Prevalence Of Bifid Mandibular Canals Research Articles

Assessment of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography in general population: a retrospective evaluation.

To evaluate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the Saudi population subset. In the study, three hundred and forty-three CBCT scans (661 sides) were evaluated for the presence of BMC, involving 162 males and 181 females. Tomographic acquisitions were performed on the device Planmeca®. The image analysis was performed on the Planmeca Romexis® software, aided by image filters associated with transverse, oblique, and panoramic reconstruction cuts for analysis of the BMC. Naitoh's classification (2009) was employed to classify mandibular canals. The prevalence of BMC was determined according to location, gender, and age of participants. The data were analyzed with Chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests at a significance level of 95%. The BMC was observed in 37 (12.34%) out of 343 participants, of whom 20 (54.05%) were males and 17 (45.94%) were females. There was no significant difference in the proportion of bifid canals in both genders and various age groups. The most common BMC was the retromolar canal type, with 56.75% occurrence. The dental canal type was observed in 18.91% of BMC participants. The presence of a forward canal without confluence was observed in 16.21% of participants in the BMC, whereas a forward canal with confluence was noted in 8.10% of participants. The prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) within a subset of the Saudi population was 12.3%. The retromolar canal was identified as the most frequently occurring type, accounting for 56.7% of cases. No significant variations in BMC prevalence were observed concerning age and gender. Consequently, it is strongly advised to conduct a thorough assessment of the mandibular canal and its potential variations using CBCT imaging before undertaking mandibular surgical procedures, in order to minimize the risk of complications.

Bifid Mandibular Canal: A Proportional Meta-Analysis of Computed Tomography Studies.

Growing body of evidences showed different grades in prevalence of bifid mandibular canals. Because the previous reviews focused solely on patient-level occurrence, hemi-mandible-level prevalence, bilateral symmetry, length, and diameter of bifid mandibular canals were required to be estimated collectively. The research question of this meta-analysis was "What is the prevalence of bifid mandibular canal among patients seeking computed tomography examinations"? In vivo, computed tomography, and cross-sectional studies were eligible. Studies, with less than 100 subjects or anatomic site restriction or controlled class of bifid mandibular canal, were excluded. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for prevalence studies was used to assess methodological quality of all included studies. Random effect meta-analyses for proportion of bifid mandibular canal were done. 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies were selected for both systematic review and meta-analyses. Totally, 17714 patients and 31973 hemi-mandibles were included. All eligible studies showed moderate risk of bias on average. Resulting from the random effect model, more than 20% of patients seeking computed tomographic examinations had bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) which penetrated into slightly more than 14% of hemi-mandibles. Of the patients having bifid mandibular canals (BMCs), nearly 23% exhibited such anatomy on both sides of their mandibles. Estimated mean length and diameter of the accessory canals of bifid mandibular canals were 12.17 mm and 1.54 mm, respectively. The geographical locations, classifications, reliability test, and voxel size of computed tomography were all implicated in the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals along with gender and laterality, although considerable heterogeneity and bias were detected.

Evaluating the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals and anatomic variations by cone beam computed tomography

Evaluating the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals and anatomic variations by cone beam computed tomography

Evaluation of Anatomical Variations of Mandibular Canal through Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Introduction: The inferior alveolar canal is an important anatomical structure in the field of dentistry implants and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an important diagnostic technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anatomical variations of the mandibular canal observed in CBCT images.
 Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study 384 inferior alveolar canals were evaluated in 192 patients, who were referred to the radiology department of Isfahan Azad University in 1396 for a cone- beam computed tomography. Radiographs were performed to assess the frequency of different left and right mandibular canal segregations by sex in terms of upper and lower position, baccolingual position, shape of the general canal. The frequency and different types of existing mandibular plug canals were also evaluated. Data were analyzed by Chi Square, independent T Test, paired t-test. (p value < 0.05).
 Results: The mandibular canal was 2.1% of the lower position, 11.9% of the upper position and 86% of the middle position. Statistically significant differences were observed between the frequency distributions of canal positions and gender (p value = 0.004). The prevalence of Bifid mandibular canals was 14.8%. There was no significant relationship between the shape of the general channel path and gender. There was no significant difference between the mean distance between the mandibular canal and the buccal cortex in both Molar and Ramus with the sex of the subjects and the side of the canal (p value < 0.05).
 Conclusion: The highest frequency of mandibular canal in most subjects was on the right in the intermediate position. The mean distance between mandibular canal and buccal cortex in Ramos and Molars area on both right and left sides was not significantly different between men and women.

