Prevalence Of Benzodiazepines Research Articles

The safety of benzodiazepines and related drugs during pregnancy: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies.

The prevalence of benzodiazepines and related drugs (BZRDs) use during pregnancy increased sharply in recent years. Thus, there are concerns regarding the pregnancy outcomes following exposure to BZRDs. Two electronic databases were thoroughly searched to identify related clinical studies published from inception until June 2023. English-language cohort studies with high-quality comparing antenatal BZRDs exposure to an unexposed group on any delivery outcome were included. Ten cohort studies that estimated adverse neonatal outcomes associated with exposure to BZRDs during pregnancy were included. Exposure to BZRDs during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of congenital malformation [odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.13, p < 0.001], heart malformation (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.22, p = 0.003), preterm birth (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.23-1.7, p < 0.001), SGA (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29, P < 0.001), LBW (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.25-1.6, p = 0.001) or low Apgar score (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.08-1.87, p = 0.011),compared with no exposure. Further analyses limited to the first trimester exposure yielded consistent results. Exposure to BZRDs during pregnancy may be associated with several adverse neonatal outcomes. However, we could not rule out the potential indication confounding factor, further studies with high-quality that control for important confounders are still needed to verify our findings.

Deimplementation of Benzodiazepine Prescribing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration.

Objective: Our objective was to characterize benzodiazepine prescribing changes among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and inform efforts to deimplement low-value prescribing practices. Methods: This retrospective observational study used national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative databases to examine annual period prevalence and incidence of benzodiazepine prescribing from 2009 through 2019 in veterans with PTSD. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9/10) codes were used to identify PTSD. Temporal trends in discontinuation rates, incidence rates, and prevalent prescribing among patients newly engaged in PTSD care were measured. Results: Benzodiazepine prevalence in veterans with PTSD declined from 31.3% in 2009 to 10.7% in 2019, and incidence decreased from 11.4% to 2.9%, along with a 30% decrease in daily doses. Increasing discontinuation rates accounted for 21.0% of the decline in prevalence, while decreasing incidence among existing patients accounted for 36.8%, and decreased prevalence among new PTSD cohort entrants accounted for 42.2%. Women received benzodiazepines more commonly than men (odds ratio = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.64–1.70). The proportion of older adults increased over time among both existing (2009: 14.5%; 2019: 46.5%) and new (2009: 8.6%; 2019: 24.3%) benzodiazepine recipients. Conclusions: Benzodiazepine prescribing in VHA among veterans with PTSD showed changes driven by decreases in prevalence among new PTSD cohort entrants, with smaller changes in discontinuation and decreased incidence among existing patients. Educational initiatives may have curtailed benzodiazepine prescribing through promotion of effective alternative treatment options and supporting discontinuation through various tapering strategies. These initiatives offer resources and lessons to other health care systems to deimplement inappropriate benzodiazepine prescribing and other potentially harmful practices through patient-centered approaches that promote viable treatment alternatives.

Association of perioperative midazolam use and complications: a population-based analysis

IntroductionThe benzodiazepine midazolam is the main sedative used in the perioperative setting, resulting in anxiolysis and a reduction in anesthetic dose requirements. However, benzodiazepine use is also associated with potentially...

Prevalence and concentrations of sedative-hypnotic drugs in blood of drivers involved in road traffic crashes in the Padova region of Italy – not so easy to interpret

