Prevalence Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Prevalence of bacterial isolates causing surgical site infection with an emphasis on their biofilm forming capacity

Prevalence of bacterial isolates causing surgical site infection with an emphasis on their biofilm forming capacity

Prevalence of bacterial isolates and change in their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections- A five year retrospective study

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) continues to be one of the commonly occurring infections in medical practice despite the widespread availability of antibiotics. Presence of risk factors like elderly age, diabetes, immune-suppression, and other comorbidity pose a challenge in its treatment. Over the years, the etiology and antibiotic resistance of the uropathogens has been inconsistent. Therefore, it is important to determine the causative agents of UTI and their resistance patterns locally, in each region, so that appropriate empiric therapy can be started before the culture and antibiotic sensitivity results are available. This study aims to highlight the prevalence of uropathogens and determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern over the period of five years.The urine samples from patients with suspected urinary tract infections (UTI) received in the laboratory at Nanavati Max Super speciality hospital were processed by standard protocol from January 2018 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility test for the bacterial isolates was carried out by the VITEK2 automated system and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. The data collected over the study period of five years was interpreted by using the WHO Net Antibiotic Susceptibility Surveillance Software in February 2023. From a total of 8068 urine samples received over five years, uropathogens were isolated in 4209 (52.16%) samples. E.coli was the most common isolate causing UTI, with prevalence of 380(46.7%) in 2018 and 480(50.6%) in 2022 of total samples. Amongst gram positive organisms, a rise in Enterococcus species was seen from 41(5%) in 2018 to 87(9%) in 2022, with significantly fewer Staphylococcus species isolated, from 32(4%) in 2018 to 7(0.7%) in 2022. The Enterobacteriaceae showed high sensitivity to Amikacin, Tigecycline and Meropenem all throughout the study. However, rise in resistance to Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin, antibiotics commonly used for UTIs, was observed. Also the prevalence of Extended Spectrum of Beta lactamase (ESBL) producers decreased from 213(36%) to 127(17%) with a rise in Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae from 48(8%) to 298(40%) over the five years study period.Amongst Lactose Nonfermenting gram negative bacilli only 32 % were sensitive to Carbapenems and 37% sensitive to Aminoglycosides.By 2022, Enterococcus species showed an increase in sensitivity to Nitrofurantoin (27%), High level Aminoglycosides (37%), Fluoroquinolones (25%) and Ampicillin (37%).The change in antibiotic sensitivity patterns over time and rise in resistance to antibiotics commonly used in empirical treatment of UTIs warrants the need for regular surveillance, so the physicians can be updated regarding the most prevalent organism and its susceptibility and the empirical treatment for UTIs can be modified accordingly. This can help curb indiscriminate use of antibiotics and development of antibiotic resistance.

Prevalence of bacterial isolates from cell phone surfaces in Madonna University Elele Campus

Cell phones is a major revolution in the communication industry. In recent times, cell phone is carried by almost everybody, however, in some areas where not everyone has a cell phone, people patronize paid phone booths to communicate with loved ones. Madonna University, Elele Campus, is in Rivers State Nigeria and accommodates the University where all the students and staff are living on campus, The Madonna University Teaching Hospital, the pilgrimage center where pilgrims from all over the world visit regularly. There are phone booths at strategic locations where individuals pay and use their phone. Since different people use the same phone with their hands and mouth to make calls, this research was aimed at accessing the prevalence of bacteria isolates from cell phone surfaces in Madonna University, Elele campus, and the susceptibility of these organisms to commonly used antibiotics. Fifty swab samples were collected from the surface of cell phones at various locations in Madonna University, Elele Campus, and were microbiologically analyzed for the aerobic bacteria count and susceptibility to different antibiotics using the pour-plate method. Madonna University Teaching Hospital phone booth recorded the highest total aerobic bacterial count and number of bacteria isolates compared to other centers. Staphylococcus species was significantly (p<0.05) the most prevalent bacteria species isolated on the cell phones, and the percentage occurrence of various isolates were: Staphylococcus species (59.5%), Salmonella species (19.1%), Streptococcus specie (9.5%) Psuedomonas species (3.1%) and Escherichia coli (2.1%). Among the gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli had 100% susceptibility against all the antibiotics, Salmonella species recorded 100% susceptibility against ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin while Proteus species had 100% against streptomycin and chloramphenicol. For the gram-positive, Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus species recorded a significant percentage of susceptibility ranging from 62.5% to 100% against some of the antibiotics used. This study conclude that cell phone surfaces could be a reservoir for different disease causing micro-organism and users should take precaution against bacterial infection while using cell phone.