O perfil facial e a prevalência de canal mandibular bífido

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos canais mandibulares bífidos (CMB) e correlacioná-los com os tipos faciais (TF) por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Material e método: A amostra, composta por 180 hemimandíbulas (90 pacientes), foi determinada por: TF, sexo, idade e lado da face. O TF foi determinado utilizando o índice VERT de Ricketts. As TCFC foram dispostas em três grupos de acordo com os TF: 30 pacientes braquifaciais, 30 mesofaciais e 30 dolicofaciais. Os CMB foram classificados de acordo com Naitoh et al. (2011). As imagens foram classificadas e avaliadas por um radiologista treinado, utilizando os softwares Dolphin Imaging® 11.0 e XoranCat®. A comparação entre os grupos em relação ao sexo, lado acometido e classe do CMB foi feita pelo teste Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher; a influência da idade em relação ao sexo e presença de CMB, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e, em relação ao TF, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A relação entre o sexo dos pacientes e presença do CMB, pelo teste Exato de Fisher. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% para todos os testes. Resultados: A proporção de pacientes com CMB na amostra foi de 14.4%, sendo o mais frequente o tipo C sentido alveolar (53.8%), seguidos dos tipos D sentido retromolar (15.4%), tipo E sentido lingual (15.4%) e tipo F sentido base da mandíbula (7.7%). Quando o CMB estava presente, não houve predominância de lado nem influência pelo sexo. Conclusão: O TF não afeta a presença ou o tipo de CMB. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos canais mandibulares bífidos (CMB) e correlacioná-los com os tipos faciais (TF) por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Material e método: A amostra, composta por 180 hemimandíbulas (90 pacientes), foi determinada por: TF, sexo, idade e lado da face. O TF foi determinado utilizando o índice VERT de Ricketts. As TCFC foram dispostas em três grupos de acordo com os TF: 30 pacientes braquifaciais, 30 mesofaciais e 30 dolicofaciais. Os CMB foram classificados de acordo com Naitoh et al. (2011). As imagens foram classificadas e avaliadas por um radiologista treinado, utilizando os softwares Dolphin Imaging® 11.0 e XoranCat®. A comparação entre os grupos em relação ao sexo, lado acometido e classe do CMB foi feita pelo teste Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher; a influência da idade em relação ao sexo e presença de CMB, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e, em relação ao TF, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A relação entre o sexo dos pacientes e presença do CMB, pelo teste Exato de Fisher. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% para todos os testes. Resultados: A proporção de pacientes com CMB na amostra foi de 14.4%, sendo o mais frequente o tipo C sentido alveolar (53.8%), seguidos dos tipos D sentido retromolar (15.4%), tipo E sentido lingual (15.4%) e tipo F sentido base da mandíbula (7.7%). Quando o CMB estava presente, não houve predominância de lado nem influência pelo sexo. Conclusão: O TF não afeta a presença ou o tipo de CMB.

Bifid mandibular canals: CBCT assessment and macroscopic observation

The bifid mandibular canal is an anatomical variation, which causes anesthetic failure and surgical accidents occasionally. The purpose of this study is to observe the prevalence and anatomical location of bifid mandibular canals, providing clinical value in reducing the occurrence of surgical accidents and postoperative complications. A total of 321 outpatients were selected in this study. Their CBCT images were observed, and the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals as well as the composition ratios of each branch type was evaluated according to the classification of Naitoh. The bifid mandibular canals and their branches' diameter, length, horizontal distance to the buccal/lingual wall of the mandible, and vertical distance to the mandibular alveolar ridge were measured. Furthermore, 194 dry adult mandibles from the Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology of Tianjin Medical University were observed to evaluate the prevalence and the average diameter of retromolar foramina. Of all the 321 patients, 84 (26.17%) cases of bifid mandibular canals and 105 (16.36%) sides of unilateral bifurcation were observed. Based on Naitoh's classification, the retromolar canals were the most common types (46.67%), followed by the forward canals (40.00%), the dental canals (10.48%) and the buccolingual canals (2.86%). In 194 dry adult mandibles, 23 cases (11.86%) and 29 sides (7.47%) of retromolar foramina were found and the average diameter of retromolar foramina was 0.94 ± 0.30mm. More than a quarter of the population has the bifid mandibular canal, which is a potential factor of the onset of surgery accidents. CBCT is an effective method to identify the branches of mandibular canals. Preoperative CBCT examination can help reduce various postoperative complications.