Background & ObjectivesThis study reports the prevalence and concentrations of sedative-hypnotic drugs as exemplified by benzodiazepines (BZD) and zolpidem (Z-hypnotic) in blood samples from drivers involved in road traffic accidents (RTA) in the Padova region of Italy. Another aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of these drugs with concentrations in blood above the therapeutic intervals and above specific per se limits. MethodsA total of 4066 blood samples collected from drivers involved in RTA were analysed for the presence of alcohol, drugs of abuse and medicinal drugs with sedative-hypnotic properties. Prevalence of drivers positive for BZDs and zolpidem were reported according to the reporting limit of our laboratory (1 ng/mL) in a sort of zero tolerance approach and compared with the prevalence according to analytical cut-offs used in the “European Union’s research project on Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines” (DRUID). The impairment-based, per se limits adopted in Norway and in England and Wales and the values used to define “therapeutic ranges” in blood and in plasma/serum were also applied to the case study. Results175 blood samples were positive for sedative-hypnotics above 1 ng/mL, with the following prevalence: diazepam 44%, nordazepam 41.8%, lorazepam 32.6%, zolpidem 28%, oxazepam 25.6%, alprazolam 16%, delorazepam 11,6%, lormetazepam 11,6%, temazepam 11.6%, clonazepam 11.6%, triazolam 6.9%, N-desalkylflurazepam 4.6%, bromazepam 2.3%. When applying DRUID analytical cut-offs, the prevalence of BZDs and zolpidem sharply decreases. Applying the impairing cut-offs used in Norway, 56% of positive samples were above the limits equivalent to a BAC of 0.2 g/L, 39% above the limits corresponding to 0.5 g/L, and 23% above the cut-off corresponding to 1.2 g/L. Only 1% of the drivers had drug concentrations above the per se concentration limits adopted in England and Wales [26]. When comparing blood levels with therapeutic ranges in plasma, bromazepam, lormetazepam and delorazepam were often found above the highest limits. The adjustment of the concentrations with the plasma-to-blood ratios causes a significant increase of cases above the therapeutic ranges in plasma. ConclusionsSedative-hypnotic drugs are medicinal substances frequently identified in drivers involved in RTA, commonly in concentrations associated with driving impairment. Besides the concentrations of drugs in blood, several factors have to be considered to conclude that a driver was impaired. The frequent association with alcohol, cocaine and other BZDs, confirms the abuse potential of these medications.

Impact of changes in controlled drugs legislation on benzodiazepine receptor agonist prescribing in Ireland: a repeated cross-sectional study

PurposeTo examine the impact of new controlled drugs legislation introduced in May 2017 on benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BZRA) prescribing in Ireland.MethodsA repeated cross-sectional analysis was conducted using publically available monthly pharmacy claims data from the General Medical Services (GMS) database. The study population comprised all GMS-eligible individuals aged ≥ 16 years from January 2016 to September 2019. Monthly prevalence rates of individuals receiving BZRA prescriptions per 10,000 eligible population were calculated and trends examined over time. Segmented linear regression of prevalence rates was used to examine changes before and after introduction of the legislation stratified by gender and age groups. Regression coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for monthly change were calculated.ResultsPre-legislation (January 2016 to April 2017), there was a significant monthly decline in benzodiazepine prevalence rate (β = − 1.18; 95% CI − 1.84, − 0.51; p < 0.001) but no significant change in Z-drug prescribing. Post-legislation (May 2017 to September 2019), increases in prevalence rates were observed for benzodiazepines (β = 1.04; 95% CI 0.17, 1.92; p = 0.021) and Z-drugs (β = 1.04; 95% CI 0.26, 1.83; p = 0.010). Post-legislation trends showed increases in BZRA prevalence rates among the youngest subgroup (16–44 years), with variable changes in the middle-aged subgroup (45–64 years) and no changes in the oldest subgroup (≥ 65 years).ConclusionsThis study indicates that introduction of new legislation had limited impact on BZRA prescribing on the main public health scheme in Ireland. Interventions targeting specific population subgroups may be required to achieve sustained reductions in prescribing.

Comparative effects of psychotropic medications on sleep architecture: a retrospective review of diagnostic polysomnography sleep parameters.

Objective To study the effects of different psychotropic drugs on sleep architecture and sleep-related disorders.Material and Methods In this retrospective review of 405 consecutive de-identified diagnostic polysomnograms performed at a sleep laboratory from 2007 until 2011, we grouped 347 polysomnograms into five categories: controls, antidepressants (AD), antidepressants + anticonvulsants (ADAC), antidepressants + antipsychotics (ADAP), antidepressants + anticonvulsants + antipsychotics (ADACP). We conducted pairwise comparisons for demographic characteristics, medical history, specific psychotropic medication uses and sleep architecture variables, and adjusted for multiple testing. We used logistic regression to determine the odds ratio of having elevated apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and periodic limb movement index (PLMI) within each group as compared to controls.Results Compared to controls, all groups had a significantly higher prevalence of benzodiazepines and trazodone use. AD and ADACP had significantly longer REM latency and lower REM percentage of total sleep time compared to controls. ADAP had a significantly lower AHI compared to controls, but that association was lost in the regression model. AD was associated with a higher PLMI compared to controls.Conclusion Psychotropic polypharmacy does not seem to be associated with significantly deleterious effects on sleep architecture. Adjunct anticonvulsants or antipsychotics to antidepressants may protect against periodic limb movement disorder.