PREVALENCE OF POTENTIAL ZOONOTIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM HOUSEHOLD PET BIRDS AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROFILE IN NORTHERN BANGLADESH

Pet bird rearing has become increasingly popular recently, and owners often raise them near to their homes. However, zoonotic infections can spread from pet birds. Thus, this cross-sectional study explored the prevalence of potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogens in household pet birds, risk factors for transmission, and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. A total of 240 samples were analyzed, including cloacal swabs (n=80), oral swabs (n=80), and feces (n=80) from pigeons, parrots, budgerigars, and quails. Using cultural and biochemical assays five species of potential zoonotic bacteria namely E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were detected. The prevalence of potential zoonotic bacteria was not statistically significant (P>0.05) across age, sex, breed, body weight and diet, while the prevalence was significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) correlated with hygienic condition and vaccination. The overall prevalence of bacterial isolates from pet birds were E. coli (19.6%) Salmonella spp. (13.3%), Shigella spp. (14.6%), Klebsiella spp. (15.4%) and Staphylococcus spp. (15%). Quail had the highest prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus spp., with 33.3%, 25%, 25%, 29.1%, and 29.1%, respectively. Sample-wise prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. was highly statistically significant (P<0.01) in pigeon, while prevalence of E. coli, Shigella spp., Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. was statistically significant (P<0.05) in budgerigar, pigeon, parrot, and quail. The antibiotic sensitivity test with 18 antibiotics demonstrated that bacterial isolates were most sensitive to GEN (83.1%), followed by LEV (81.5%), CIP (80.4%), KAN (77.8%), and CFM (59.3%). Likewise, there was 100% resistance to PG, AMX, BAC followed by CH (98.4%), COX (95.2%), CN (90.5%), TET (77.2%) and VAN (75.7%). The findings of this study suggest that the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates into pet birds in Dinajpur, Bangladesh, poses a risk to the wellbeing of both owners and the general populace.

Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Bacterial Isolates from Vegetables Salad Purchased from Fast Food Centres in Two Local Government Areas in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

Introduction: The importance of daily consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables in our diet cannot be over emphasised. The desire to eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables have driven some people to rely already prepared vegetables salad from fast food centres to meet the need.
 Aim: The aim of this study was to identify bacteria associated with vegetables salad in Port Harcourt metropolis and determine susceptibility of isolated bacteria from food centres located in the Local Government Areas.
 Study Design: A total of 200 samples of already prepared vegetables salad were examined which comprises of four samples from each of five different fast food centres in each of the 10 communities in Port Harcourt metropolis.
 Methodology: 10 g of vegetables salad was weighed and added to 90 ml of sterile distilled water and subsequent serial dilution was made by adding 1 ml to 9 ml of diluents up to 10-3. An aliquot of 0.1ml of last dilution was plated by spread plate technique MacConkey agar, Tryptone soy agar, Salmonella Shigella agar and mannitol soy agar in duplicate. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hrs and examined for growth. Antibiogram of the isolates were carried out using Mueller Hinton agar. The isolates were subjected to molecular analysis for identification before susceptibility testing.
 Results: The bacteria isolated from the vegetables salad were Staphylococcus aureus 114(38%), E. coli 93(31%), B. cereus 30(10%), Pseudomonas sp. 26(9%), Klebsiella sp. 12 (4%), Alcaligenes sp. 7(2%), Acinetobacter 5(2%), Lysinnibacilus 6(2%), Enterobacter sp. 4(1%) and Providencia sp. 2(1%). The resistance genes detected in the isolates were CTX-M, SHV and VanB.
 Conclusion: The microbiological quality and safety of ready to eat salad sold in Port Harcourt seems to be a challenge despite the advances in technology and awareness that has been created.