Prevalence of Bifid Mandibular Canals in Turkish Eastern Anatolia Population: A Retrospective Study

Prevalence of Bifid Mandibular Canals in Turkish Eastern Anatolia Population: A Retrospective Study

Radiographic and anatomic investigation on the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals in cone beam computed tomography scans

Background. Knowing the radiologic anatomy of the mandibular canal is essential to perform optimal anesthetic techniques in dentistry, especially in endodontic and surgical procedures. Bifid mandibular canals figure as anatomic variations that may hamper dental anesthesia and lead to surgical accidents.Objective. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of patients under dental treatment.Material and methods. The sample consisted of 700 patients (448 females and 252 males) under dental treatment. CBCT images taken from each patient for dental treatment purposes were analyzed retrospectively in order to search for bifid mandibular canals. The detected bifid mandibular canals were classified according to their morphological arrangement and the prevalence of this anatomic variation was tested for association with patients’ sex using Pearson’s Chi-square test (2).Results. The prevalence rate of bifid mandibular canals reached 2% (n=14). Mandibular canals with an additional bifurcation towards the anterior region of the mandibular ramus were the most prevalent (100%). Lack of statistical association was observed between the occurrence of bifid mandibular canals and patients’ sex ( p >0.05).Conclusion. Despite uncommon, bifid mandibular canals may occur. Dentists must be aware of this anatomic variation to perform safely and optimally in the clinical routine.

Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of bifid mandibular canal in a Turkish population

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) in a Turkish population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
 Methodology: The CBCT images of 350 untreated patients (178 male, 172 female ranging in age between 18 and 65,) were included in this study. The presence or absence of BMC was determined in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes by considering gender and side. For statistical evaluation, a chi‑square test was used to determine any differences in the prevalence of BMC with significance set at 5%.
 Results: BMCs were observed in 129 out of 700 sides (18.42%) and 97 out of 350 patients (27.71%), of which, 55 were in males and 42 in females. Regardless of gender, the right side was more frequently affected (73%). Male patients showed higher prevalence (15.71%) than the female patients (12%).
 Conclusion: BMC was observed in 27.71% of examined Turkish subjects and detected more frequently in males and on the right side.

Bifid variations of the mandibular canal: cone beam computed tomography evaluation of 1000 Northern Chinese patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify variations of bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) in a population of Northern China by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of 1000 consecutive patients were analyzed by using the NewTom proprietary software. BMCs were identified and classified on the basis of the Naitoh classification. Linear and angular measurements of BMCs were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted by using χ2 and Wilcoxon tests. BMCs were observed in 13.2% of 1000 patients and 8.4% of 2000 sides. The prevalence of BMCs was significantly lower in patients in the first 2 decades and in cases with a class II molar relationship. The retromolar canal (68.4%) was the most common type of BMC observed. No buccolingual canals were identified; however, 2 special canals were detected. A classification system of 3 subtypes of retromolar canals was suggested. On average, the beginning site of the branches from the opening of the main canal was at a distance of 8.1mm. The mean diameter and length of BMCs were 2.1mm and 12.6mm, respectively. This study underlined the prevalence and characteristics of BMCs in a population of Northern China. Preoperative identification of BMCs with CBCT may help prevent postoperative complications.

Prevalence evaluation and classification of bifid mandibular canals in CBCT exams in different facial types

Abstract Objetive The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence and classification of mandibular canal alterations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in different facial types. This research was submitted and approved by the research ethics committee, registration number 2.065.839. Material and method The sample consisted of 90 CBCTs from the São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School database (Campinas-SP), divided into three groups according to brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic facial types. Result Of the 90 patients, 23 presented bifid mandible canals (25.6%), of which 60.9% were in males and 39.1% in females. In 39.1%, the canal bifurcation occurred towards the retromolar region (class D), 21.7% had a trajectory to an alveolar or upper direction (class C) and 13.1% were classified as C-E. For the remaining classifications (A, E, F and A-E), the frequencies were in the range of 8.7% to 4.3%. None of the 23 cases of mandibular canal bifurcation was classified as B (mesial direction). Conclusion According to the results obtained from this study, the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals was found to be 25.6%, with class D being the most prevalent for the retromolar region and the highest occurrence was unilaterally on the left side. When evaluating the occurrence of bifid mandibular canals in relation to facial types, brachycephalic patients were the most affected.

A prevalence study of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography

AbstractAimThis study aims to assess the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals in a UK population using cone beam computed tomography.Materials and MethodsThis is a prevalence study of 140 patients (280 sides) referred to a dental hospital in the UK for extraction of a third molar. Canals were classified from cone beam computed tomography images using a novel classification.ResultsAt least one bifid canal was seen in 30.00% (n = 42/140) of patients (95% CI: 26.13–33.87%) and in 18.93% (n = 53/280) of sides (95% CI: 16.59–21.27%). The retromolar canal was the most common variant observed.ConclusionsThe bifid mandibular canal appears to be a common anatomical variant, of which clinicians should be aware. These variants are relevant to surgery in the retromolar region, dental extraction and implant placement, where damage has the potential to cause bleeding and sensory disturbance.