Trends in the consumption rates of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs in the health region of Lleida from 2002 to 2015

BackgroundThe high prevalence and long-term use of benzodiazepines (BZDs) treatment are debated topics because of the risk they can cause to the patients. Despite the current information on the risk-benefit balance of these drugs, their consumption remains particularly high. We determined the trend in the consumption prevalence of benzodiazepines (BZDs) and drugs related to BZDs (Z-drugs) in the population of the Health Region of Lleida to explore patterns of use and the associated characteristics associated between 2002 and 2015.MethodsAn analysis of secular trends was carried out between 2002 and 2015; the databased included all individuals from the Health Region of Lleida, which had 358,157 inhabitants in 2015, that consumed BZDs. The consumption of BZDs was evaluated using prescription billing data from the Public Health System. All types of BZDs and BZD analogues that had been approved by the drug agency were included. Trends by age and sex were investigated.ResultsOver the whole study period, a total of 161,125 individuals accounted for 338,148 dispensations. Overall, 59% were women, and the mean age was 56 years. The dispensing prevalence of BZDs use in 2015 was 14.2% overall —18.8% in women and 9.6% in men—and was 36% in those over 65 years. According to the half-life of BZDs, the prevalence of short-intermediate BZD use, intermediate-long BZD use, and Z-drugs use was 9.7, 5.5 and 0.8%, respectively. The evolution of the annual prevalence of BZD dispensing showed a progressive decline, from 15.3% in 2002 to 14.2% in 2015, which was attributed to a decrease in the consumption of intermediate-long half-life BZDs (8.0% vs. 5.5%) and Z-drugs (1.4% vs. 0.8%).ConclusionThe dispensing prevalence of BZDs and Z-drugs was high, although a small reduction was observed during this time period. The dispensing prevalence was especially high in the population over 65, despite the risk of cognitive decline and falls. Integral actions are required to lower the BZD prescription rate.

Benzodiazepine exposure in subjects with incident Alzheimer's disease and related syndromes in France: a longitudinal study 2011-2017.

Benzodiazepines are commonly used for behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia, despite their numerous adverse effects and the lack of evidence regarding their efficacy in this context. We studied longitudinal benzodiazepines exposure in incident cases of Alzheimer's disease and related syndromes (ADRS) in France. We used a cohort of incident ADRS patients identified in 2012 within the national health data system. Benzodiazepines exposure was measured 1 year before, to 5 years after ADRS identification. Quarterly benzodiazepines prevalence and incidence were computed. We identified factors associated with long half-life benzodiazepines initiation. A total of 106 508 subjects were included. Quarterly benzodiazepines prevalence was stable (around 25%) but we saw an important decrease in long half-life benzodiazepines compensated by an increase in short half-life benzodiazepines. In most benzodiazepine initiations, the first episode lasted less than 3 months. Factors associated with initiating a long half-life benzodiazepine were young age, male gender, no registration with ADRS as a long-term disease, having consulted an ADRS specialist, antipsychotic reimbursement before the index date, no admission in nursing home. Prevalence of benzodiazepines use remains high in subjects with ADRS despite guidelines for their avoidance. However, indicators regarding benzodiazepine initiations (duration, benzodiazepine type) suggest some caution in their use.