Aerobic Bacterial Profile and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Sterile Body Fluids Among Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia.

BackgroundInfections of sterile body fluids are susceptible to serious invasive bacterial infections and critical, with high morbidity and sequelae risk. This study has not been conducted previously in eastern Ethiopia.ObjectiveThe present study was designed to determine the bacterial profile, associated factors, and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of isolates among patients with sterile body fluids at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsHospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2021 among 204 patients selected using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. All consenting patients submitting body fluid specimens for testing at the clinical laboratory were included and analyzed using standard microbiology methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method and interpreted as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were double entered into Epi data version 4.6, exported, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 25. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess the association between outcome and predictor variables. P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsThe overall prevalence of bacteria among different sterile body fluid samples was 16.7% (95% CI: 12–22%). Most of the bacterial isolates (70.6%) were Gram-negative bacteria, mainly K. pneumoniae (26.5%) and E. coli (20.6%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 76.5% of the isolates. Being inpatient (AOR = 3.59; 95% CI: 1.52, 8.51) and turbid appearance (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI: 1.67, 11.29) were significantly associated with culture growth rate.ConclusionThe prevalence of bacterial isolates in this study comprises about 17%. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly K. pneumoniae and E. coli, were the major etiologic agents. Being inpatient and the turbid appearance of the specimen were significantly associated with the culture-positive result. Significant numbers of multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated, mainly against beta-lactams. Therefore, culture and susceptibility testing should be an integral part of the laboratory investigation.

Novel method of calculating adjusted antibiotic use by microbiological burden.

To determine the usefulness of adjusting antibiotic use (AU) by prevalence of bacterial isolates as an alternative method for risk adjustment beyond hospital characteristics. Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Hospitals in the southeastern United States. AU in days of therapy per 1,000 patient days and microbiologic data from 2015 and 2016 were collected from 26 hospitals. The prevalences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were calculated and compared to the average prevalence of all hospitals in the network. This proportion was used to calculate the adjusted AU (a-AU) for various categories of antimicrobials. For example, a-AU of antipseudomonal β-lactams (APBL) was the AU of APBL divided by (prevalence of P. aeruginosa at that hospital divided by the average prevalence of P. aeruginosa). Hospitals were categorized by bed size and ranked by AU and a-AU, and the rankings were compared. Most hospitals in 2015 and 2016, respectively, moved ≥2 positions in the ranking using a-AU of APBL (15 of 24, 63%; 22 of 26, 85%), carbapenems (14 of 23, 61%; 22 of 25; 88%), anti-MRSA agents (13 of 23, 57%; 18 of 26, 69%), and anti-VRE agents (18 of 24, 75%; 15 of 26, 58%). Use of a-AU resulted in a shift in quartile of hospital ranking for 50% of APBL agents, 57% of carbapenems, 35% of anti-MRSA agents, and 75% of anti-VRE agents in 2015 and 50% of APBL agents, 28% of carbapenems, 50% of anti-MRSA agents, and 58% of anti-VRE agents in 2016. The a-AU considerably changes how hospitals compare among each other within a network. Adjusting AU by microbiological burden allows for a more balanced comparison among hospitals with variable baseline rates of resistant bacteria.

The Bacterial Profile And Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Among Patients With Suspected Blood Stream Infection

Background: Blood stream infection cause by bacterial pathogens are common in Bangladesh and are often treated empirically. Knowledge of local antimicrobial activity profiles of the most common bacteria causing such infections are of great importance and may play a positive role in healthcare management.The aim of the study was to identify the bacterial pathogens causing bacteraemiaamong the patients of SylhetWomens Medical College,Bangladesh and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Method:This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2019 to January 2020. A total of 2085 blood samples were studied for the etiological and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern .The blood cultures positive isolates were identified by Versa TREK automated blood culture machine. Further identification of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed using standard microbiological procedures. Result: Overall, 19.4% of the culture blood samples were positive and Gram positive bacteria were predominant throughout the study period. Staphylococci aureus was the most frequently isolated organism (55%) followed by Escherichia Coli (21%) and a high percentage of these isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Conclusion:This study reveals a significant prevalence of bacterial isolates in blood with multi drug resistance and it highlights the need for periodic surveillance of etiologic agent and antibiotic susceptibility to prevent further emergence and spread of resistant bacterial pathogens.