Prevalence of bifid mandibular canals by cone beam computed tomography.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). We examined CT scans from 300 patients both male and female, aged 25 to 87years. The subjects were divided into groups according to gender, male group (MG) and female group (FG) as well as subgroups according to the side, right (R) and left (L). Tomographic acquisitions were performed on the device I-Cat ® Classic. Image analysis was performed on the XoranCat ® software of the equipment itself, aided by image filters associated with transverse, oblique, and panoramic reconstruction cuts for analysis of the BMC. The results were displayed as descriptive analysis of the values and comparisons between factors were performed using ANOVA at a significance level of 95%. BMC was observed in 80 cases (26.67%), of which, 39 (48.75%) were in males and 41 (51.25%) in females; no difference was seen between genders, neither by affected side, although the right side was more frequently affected (66.67%) when both genders were combined. The prevalence of BMC is significant and should not be overlooked.

Bifid mandibular canals and their cortex thicknesses: A comparison study on images obtained from cone-beam and multislice computed tomography

Background/purposeHigh prevalence of bifid mandibular canals has been visualized with various types of computerized tomography (CT). Along the canals, a various ranged corticalization was recently reported. The depiction of the fine anatomic structures on multislice and cone-beam CT images was compared. Material and methodsThe presence or absence of the bifid canal was assessed on 327 images obtained by multislice CT (MSCT; n = 173) or by cone-beam CT (CBCT; n = 154), according to the configuration. The cortex thickness and distribution were also assessed. ResultsThe prevalence of bifid canal detected by CBCT was significantly greater than that detected by MSCT (42.2% vs. 18.7% for hemi-mandibles and 58.4% vs. 30.6% for patients). Cortical thickness recorded by CBCT was significantly thinner than that recorded by MSCT (0.48 mm vs. 0.65 mm, P < 0.001); however, the distributions of corticalization detected by the two tomography methods were similar. There was a significant association of cortex thickness with CT type and corticalization degree (R2 = 0.530, P < 0.001). ConclusionThinner cortices, but greater prevalence of bifid canals recorded by CBCT, compared to MSCT, suggests that clinicians should be cautious when using CT to interpret this fine anatomic structure.

Prevalence of bifid mandibular canals in panoramic radiographs: a maxillofacial surgical scope.

The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals in patients treated at the Dental Clinic of the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil. The sample consisted of 3,024 panoramic radiographs from male (n = 1,155) and female (n = 1,869) patients (mean age 30 years). An experienced radiologist analyzed the panoramic radiographs according to the study of Langlais et al. (J Am Dental Assoc 110:923-926, 1985), which classifies bifid mandibular canals into four different types. Sixty patients (1.98 %) presented bifid mandibular canals. Specifically, 50 patients revealed bifid mandibular canals type I, while 10 patients revealed bifid mandibular canals type II. All the variations were unilateral. In addition, statistically significant results were not observed for gender distribution. The present findings indicate a low prevalence of morphologic alterations of the mandibular canal in the studied population. However, the present outcome highlights the clinical relevance of investigating the radiologic morphology of the mandibular canal prior to surgical interventions.

Evaluation of bifid mandibular canals with cone-beam computed tomography in a Turkish adult population: a retrospective study

Knowing the anatomic location and also variations of the mandibular canal is especially important for surgical procedures on mandible such as dental implant surgery, impacted molar extraction and sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The purpose of this study was to clarify the incidence and location of bifid mandibular canals in an adult Turkish population to avoid complications during surgical procedures. A retrospective study using cone beam CT images was performed to evaluate bifid mandibular canal in mandible of 242 patients. Both right and left sides were studied (n = 484). Axial, sagittal, cross-sectional and panoramic images were evaluated, and three-dimensional (3D) images were also reconstructed and evaluated, as necessary. The course and length of bifid mandibular canals and the superior and inferior angles between canals were measured. Bifid mandibular canals were observed in 225 (46.5%) of 484 sides examined. The most frequently encountered type of bifid canal was the forward canal (29.80%), followed by the retromolar (28.10%) the buccolingual (14.50%) and the dental canal type (8.30%). Mean lengths of bifid canals were 13.6 mm in the right side and 14.1 mm in the left side. Mean superior angles were 139° on the right and 141° on the left side, whereas mean inferior angles were 38° on the right side and 32° on the left side. No statistically significant differences were found in the lengths or angles between the right and left sides and also for gender (p < 0.05). This study, which utilized CBCT images, uncovered a higher prevalence of bifid mandibular canals than what has been reported in previous studies using conventional radiography techniques.