Benzodiazepine Dispensing to Persons With Dementia in France, 2011-2016: A Nationwide Study

ObjectiveTo study temporal trends of benzodiazepine exposure among incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) cohorts between 2011 and 2016. DesignRepeated cross-sectional study. Setting and ParticipantsThree nationwide incident ADRD cohorts (community-dwelling and institutionalized subjects) were identified in 2011, 2013, and 2016 through the French health insurance database. Subjects were followed 4 semesters around ADRD identification [Semester −2 (S−2) to Semester 2 (S2)]. MeasuresOdds ratios (ORs) for semestrial prevalent exposure, initiation, and adherence to benzodiazepine prescription recommendations (prescription duration <3 months, single reimbursement) were computed using multivariate logistic regressions for each cohort and according to benzodiazepine half-life. ResultsAmong 262,024 community-dwelling subjects, as compared to 2011, overall benzodiazepine prevalence risk decreased slightly immediately after ADRD identification [S1: aOR2013 = 0.93 (0.91-0.95), aOR2016 = 0.95 (0.93-0.97)] and did not differ during S2. Among 72,013 institutionalized subjects, it increased over time [S2: aOR2013 = 1.16 (1.11-1.21), aOR2016 = 1.26 (1.21-1.32)]. Long half-life benzodiazepine prevalence risk decreased in the 4 semesters among recent cohorts, for both populations [S2: community-dwelling: aOR2013 = 0.77 (0.74-0.79), aOR2016 = 0.61 (0.59-0.64); institutionalized: aOR2013 = 0.74 (0.68-0.80), aOR2016 = 0.58 (0.54-0.63)]. Short half-life benzodiazepine prevalence risk increased [S2: community-dwelling: aOR2013 = 1.13 (1.10-1.16), aOR2016 = 1.22 (1.20-1.25); institutionalized: aOR2013 = 1.26 (1.21-1.32), aOR2016 = 1.44 (1.38-1.50)]. The same patterns were observed for benzodiazepine initiation. Adherence to benzodiazepine prescription recommendations (based on French prescription duration) worsened over years [prescription duration <3 months: aOR2013 = 0.90 (0.86-0.95), aOR2016 = 0.90 (0.85-0.95), single reimbursement: aOR2013 = 0.95 (0.91-1.00), aOR2016 = 0.94 (0.90-0.99)]. Conclusions and ImplicationsLong half-life benzodiazepine exposure was reduced whereas short half-life benzodiazepine exposure increased, and adherence to recommendations worsened (prescription duration longer than 3 months and more than a single reimbursement in recent cohorts). Efforts from prescribers and authorities are required in order to restrict psychotropic exposure among the ADRD population. Further research among institutionalized ADRD subjects could provide useful data to disentangle the effects of changes in prescribing practices and in patients' characteristics.

Benzodiazepines in the oral fluid of Spanish drivers

BackgroundDriving under the influence of alcohol, illicit drugs and certain medicines is not allowed worldwide. Roadside drug testing is considered an important tool for determining such behavior. In Spain, mandatory roadside oral fluid drug testing is carried out regularly. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepines in combination with other drugs in drivers, examine benzodiazepine concentrations in drivers, and analyze the association of these factors with age and sex.MethodsThis study assessed data on Spanish drivers with confirmed drug-positive results recorded by the Spanish National Traffic Agency (Dirección General de Tráfico) between 2011 and 2016, accounting for 179,645 tests and 65,244 confirmed drug-positive tests.ResultsBenzodiazepines were confirmed in 4.3% of all positive roadside drug tests. In most of those cases (97.1%), other substances were also detected, particularly cocaine (75.3%) and cannabis (64.0%). The frequency of benzodiazepine-positive drivers (OR, 1.094; 95% CI, 1.088–1.100) increased with age, while the frequency of drivers who tested positive for benzodiazepines in conjunction with other substances, compared with drivers who tested positive for benzodiazepines alone, decreased with age (OR, 0.903; 95% CI, 0.825–0.988). Nordiazepam (54.8%) and alprazolam (46.9%) were the most common benzodiazepines detected.ConclusionConcomitant use of benzodiazepines and other psychoactive substances was found to be a common behavior among drivers who tested positive on the road. It is important to raise awareness of all those involved in the consumption of driving-impairing substances (authorities, healthcare providers, patients and their families, etc.): roadside detection of driving-impairing substances is suggested, in addition to promoting the use of fewer driving-impairing medications and the provision of clear information to patients.