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification of bovine mastitis associated pathogens

The present study was focused on the development of a sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) for rapid detection of mastitis associated pathogens directly from milk samples. A total of 40 mastitic milk samples were processed for isolation and identification of pathogens which were mentioned below by conventional method and compared it with mPCR. The prevalence of bacterial isolates in conventional detection were found to be 20 (50%) Staphylococcus aureus, 10 (25%), Streptococcus agalactiae, 9 (22.5%) Klebsiella pneumoniae and 8 (20%) Escherichia coli, respectively. In mPCR all culture-positive samples were detected for the corresponding bacteria but additional numbers of (i.e. 5 S. aureus, 7 S. agalactiae, 2 E.coli, and 4 K. Pneumoniae) isolates were also detected by mPCR which were culture‐negative. The target sequence for primer designing were the different gene i.e. vicK gene (S. aureus), atr gene (S. agalactiae), barA gene (K. pneumoniae) and uidA gene (E. coli). It was concluded that, Staphylococcus aureus appeared as the most prevalent organism responsible for causing mastitis in cattle. Furthur, the results suggested that mPCR was significantly more sensitive than culture detection. A multiplex PCR could be used as an efficient tool for detecting pathogens of mastitis with high accuracy, sensitivity and in a short period of time.

A study on prevalence of bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infection at tertiary care hospital, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is most common bacterial infectious disease after respiratory tract infection disease in community practice. The introduction of antimicrobial therapy has contributed significantly to the management of UTIs. Objective: This study was conducted to identify bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infection &amp; their prevalence in different age and gender. Material &amp; Methods: 1000 Urine Samples received at Tertiary Care Hospital, Rajkot during year 2017 were tested for bacterial pathogen by Culture and Bio-chemical reaction. Results: Out of 1000 samples, 210 (21%) samples were found positive for UTI Isolates. Out of 210 positive cases, the prevalence of UTI was higher in female patients (56.19%) than in male patients (43.81%). The highest susceptible age group of patients to UTI was found in 21-40 years (33.33%). The highest prevalence of UTI in female patient was found in the age group of 21-40 years (44.92%) while in male patients the highest susceptible age group to UTI was above 60 years (35.87%). E. coli was the most common isolate (53.81%). Conclusion: Present study reported that E. coli isolate was the predominant pathogens causing UTI which mainly affected female. The study also allows comparison of the situation in Rajkot with other regions within and outside the state as well as in the country or outside the country. The knowledge of local prevalence of causative uropathogens and their respective antimicrobial sensitivity will help to reduce the incidence of resistance, empirical antibiotic selection in treatment of UTI.

A study on prevalence of bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infection at tertiary care hospital, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is most common bacterial infectious disease after respiratory tract infection disease in community practice. The introduction of antimicrobial therapy has contributed significantly to the management of UTIs. Objective: This study was conducted to identify bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infection & their prevalence in different age and gender. Material & Methods: 1000 Urine Samples received at Tertiary Care Hospital, Rajkot during year 2017 were tested for bacterial pathogen by Culture and Bio-chemical reaction. Results: Out of 1000 samples, 210 (21%) samples were found positive for UTI Isolates. Out of 210 positive cases, the prevalence of UTI was higher in female patients (56.19%) than in male patients (43.81%). The highest susceptible age group of patients to UTI was found in 21-40 years (33.33%). The highest prevalence of UTI in female patient was found in the age group of 21-40 years (44.92%) while in male patients the highest susceptible age group to UTI was above 60 years (35.87%). E. coli was the most common isolate (53.81%). Conclusion: Present study reported that E. coli isolate was the predominant pathogens causing UTI which mainly affected female. The study also allows comparison of the situation in Rajkot with other regions within and outside the state as well as in the country or outside the country. The knowledge of local prevalence of causative uropathogens and their respective antimicrobial sensitivity will help to reduce the incidence of resistance, empirical antibiotic selection in treatment of UTI.

