child labor is significantly high in rural areas as compared to urban areas. The results also found that there is no significant variation in child labor with gender. While the incidence of child labor increases with age in the study area. Similarly, the findings show a positive relationship between poverty and child labor as the incidence of child labor and children working under hazardous conditions increases with the downward shift from the richest to the poorest wealth index quintile. These hazardous conditions are responsible for multiple health implication for children. Finally, in terms of variation in child labor across divisions and districts of Gilgit-Baltistan province results reveal that the prevalence of child labor is highest in the Baltistan division followed by Diamer and Gilgit division. Regarding the variation across districts, results show that the incidence of child labor is highest in district Nagar while lowest in district Gilgit. The most important measure to combat child labor in this region is the sensitization and awareness of parents about the issue of child labor. Keywords: Demographic, Determinants, Household Level, Child Labor, Northern, Karakoram

The Relationship of Child Labor and Globalization in the Philippines

The problem of child labor has long been studied by economists, and most of it focuses on the microeconomic perspective. For this study, the researchers have decided to shift their focus to macroeconomic analysis. This study focuses on the effects of globalization and economic growth on the prevalence of child labor in the Philippines, mainly focusing on globalization, by using time-series analysis. Studies suggested that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between globalization and child labor in developing countries, while other studies have determined a U-shaped relationship. The findings of this study reveal that there is no U-shape relationship between the variables but instead follows a linear relationship between globalization and child labor in the Philippine context. However, the lack of data and research publication on a national scale could influence the empirical results. Furthermore, this research can be used as literature in future studies.

Prevalence and Causes of Child Labor in Gamo Gofa Zone: The Case of Daramalo District

The child labor is worldwide problem. There are estimated over 168 million child labors in the world. About 7.5 million child laborers were found in Ethiopia. This study assessed the reasons for the exploitation of child labor, and the nature and magnitude of problems encountered by child laborers in Gamo Gofa Zone specifically in Daramalo district in 2014/15. The Cox Proportional Hazard model was used and collected cross-sectional data through using systematic sampling method was analyzed by SPSS 20.0. According to the study, the prevalence of child labor was 82.7 percent. Large proportions (99.4%) of the child laborers in study area are forcefully unpaid family workers and they work starting before 6 am in the morning until 1 pm in the night. Keywords : Child Labor, Prevalence, Cox Regression, Daramalo district DOI : 10.7176/JAAS/56-04 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Wealth, Social Protection Programs, and Child Labor in Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study.

This article has 3 main objectives: (1) to assess the prevalence of child labor in Colombia, (2) to identify factors associated with child labor, and (3) to determine whether social protection programs have an association with the prevalence of child labor in the country. Using a cross-sectional study with data from the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey 2010, a working child was defined as a child who worked during the week prior to the survey in an activity other than household chores. Through descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate regressions, it was found that child labor was associated with gender (boys were more likely to work), older age, ethnicity (children from indigenous communities were more likely to be workers), school dropout, disability (children with disabilities were less likely to be working), subsidized health social security system membership, and lower number of years of mother's schooling. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that children beneficiaries of the subsidy Familias en Acción were less likely to be working and that social protection programs were more effective to reduce child labor when targeting the lowest wealth quintiles of the Colombian population.

Child health, labor and primary school enrollment in rural India

The present study examines the determinants of primary school enrollment in rural India. Taking account of demand and supply side factors of education, we attempt to assess the impact of child health on parent decision for child education. Although it is an important factor determining whether or not a child is sent to school, its impact has been relatively overlooked. It is observed from that a better health is likely to increase the probability of girls’ enrollment while reducing the likelihood of school participation for boys. Given the prevalence of child labor as an important income source for household, our findings suggest that rural Indian households might weight current income from their sons. Extending the dichotomous analysis, the present study also investigates the role of child health on child status – ‘enrolled only’, ‘enrolled and work’, ‘work only’ and ‘no where - neither in school nor at work’ and confirm a strong association between girls’ health status and schooling.

Child labor in China

We present the first systematic study on child labor in China. Child labor is not a negligible social phenomenon in China; about 7.74% of children aged from 10 to 15 were working in 2010, and they worked for 6.75h per day on average, and spent 6.42h less per day on study than other children. About 90% of child laborers were still in school and combined economic activity with schooling. Our results show that child labor participation is positively associated with school dropout rate. A child living in a rural area is more likely to work. Compared with place of residence, the gender of a child are less important. The educational level of the household head and its interaction with the gender of the household head seem to be unimportant. However, household assets per capita and household involvement in non-agricultural activities are negatively related to the incidence of child labor. A child from a household with more adults is less likely to work. The prevalence of child labor in China exhibits significant regional variations. The child labor incidence is correlated with the development level of each region: the Western region has the highest percentage of child labor, followed by the Eastern and Central regions.