Correlates of opioid and benzodiazepine co-prescription among people living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada: A population-level cohort study

Background:Co-prescribing benzodiazepines and opioids is relatively contraindicated due to the possible overdose risk. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) may have concurrent psychiatric and/or chronic pain diagnoses that may lead to the use of opioids and/or benzodiazepines for symptomatic treatment. Consequently, some PLWH may be at-risk for the health harms associated with the co-prescribing of these medications. Given this, the objectives of this study were to first examine the prevalence of opioids and benzodiazepines co-prescribing, and second, to characterize patient factors associated with the co-prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines among PLWH in British Columbia (BC), Canada.Methods:Using data derived from a longitudinal BC cohort, we used bivariable and multivariable generalized estimating equation models to establish the prevalence of a benzodiazepine and opioid co-prescription and determine factors associated with this practice.Results:Between 1996 and 2015, 14 484 PLWH were included in the study and were followed for the entire study period. At baseline, 548 people (4%) were co-prescribed opioids and benzodiazepines, 6593 (46%) were prescribed opioids only, 2887 (20%) were prescribed benzodiazepines only, and 4456 (31%) were prescribed neither medication. A total of 3835 (27%) participants were prescribed both medications at least once during the study period. Factors positively associated with concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine prescribing included: depression/mood disorder [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22–1.43] and anxiety disorder (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.27–1.66), whereas female sex (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.64-0.91) and substance use disorder (SUD) (AOR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.74–0.90) were negatively associated with the outcome.Conclusion:Our findings indicate that co-prescription of opioids and benzodiazepines was seen at some point during study follow-up in over a quarter of PLWH. Given the known risks associated with this prescribing practice, future research can focus on the outcomes of co-prescribing among this patient population and the development of strategies to reduce the co-prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines.

More action needed: Psychotropic prescribing in Australian residential aged care.

For at least two decades, concerns have been raised about inappropriate psychotropic prescribing in Australian residential aged care facilities, due to their modest therapeutic benefit and increased risk of falls and mortality. To date, the majority of prevalence data has been collected in Sydney exclusively and it is not known if recent initiatives to promote appropriate psychotropic prescribing have impacted utilisation. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively analyse psychotropic use in a large national sample of residential aged care facility residents. A cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study of residents from 150 residential aged care facilities distributed nationally during April 2014-October 2015. Antipsychotic, anxiolytic/hypnotic and antidepressant utilisation was assessed, along with anticonvulsant and anti-dementia drug use. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to examine variation in psychotropic use. Full psychotropic prescribing data was available from 11,368 residents. Nearly two-thirds (61%) were taking psychotropic agents regularly, with over 41% prescribed antidepressants, 22% antipsychotics and 22% of residents taking benzodiazepines. Over 30% and 11% were charted for 'prn' (as required) benzodiazepines and antipsychotics, respectively. More than 16% of the residents were taking sedating antidepressants, predominantly mirtazapine. South Australian residents were more likely to be taking benzodiazepines ( p < 0.05) and residents from New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory less likely to be taking them ( p < 0.01), after adjustment for rurality and size of residential aged care facility. Residents located in New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory were also significantly less likely to take antidepressants ( p < 0.01), as were residents from outer regional residential aged care facilities ( p < 0.01). Antipsychotic use was not associated with State, rurality or residential aged care facility size. Regular antipsychotic use appears to have decreased in residential aged care facilities but benzodiazepine prevalence is higher, particularly in South Australian residential aged care facilities. Sedating antidepressant and 'prn' psychotropic prescribing is widespread. Effective interventions to reduce the continued reliance on psychotropic management, in conjunction with active promotion of non-pharmacological strategies, are urgently required.