Bacterial urinary tract infection among adult renal transplant recipients at St. Paul\u2019s hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundDespite significant advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppression protocols, follow up periods and antimicrobial stewardship in modern medicine; post-renal transplantation urinary tract infection remained a major public health problem globally. This multiple serious squeals includes asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis and pyelonephritis. Among these, the bacterial origin of infection complications accounts for the most significant clinical, socio-economic impacts in many countries of the world. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial isolates that cause urinary tract infections, assess antibiotic susceptibility pattern among symptomatic and asymptomatic renal transplant recipients attending at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to August 2018 among 74 renal transplant recipients St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A first morning voided clean-catch mid-stream urine specimens were collected and 0.001 ml inoculated onto blood and MacConkey agar plates following the standard bacteriological protocols. It was incubated aerobically at 35–37 °C for 24–48 h. Cultural characteristics and series of biochemical tests were used for the identification of isolates to species level based on the standard bacteriological protocols.ResultsA hospital-based cross-sectional study has shown that significant bacteriuria was found in 11/74 (14.9, 95% CI =8.2–24.7) patients. The prevalence among females 6/32 (18.75%) was higher among males 5/42 (11.9%) without significant association (COR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.04–8.45, P = 0.253). Urinary tract infection was higher in the age group of 35–49 years old (19.3%). Age was statistically significant and stronger independent associated risk factor with crude odds ratio = 3.67, 95% CI = 2.89–20.07 and P = 0.003, respectively. The most prevalent bacteria isolates were Escherichia coli 2(18.2%), Staphylococcus aureus 2(18.2%), Acinetobacter spp. 2(18.2%), Enterococcus spp. 2(18.2%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci 2(18.2%) followed by Porteus mirabilis 1(9.1%).The majority (80%) of Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Simultaneously, the multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates accounts for 82% among tested kidney allograft recipients.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection in the study participants was relatively low with a prevalence of 14.9%. Majority of the study participants were asymptomatic and a higher percentage of females were involved. The multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates in the present study account for 82%.

Prevalence, susceptibility patterns and virulence factors of bacterial isolates from neonate-mother pair samples in Benin City, Nigeria

Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. The prevalence of bacterial isolates in neonates admitted due to sepsis together with mothers and their susceptibility to routinely used antibacterial agents were investigated. Ethical Approval was obtained from the Hospital Management Board while informed consents were obtained from their parents. Forty-five (45) saliva samples from neonates (with signs and symptoms of sepsis admitted at the neonatal unit of Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria) were obtained. Vaginal swab samples were also obtained from their mothers to attain a total of ninety samples comprising forty-five saliva-vaginal swab sample pairs. Samples were immediately transported to the Laboratory and processed using standard microbiological protocols. All samples showed significant bacterial growth. At least one similar bacterial isolate were recovered from each neonate-mother pair. Bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus miriabilis, Acinetobacter sp., Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalaticeae, Citrobacter sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Both neonatal and maternal isolates were sensitive to unacin, azithromycin, cefotaxime and cefuroxime. Bacterial isolates also showed varying degrees of resistance to bactericidal action of normal serum. Isolates also produced haemolysin. This study gives important insight to the role of saliva in bacteriological analysis of sepsis and has implications for neonatal survival.