Associação do trabalho infantil com transtornos de comportamento do tipo introversão e extroversão: um estudo transversal no Sul do Brasil

Resumo Objetivo avaliar a associação entre trabalho infantil e transtornos de comportamento do tipo introversão e extroversão. Métodos estudo transversal com entrevistas domiciliares e aplicação do Child Behavior Check List em 1.608 jovens de 10 a 13 anos e 1.530 jovens de 14 a 17 anos da área urbana de Pelotas, Sul do Brasil. Resultados a prevalência do trabalho foi de 7,3% entre os mais jovens e de 20,7% entre os de mais idade, e a de transtornos de comportamento, de introversão, 25%, e de extroversão, 22%, sem diferença por idade. Análise multivariada (Poisson), estratificada por idade, mostrou associação entre extroversão e trabalho, com prevalência maior entre os mais novos e menor entre os mais velhos. Extroversão associou-se diretamente, nos mais novos, com serviços domésticos e construção civil, e inversamente, nos mais velhos, com serviços não domésticos. Não houve associação com introversão em nenhuma das faixas de idade. Para os mais velhos, o trabalho foi protetor para extroversão, em particular nos serviços não domésticos, porém há possibilidade de causalidade reversa. Discussão o prejuízo ao comportamento na faixa de 10 a 13 anos indica a necessidade de erradicação do trabalho infantil, com atenção especial ao serviço doméstico e à construção civil; o trabalho de adolescentes mais velhos em serviços não domésticos pode trazer benefícios ao comportamento.

The right to childhood: Reflections on the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize

According to the Indian Census, there are about 440 million children in India with an additional 27 million being born ach year in the country. Two million do not live to see their fifth birthday. Although the majority of children are enrolled in chools, more than 50% of enrolled children do not attend school regularly UNICEF (2014). According to UNICEF India, factors hat contribute to lack of school attendance include the quality of physical space (e.g., infrastructure, sanitation), cultural oncerns (e.g., discrimination against the girl child, class and caste differences), and the prevalence of child labor. Meanwhile in Pakistan, out of 182.1 million people, 33.3% are children below age 14, and 21.5% are between 15 and 24 ears of age. Thus, the majority of Pakistan’s population are children and young adults. Although Pakistan is comparatively a maller nation (both in population and size), the state of children and education has been a much-discussed issue in recent ears. Like India, Pakistan struggles with limited access to resources and lack of developed infrastructure, especially to aid nd support child protection. The issue has become even more pressing in recent years because of increasing security threats. In December 2014, the Taliban stormed an Army Public School in Peshawar and killed 132 children.) In such an unsettled economic, social, and political landscape, children’s rights are a “slogan in need of a definition,” as illary Clinton Rodham (1973) wrote in 1973-not what the Western world now understands as basic children’s rights. The definitions” for children’s rights largely become priority lists – nutrition trumping education, education trumping housing, o on and so forth. Nevertheless, in Pakistan and India, the growing discontent with political and policy leaders has allowed grassroot moveents to intensify into sociopolitical uprisings. The political backdrop that sets laws and policies for children is evolving, lbeit slowly. There is an urgency to reclaim childhood as a basic human right for all children regardless of gender, background, aste, or religion, which has transformed the lives of many otherwise marginalized children. One of the major barriers to realizing the rights of children vis-a-vis education, health, nutrition, and security is the lack f cohesive political standing where child rights are more than mere talking points to win elections. Although leaders of oth countries – India and Pakistan – applaud the work of Yousafzai and Satyarthi, winners of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, he articulation of corresponding goals and allocation of resources toward enhancing the status of children has not taken ffect. Another impediment for effective child rights policies is the relationship between India and Pakistan itself. The two ountries continue to face political tensions, even after 67 years of being separate nations with land boundaries. The welleing of both countries rests on the successful and sustained implementation of child-centered policies and practices, which n turn promote a stronger development for the nation states. For this to happen, the two countries can and ought to share esources and knowledge.

The impact of country connectedness and cultural values on the equity of a country’s workforce

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the impact that country connectedness and cultural values have on the equity afforded to a country’s workforce in today’s global economy.Design/methodology/approach– Drawing upon a number of large international surveys of national-level metrics, e-readiness is identified as a proxy measure for country connectedness. Cultural variables are proxied by the World Values Survey’s national-level scores on “survival/self-expression” and “traditional/secular-rational” values. Workforce equity is captured via three measures: per capita Gross National Income (GNI) based on purchasing power parity (PPP), a Gini-coefficient, and the prevalence of child labor. Stepwise regression analysis is employed to investigate expected relationships.Findings– Results suggest an interesting link between the constructs investigated. A negative and significant effect of e-readiness and a negative and significant effect of traditional/secular-rational values on workforce equity are reported. In addition, the impact of e-readiness appears to be absolutely larger while thee impact of survival/self-expression values on the workforce equity is not found to be significant.Research limitations/implications– The research is primarily exploratory in nature thereby providing a foundation but not an end product. Next, the data used in the research is aggregate-level data providing broad generalizations about each country. Does a country have a single culture? Is the connectivity of a country a valid measure of the regions within? The authors chose to use an analysis at a single point in time. A longitudinal study could provide more insight and thus help to highlight causality. The data utilized was repurposed from third-party sources. Finally, only 37 observations are used and a broader data set could help strengthen findings further.Social implications– The rapid march of country connectedness across the globe is eroding firms’ ability to shade their actions through the distance afforded by global supply chains. A country’s culture values has a significant impact on workforce equity but country connectedness has a stronger impact, thus companies operating in more traditional and less developed countries will face significant impacts as these countries get connected. Rather than a threat, companies may see country connectedness and workforce equity as an opportunity. Firms that treat their workers well will see vast new markets open for them as evermore of the world’s population becomes economically active.Originality/value– Uses an innovative data capture methodology that allows the investigation of an interesting and unexplored research question.