Toxicological findings in suspected drug-impaired drivers in Norway — Trends during 1990–2015

This study describes trends in drug use among drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs, apprehended by the police in Norway during 1990–2015. Chromatographically determined toxicological findings in blood samples were retrospectively investigated. Drug findings above defined cut-off concentrations were considered positive; hence making the annual prevalence comparable during the 26 years studied.Blood samples from 112,348 drivers were included, of which 63% were positive for drugs; 43% had combined drug with alcohol or other drugs. In total, 87% of the drug-positive drivers were men, and a higher proportion of them were positive for illicit drugs compared to the women. Benzodiazepines and related drugs were found in 57% of the drug-positive drivers, stimulants in 51%, cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) in 34%, and opioids in 18%. The types of benzodiazepines and opioids changed over time. The age distribution also changed; the proportion of drug-positive drivers above 40 years of age increased for all drug classes. The annual number of suspected drug-impaired drivers increased by 122% from 1990 to 1999, and by 54% from 2000 to 2015; the annual number of drug-positive samples increased by 260% from 1990 to 1999, and by 60% from 2000 to 2015. During 2000–2015, an increasing prevalence of amphetamines was found among suspected drug-impaired drivers above age 30; the highest rate of increase was observed among those at or above age 40. In the same period, the prevalence of benzodiazepines and related drugs decreased among all age groups, whereas the prevalence of THC increased; the highest prevalence and rate of increase were among suspected drug-impaired drivers under the age of 30. The results from this study indicate a slight change in the types of drugs used by drivers in Norway.

Trends in the prescription of benzodiazepines for the elderly in Korea

BackgroundThis study examined trends in the prescription of benzodiazepines for the elderly (age over 65 years) in Korea, a country with a higher level of spending on pharmaceuticals compared to that in other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, and identified factors related to the inappropriate use of such drugs.MethodsWe used the National Health Insurance Claims Data (NHICD) for the period 2009–2013, including all reimbursed drug-prescribing information. Following the OECD’s prescribing quality indicators (PQIs), we looked at the prevalence, quantities, durations, and inappropriate (long-term or high-quantity) use of benzodiazepines, some of the most widely prescribed, but potentially inappropriate, drugs for the elderly. We also performed multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify factors related to the inappropriate use of these drugs.ResultsThe annual prevalence of benzodiazepine prescribing for elderly subjects decreased slightly over time but remained high (37.9% in 2009 and 35.1% in 2013). There were also small decreases in the inappropriate long-term use of benzodiazepines over the five years, with a 0.6 decrease in the Defined Daily Dose and a 4.1 per 1,000 decreases in elderly user-days. The proportion of subjects using long-acting benzodiazepines also fell from 263.6 to 220.4 per 1,000 elderly patients. The regression analyses found that the inappropriate long-term use of benzodiazepines in the elderly was significantly related to the patients visiting several institutions and physicians prescribing more than 30 days’ worth of medication.ConclusionsThe prevalence of prescribing potentially inappropriate drugs, such as benzodiazepines, remains high in Korea. Policy efforts, such as a periodic assessment of prescribing, restricting prescribing days, and more practical guidelines, are needed to improve the quality of prescribing.

Use of psychotropic medications in relation to neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognition and functional performance in Alzheimer's disease over a three-year period: Kuopio ALSOVA study.

Psychotropic medications are widely prescribed to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our objective was to investigate the longitudinal associations between psychotropic medication use and NPS, cognition, and functional performance in persons with very mild or mild AD at baseline. Data were collected as part of the prospective three-year study of home-dwelling persons with AD and their caregivers (n = 236 dyads). The associations between psychotropic medication use and clinical measures were analyzed using repeated measures Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models. NPS, cognition, daily functioning, and disease severity were assessed with NPI, CERAD-NB, or MMSE, ADCS-ADL, and CDR-SOB, respectively. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender, education, and co-morbidities. The prevalence of benzodiazepines and related medications increased from 16% to 24% (p = 0.031), antidepressants from 11% to 18% (p = 0.057), and antipsychotics from 4% to 16% (p = 0.011) in the three years following AD diagnosis. In adjusted multivariable analyses, a one-point increase in NPI increased the odds of using any psychotropic medication class by 4% (odds ratio (OR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.07). ADCS-ADL (1/OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06) and CDR-SOB (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13-1.42) were associated with use of antipsychotics. CERAD-NB and MMSE were not associated with any psychotropic medication class use in the models. Psychotropic medication use increased significantly in relation to increasing dependency in AD, especially with NPS. Furthermore, the use of antipsychotics increased with disease severity, and with decline in daily functioning. Cognitive performance was not associated with psychotropic medication use.