STUDIES ON SOME BACTERIAL DISEASES IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO TREATMENT

he present research carried out to study the common bacterial infections in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) in Manzala area at Dakahlia governorate and possible antimicrobial agents used for treatment. A total number of 400 fish were randomly collected from Manzala private farms at Dakahlia governorate and subjected to the clinical, bacteriological and histopathological examination. The highest prevalence of bacterial isolates during the whole period of examination of naturally infected O.niloticus was recorded for A.hydrophila (22.66%), followed by V.alginolyticus (19.01%), V.parahemolyticus (13.80%), Streptococcus spp. (12.24%), A.caviae (11.72%), V.cholera (10.16%), A.salmonicida (7.55%), while the lowest prevalence was recorded for Klebsiella oxytoca (2.86%). The seasonal highest total prevalence of bacterial isolates from examined naturally infected O. niloticus was recorded in spring (30.21%), followed by autumn (28.39%), then summer (22.40%) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in winter (19.01%). Histopathological findings of the tissue samples which collected from different organs of naturally infected O.niloticus revealed that spleen show marked hemosiderosis and sever hemorrhage, gills showsever congestion of lamellar capillaries with marked aneurysm, necrosis and hemorrhage of lamellar epithelium and liver show sever hydropic degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic against all isolated bacterial strains

Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetics - A Five Year Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Bacterial Isolates and its Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in A Tertiary Care Hospital in South India

Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetics - A Five Year Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Bacterial Isolates and its Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in A Tertiary Care Hospital in South India

Characteristics of bacterial colonization after indwelling double-J ureteral stents for different time duration.

Background:Indwelling Double-J ureteral stenting is commonly used in urological practice and has various complications. This study aimed to assess the frequency of bacterial stent colonization and stent-associated bacteriuria after indwelling it for different time durations and to evaluate the significance of urinary cultures for identification of colonizing microorganisms.Materials and Methods:A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Midstream urine from 72 patients undergoing J stent insertion was investigated microbiologically before stent insertion and on the day of stent removal. The stents were removed by aseptic manipulation, and 1–3 cm of the tip located in the bladder was collected for microbiological study. The urine and stent samples were cultured, and the bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods followed by Phoenix automated system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results:Bacterial colonies were found in 47.2% (34 of 72) of the stents. Of the multiple pathogens identified, Escherichia coli (20%) was the most common, followed by Streptococcus sp. (17.5%) and Pseudomonas sp. (12.5%). The bacteria did not colonize within the first 2 weeks of stent placement. Results showed that 55% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 52.5% to ampicillin, 42.5% to piperacillin, and least resistant being 17.5% for tetracycline and imipenem. However, 81.3% and 66.7% of the stents were colonized when placed for 90–120 days and 60–90 days, respectively.Conclusion:High prevalence of bacterial isolates and risk of bacteriuria and colonization was found in the DJ stent tips, with E. coli being dominant colonizer. Most of the bacteria were resistant to different classes of antibiotics. Bacteriuria and stent colonization gradually increases with the duration of stent retention in the body.

Characterization and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profile of Bacteria in Orofacial Abscesses of Odontogenic Origin.

Odontogenic infections range from peripheral abscess to superficial and deep infections leading to severe infections in head and neck region. This study was aimed to assess bacterial isolates responsible for orofacial infection of odontogenic origin and their drug susceptibility patterns so as to provide better perceptive for the management of odontogenic infections. The study was made in a selected cohort of patients, irrespective of age and gender having moderate and severe orofacial infections of odontogenic origin admitted to Yenepoya University Hospital. Pus samples were collected and identification of bacteria was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 37 study subjects were included, with bacterial isolation rate of 31 (83.7%). The mean age presented of all patients was 40.62. Of all, 24 (64.9%) were males. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter claocae subsp. dissolvens, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae were the most prevalent isolates. Result showed that 58.6% of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin, 52.5% for ampicillin, 51.3% for piperacillin; least resistant being 18.9% for azithromycin. High prevalence of bacterial isolates was found, Staphylococcus aureus being the dominant. Most of the bacteria were resistant to different classes of antibiotics. Appropriate antibiotics should be given based on the bacterial isolates, culture sensitivity and clinical course of the disease.

Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of blood culture isolates among febrile patients in Mekelle Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.

