Prevalence Of Atopic Dermatitis In Children Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of atopic dermatitis in Chinese adults: a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study.

Prevalence and risk factors of atopic dermatitis in Chinese adults: a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study.

Prenatal Maternal Risk Factors Contributing to Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.

The gestational risk factors predispose to the manifestation of early childhood atopic dermatitis (AD). We evaluated the association between modifiable and non-modifiable gestational and prenatal risk factors that affect the AD prevalence in children. We performed the systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies (n=27) in PubMed and EMBASE (2000~2021). A meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) or hazard ratio (HR). We performed a systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and summarized cohort studies investigating gestational and prenatal risk factor those predispose to AD in off spring. Leading modifiable and non-modifiable were identified through ORs. Meta-analysis using the random effect model was also conducted to provide an overall estimate for several significant factors. Among the non-modifiable risk factors gestational diabetes (7.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4~34.5), maternal history of allergy (2.14, 95% CI: 1.54~2.97) and prenatal history of eczema (2.46, 95% CI: 1.0~5.8) were found as major determining risk factors in early manifestation of AD in children. Further, maternal exposure to industrial products (1.89, 95% CI: 1.10~3.16), exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy (3.59, 95% CI: 1.19~10.85) and passive smoking during pregnancy (2.60, 95% CI: 1.11~6.1) are leading causes of early AD manifestation. Conclusively, both genetic and environmental factors play a pivotal role in early manifestation of AD. The better managing the environmental factors during gestational phase to the least can help curtail the prevalence of AD in children.

Prevalence and risk factors for atopic dermatitis in Greenlandic children.

The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Greenland has been sparsely investigated. To examine the point and overall prevalence, cumulative incidence at different ages, and associated risk factors for AD among children in Greenland. Between 2019 and 2020, three towns in Greenland, representing 48% of the total population, were visited. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including children aged 0-7 years attending daycare centres. Parents completed a questionnaire with questions on AD and related risk factors. A diagnosis of AD was based on the UK Working Party's criteria along with a clinical examination. In total, 839 children aged 0-7 years were included. The overall prevalence of AD was 35% according to physician's diagnosis and assessment. The point prevalence was 28% and peaked among 1-year-old children (36%) and declined with age. The cumulative incidence at ages 1-6 years varied between 29% and 41% and was highest in 1-year-old children and showed a slight decline with increasing age. In the fully adjusted multivariate model, AD was associated with being of Inuit descent [odds ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.8]; food allergy in the child (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.3-5.6); ear infection in the child (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9); having a mother with a high educational level (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3); maternal atopy (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-2.0); and paternal atopy (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.8). No environmental risk factors were identified. The overall prevalence of AD in children in Greenland is high and has likely increased over the past 20 years. The point prevalence was highest in the youngest children indicating early onset of disease. Inuit descent, family atopy predisposition and having a higher socioeconomic status (based on parental educational level and housing) increased the risk of AD. Insight into possible Inuit-specific genetic predisposition is needed.

Secular trends of atopic dermatitis and its comorbidities in United States children between 1997 and 2018.

Previous studies found increased prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) in the United States over the past few decades. It is unknown whether the prevalence of AD has plateaued or whether AD comorbidities changed over time. The main objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and secular trends of AD and its comorbidities. We analyzed data on 259,818 children, ages 0 to 17years, from the National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2018, using logistic regression models. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of childhood AD steadily increased from 2000 [7.3% (6.8-7.9%)] to 2011 [12.8% (12.1-13.5%)] and remained consistent until 2018 [12.6% (11.6-13.5%)]. In logistic regression models, the odds of AD were significantly increased in all years from 2003 to 2018 compared to 1997. However, the increased odds of AD over time were attenuated when adjusting for socio-demographic factors. AD prevalence increased in most socio-demographic groups, but changed variably by age group, race/ethnicity, and region. There were significant trends of AD comorbidities over time, with increasing prevalence of attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder, and decreasing prevalence of hay fever and depression/sadness. AD prevalence in US children increased between 1997 and 2011, remaining consistent until 2018 with an overall increase of 59%. Prevalence of comorbid hay fever and sadness/depression decreased, while ADD/ADHD increased. Given divergent trends of AD prevalence by socio-demographic characteristics, future studies are better equipped to identify contributing factors of prevalence change.