Child and adolescent labor and smoking: a cross-sectional study in southern Brazil

This cross-sectional study assessed the association between smoking and child and adolescent labor among 3,269 individuals 10 to 17 years of age in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil (excluding higher income census tracts) in 1998. Adjusted hierarchical analysis was performed using Poisson regression. Prevalence of child labor was 13.8%. Current smoking prevalence was 6.3% in the sample as a whole (15.7% among working versus 3.4% among non-working children). In the multivariate analysis, smoking was significantly associated with child labor, with a prevalence ratio of 1.75 (95%CI: 1.30-2.36). Smoking was also associated with family characteristics (lower maternal schooling, mother currently without husband/partner, household members with alcohol or drug problems, single mother, and history of serious injuries), and the children's characteristics (age greater than 16 years, inadequate school performance, and externalizing behavior). The findings point to smoking as one of the harmful consequences of child labor and suggest the workplace as an appropriate target for smoking prevention.

The Health Impact of Child Labor in Developing Countries: Evidence From Cross-Country Data

Research on child labor and its effect on health has been limited. We sought to determine the impact of child labor on children's health by correlating existing health indicators with the prevalence of child labor in selected developing countries. We analyzed the relationship between child labor (defined as the percentage of children aged 10 to 14 years who were workers) and selected health indicators in 83 countries using multiple regression to determine the nature and strength of the relation. The regression included control variables such as the percentage of the population below the poverty line and the adult mortality rate. Child labor was significantly and positively related to adolescent mortality, to a population's nutrition level, and to the presence of infectious disease. Longitudinal studies are required to understand the short- and long-term health effects of child labor on the individual child.

Child Rights: An Enabling or Disabling Right? The Nexus between Child Labor and Poverty in Bangladesh

The research reported in this article demonstrates the centrality of poverty and the structures of political economy to the prevalence of child labor in Bangladesh. This article examines the context of child laborers in Bangladesh and challenges the uncritical application of the social and cultural rights discourse to conditions where poverty and economic injustice are endemic. The authors argue the current preoccupation in development circles with cultural rights tends to disregard the fact that the economic rights of families and communities are denied, and there is a concomitant negation of the importance of poverty, material deprivation and class structures. This article indicates that the gap between the child rights discourse and poverty hampers the efforts to eradicate child labor in any comprehensive manner.

A Model of Parental Demand for Child Labor with High Fertility Norms

This paper sets out a model to examine how social norms regarding fertility influence parental choice between child labor and child's education. The parent is modeled as a “social animal” who derives utility from conformity with behavior of other members of the society. In deciding on the number of children, parents internalize the gain of utility from conformity to the norm for fertility. The model investigates the influence of the social element of conformity on the education decision for children and the prevalence of child labor. Social utility from conformity with exogenous social norms of high fertility increases the prevalence of child labor. This social norm can decrease the effectiveness of public policy aimed at encouraging education in place of child labor.

Injuries to construction laborers

We present the first systematic study on child labor in China. Child labor is not a negligible social phenomenon in China; about 7.74% of children aged from 10 to 15 were working in 2010, and they worked for 6.75 h per day on average, and spent 6.42 h less per day on study than other children. About 90% of child laborers were still in school and combined economic activity with schooling. Our results show that child labor participation is positively associated with school dropout rate. A child living in a rural area is more likely to work. Compared with place of residence, the gender of a child are less important. The educational level of the household head and its interaction with the gender of the household head seem to be unimportant. However, household assets per capita and household involvement in non-agricultural activities are negatively related to the incidence of child labor. A child from a household with more adults is less likely to work. The prevalence of child labor in China exhibits significant regional variations. The child labor incidence is correlated with the development level of each region: the Western region has the highest percentage of child labor, followed by the Eastern and Central regions.

Mortality among ferrous foundry workers

We present the first systematic study on child labor in China. Child labor is not a negligible social phenomenon in China; about 7.74% of children aged from 10 to 15 were working in 2010, and they worked for 6.75 h per day on average, and spent 6.42 h less per day on study than other children. About 90% of child laborers were still in school and combined economic activity with schooling. Our results show that child labor participation is positively associated with school dropout rate. A child living in a rural area is more likely to work. Compared with place of residence, the gender of a child are less important. The educational level of the household head and its interaction with the gender of the household head seem to be unimportant. However, household assets per capita and household involvement in non-agricultural activities are negatively related to the incidence of child labor. A child from a household with more adults is less likely to work. The prevalence of child labor in China exhibits significant regional variations. The child labor incidence is correlated with the development level of each region: the Western region has the highest percentage of child labor, followed by the Eastern and Central regions.