Bacterial bloodstream infections are a major public health problem, which leads to high morbidity and mortality of patients. On time diagnosis and appropriate medication will be the best way to save the lives of affected ones. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial profile of bloodstream infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Mekelle Hospital. Cross sectional study method was carried out in 514 (269 females and 245 males) febrile patients in Mekelle hospital from March to October 2014. Standard bacteriological methods were used for blood collection, bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Out of the total 514 febrile patients, 144 (28%) culture positive were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus 54 (37.5%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci 44 (30.6%), Escherichia coli 16 (3.1%), Citrobacter spp. 9 (1.7%) and Salmonella typhi 8 (1.6%) were the most dominant isolates, collectively accounting for >90% of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance pattern for gram positive and gram negative bacteria was 0–83.3% and 0–100%, respectively. High resistance was seen to Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 101 (70.1%), Oxacillin 65 (62.5%), Ceftriaxone 79 (58.9%) and Doxycycline 71 (49.3%). Fifty-nine percent of the isolated bacteria in this study were multi drug resistant. Most bacterial isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin clavulanic acid. All gram positive isolates in this current study were sensitive to vancomycin. Prevalence of bacterial isolates in blood was high. It also reveals isolated bacteria species developed multi drug resistance to most of the antibiotics tested, which highlights for periodic surveillance of etiologic agent, antibiotic susceptibility to prevent further emergence and spread of resistant bacterial pathogens.

Types and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from eye discharge samples at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

BackgroundThe type and pattern of organisms that cause ocular infection changes over time. Moreover, the causative organisms have developed increased drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalent bacterial agents of eye discharge and their drug susceptibility patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia from September, 2009 to August, 2012. Culture and drug susceptibility test results of patients who had eye infections were taken for analysis. Eye discharge samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar plates. A standard biochemical procedure was used for full identification of bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar by using disk diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software.ResultA total of 102 eye discharges were submitted for microbiological evaluation, of which (60.8%) had bacterial growth. The most frequently isolated bacterial isolates were gram-positive bacteria (74.2%). The predominant bacterial species isolated was Coagulase-negative staphylococci (27.4%) followed by S. aureus (21%). Within the age group of 1 day-2 years old, (66.1%) of bacteria were isolated. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistance to ampicilin (71%), amoxicilin (62.9%), erythromycin (43.5%), gentamicin (45.2%), penicillin (71%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (58.1%), and tetracycline (64.6%) while Ceftriaxon and Ciprofloxacin showed (75.8%) and (80%) susceptibility respectively. From the total bacterial isolates, (87.1%) were showed multi drug resistance (MDR) to two or more drugs.ConclusionThe prevalence of bacterial isolates in eye discharge was high in the study area and majority of isolates were gram-positive bacteria. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to frequently used antimicrobials. Therefore, drug susceptibility test is necessary before prescribing any antimicrobials.

Urinary tract infection among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundMany women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where access to emergency obstetrical care is often limited, obstetric fistula usually occurs as a result of prolonged obstructed labour. Obstetric fistula patients have many social and health related problems like urinary tract infections (UTIs). Despite this reality there was limited data on prevalence UTIs on those patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, drug susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted from January to May, 2013 at Gondar University Hospital. From each post repair obstetric fistula patients, socio-demographic and UTIs associated risk factors were collected by using a structured questionnaire. After the removal of their catheters, the mid-stream urine was collected and cultured on CLED. After overnight incubation, significant bacteriuria was sub-cultured on Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and MacConkey (MAC). The bacterial species were identified by series of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.ResultsA total of 53 post repair obstetric fistula patients were included for the determination of bacterial isolate and 28 (52.8%) of them had significant bacteriuria. Majority of the bacterial isolates, 26 (92.9%), were gram negative bacteria and the predominant ones were Citrobacter 13 (24.5%) and E. coli 6 (11.3%). Enterobacter, E.coli and Proteus mirabilis were 100% resistant to tetracycline. Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsella pneumonia, Klebsella ozenae and Staphylococcus aureus were also 100% resistant to ceftriaxone.ConclusionThe prevalence of bacterial isolates in obstetric fistula patients was high and majority of the isolates were gram negative bacteria. Even thought the predominant bacterial isolates were Citrobacter and E. coli, all of the bacterial isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance patterns which alert health profession to look better treatment for these patients.