Comorbidities and concurrent medications increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions: prevalence in French benzodiazepine users.

To estimate benzodiazepine prevalence of use and to quantify, in benzodiazepine users, the prevalence of comorbidities and concurrent medications increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Cross-sectional study performed using data from the French national healthcare insurance system. The prevalence of use was estimated by considering as users, patients who had at least one benzodiazepine reimbursement during the year 2013. Patients at increased risk for benzodiazepine ADRs were those who had (i) drug-drug interactions at risk for central nervous system and respiratory depression and (ii) comorbidities at risk for adverse respiratory effects, or for falls or fractures. Overall, the prevalence of benzodiazepine use in 2013 was estimated to be 13.8%; it was higher among women and increased with age. This prevalence was 10.6% for anxiolytic benzodiazepines, and 6.1% for hypnotic benzodiazepines. Approximately half of the benzodiazepine users (48.1%) were at increased risk for benzodiazepine ADRs; this proportion increased with age. Drug-drug interactions represented the most prevalent condition (39.3% of benzodiazepine users). The drugs most frequently involved were opioids: analgesics (15.9%) and antitussives (6.8%). Overall, 11.3% of benzodiazepine users had comorbidities at increased risk for adverse respiratory effects (13.9% in those aged 65-79), and 7.0% comorbidities at increased risk for falls or fractures (13.4% in those aged ≥80). This study found that benzodiazepine use remained high in France, and that roughly half of the users presented with comorbidities and concurrent medications increasing the risk of ADRs. These findings are of concern, given that benzodiazepines are frequently used, and especially among the elderly.

Consumo de drogas emergentes en Medellín, Colombia

IntroductionThe ongoing emergence of new synthetic substances that are used as drugs is a constant challenge to public health. Emerging drugs is the concept used in this research project to define the emergence of new psychoactive substances at a given time, a specific context and group, the reemergence of others that some epidemiologists considered had lost their prevalence, and the sudden prevalence of drugs that had low levels of consumption. MethodThis research project was carried out using an empirical-analytical approach using a mixed methods study. The convenience sample was made up of 510 drug dependents institutionalized in treatment centers in Medellin in the year 2011. The examination was carried out related to the consumption of emerging drugs. An ad hoc tool was applied to all the drug users in order to identify which of the drugs of this study they considered to be emergent. Once the consumers were identified and selected based on the frequency of consumption, and the prevalence in the last year and last month, a semi-structured interview was carried out to find out details on the substances and their consumption characteristics. ResultsBased on the new drug consumers in Medellin, 82.2% were male and 17.8% female. As regards education levels, 58.2% were in high school, 26.8% hold higher technical or college degrees, and 1.4% had no schooling. Only 27.8% held a steady job, occasional employment, or were independent business owners, 40.7% were students and 8.9% were housewives. More than three-quarters (76.3%) were single, and 17.8% had a steady partner. The sample represented all social classes. Of all the emerging drugs found in this study, the prevalence of benzodiazepines stands out (flunitrazepam and clonazepam), life prevalence (LP), 97.5%; last year prevalence (LYP), 67.9%, and last month prevalence (LMP), 46.7%. These were followed by the synthetic drugs (LSD, Ecstasies, amphetamines, GHB, Vegetable Ecstasies, Phencyclidine; Methamphetamine, Ketamine, 2CB), with LP, 96.5%; LYP, 44.5%, and LMP, 23.5%. Then there was smokable cocaine (Crack and Free-Base), with LP, 80%, LYP, 52.1%, and LYP=31.7%. The opiate derivatives (heroine, morphine, opium, codeine, dextromethorphan, meperidine, fentanyl) had an LP, 61.4%; LYP, 26.7% and LMP, 16%. The consumption statistics of the hallucinogens such as mushrooms, scopolamine and “yague”, had an LP, 73.5%; LYP, 23.2% and LMP, 12.2%. Finally, use of inhalants such as popper and dichloromethane (Dick) had an LP, 87.9%; LYP, 37.6% and LMP, 21.6%. ConclusionThese results are an alert to the need to track the development of these so called emergent drugs due to the risks they pose for public health.

Trends in amphetamine and benzodiazepine use among drivers arrested for drug impaired driving in Norway 2000-2009

The patterns of drug use among drivers suspected for driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs have changed over the past ten years. The aim of this study was to describe trends in single substance prevalence and total prevalence of benzodiazepines and amphetamines in blood samples from apprehended drivers, and compare findings with statistics of drug seizure by year. The sample represented totally 39935 apprehended drivers, varying from about 3500 to 4800 each year between 2000 and 2009. The study found that after 2002 the prevalence of benzodiazepine has ranged from 52 to 57% among all apprehended drivers. There have been major changes in single substance prevalence, and the changes are similar to the changes in benzodiazepine seized by the police. There was no significant changes in the prevalence of amphetamines from 2000 to 2009 (35-43%), but the most prevalent stimulant has shifted from amphetamine to methamphetamine in both police seizures and blood samples from apprehended drivers. A combination of benzodiazepines and amphetamines was commonly detected in samples from apprehended drivers.

Surveillance of abused drugs in forensic autopsy cases in Norway

High drug related mortality has been registered in Norway. Although comparison between countries relies on a standard international coding system of diseases, different practices in verifying cause of death and applying codes could lead to variation. The comparison gives no information on drug findings or drug patterns underlying the cause of deaths. To evaluate deaths involving illicit drugs in Norway, we examined drug patterns in 2735 forensically examined post-mortem samples collected from 15-64 year-old individuals from 2000 to 2009. There were four times as many men as women among the deceased illicit drug users, and the majority were in the age group 25-44 years. The number of deceased showing signs of illicit drug use has gradually declined during the study period. The decline was found among younger individuals, while a larger proportion of the deceased were above 45 years of age in 2009, compared to 2000. Cases positive for heroin, ethanol, ecstasy and flunitrazepam were fewer in 2009, while the prevalence of amphetamine, cannabis, methadone and other opioids has increased. The prevalence of methamphetamine has increased ten fold, and the prevalence of benzodiazepines doubled. Thus, the drug pattern and age of the deceased has changed markedly during the last 10 years. Heroin and ethanol use has partly been substituted by use of amphetamines, cannabis, benzodiazepines and other opioids. This change could possibly be explained by the prolonged survival of drug users on substitution treatment and by the reduced toxicity of consumed drugs.

A 12-month follow-up study of “RedUSe”: a trial aimed at reducing antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use in nursing homes

To assess the long-term impact of the "Reducing Use of Sedatives" (RedUSe) trial on antipsychotic and benzodiazepine prevalence and dosage. RedUSe was a six-month controlled trial conducted in 25 Tasmanian nursing homes in 2008-9 which led to significant reductions in benzodiazepine and antipsychotic use and a doubling of dose reductions of these agents. In a follow-up study, data on psychotropic use was collected from all nursing homes a year after the final RedUSe measure. Mean daily doses for each home were calculated by converting antipsychotic and benzodiazepine doses to chlorpromazine and diazepam equivalents, respectively. To determine the long-term impact of the project, 6-month and initial baseline data were compared to the 18-month follow-up data. 1578 residents were audited for the follow-up measure. In the 18 months since the RedUSe project was instigated, benzodiazepine prevalence fell by 25% in intervention nursing homes. Similarly, the mean daily diazepam equivalence in these homes had fallen by 24%. In contrast, after a significant reduction during the RedUSe trial, antipsychotic prevalence returned to baseline levels in intervention nursing homes, with mean chlorpromazine equivalence remaining relatively constant with time. There was a delayed reduction in benzodiazepine and antipsychotic use in the control homes. Both benzodiazepine usage and mean daily diazepam equivalence continued to decline in intervention nursing homes in the year following the RedUSe trial. However, the effect of the RedUSe intervention on antipsychotic prevalence and dosage was not sustained.