Temporal trends of birthweight are not driving trends of atopic dermatitis prevalence in United States children

Population-based risk-factors for the rising prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) in the United States are not well elucidated. We hypothesized that trends of birthweight over the past 2decades contributed to the increasing prevalence of childhood AD in the United States. We sought to determine whether trends of birthweight were associated with trends of childhood AD prevalence over time in the US. Data were analyzed from the 1997-2018 National Health Interview Survey (N =238,767 children). The prevalence [95% confidence interval] of childhood AD increased from 1997 (7.9% [7.4-8.5%]) to 2018 (12.6% [11.6-13.5%]). Whereas, mean [95% confidence interval] birthweight decreased from 1997 (3.35kg [3.34-3.37kg]) to 2018 (3.30kg [3.28-3.31kg]). A 1kg increase in birthweight was associated with a slightly increased odds of AD (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.039 [1.009-1.070]). However, there were no significant interactions between low or high birthweight and year as predictors of childhood AD prevalence overall or in any age group. In conclusion,there is a slight association between greater birthweights and AD prevalence. However, temporal trends of birthweight do not account for trends of childhood AD prevalence in the United States.

The Burden of Childhood Atopic Dermatitis in the Primary Care Setting: A Report from the Meta-LARC Consortium.

Little is known about the burden of atopic dermatitis (AD) encountered in US primary care practices and the frequency and type of skin care practices routinely used in children. To estimate the prevalence of AD in children 0 to 5 years attending primary care practices in the United States and to describe routine skin care practices used in this population. A cross-sectional survey study of a convenience sample of children under the age of 5 attending primary care practices for any reason. Ten primary care practices in 5 US states. Among 652 children attending primary care practices, the estimated prevalence of ever having AD was 24% (95% CI, 21-28) ranging from 15% among those under the age of 1 to 38% among those aged 4 to 5 years. The prevalence of comorbid asthma was higher among AD participants compared to those with no AD, namely, 12% and 4%, respectively (P < .001). Moisturizers with high water:oil ratios were most commonly used (ie, lotions) in the non-AD population, whereas moisturizers with low water:oil content (ie, ointments) were most common when AD was present. Our study found a large burden of AD in the primary care practice setting in the US. The majority of households reported skin care practices that may be detrimental to the skin barrier, such as frequent bathing and the routine use of moisturizers with high water: oil ratios. Clinical trials are needed to identify which skin care practices are optimal for reducing the significant burden of AD in the community.

Atopic dermatitis in children aged 1 - 7 years in Shenzhen city: an epidemiological study

Objective To investigate the prevalence of and influencing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD) in children aged 1 - 7 years in Shenzhen city, and to analyze difference in diagnostic results between two diagnostic criteria. Methods From December 1st 2013 to March 1st 2014, a questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted to investigate the prevalence of AD in children aged 1 - 7 years in Shenzhen city. Results A total of 1 504 children were enrolled into this study, including 716 males and 788 females. Based on the clinical diagnosis by experienced dermatologists, the prevalence of AD was 11.84% (178/1 504) in total, 11.73% (84/716) and 11.93% (94/788) in males and females, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of AD between males and females (χ2 = 0.01, P > 0.05) . Based on the Williams′ diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of AD was 3.92% (59/1 504) in total, and 4.05% (29/716) and 3.81% (30/788) in males and females, respectively. Premature birth was a risk factor for the occurrence of AD (χ2 = 5.43, P < 0.05) . Conclusions The prevalence of AD is evidently increased among children aged 1 - 7 years in Shenzhen city, and premature birth is a risk factor for AD. Missed diagnosis will be reduced based on clinical diagnosis by experienced dermatologists. Key words: Dermatitis, atopic; Child; Prevalence; Population characteristics

Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Chinese Children aged 1-7 ys.

Prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) is increasing worldwide. Up to date, there has been no face-to-face nation-wide study in China. We aim to explore the prevalence of clinical diagnosed AD in children aged 1–7 ys in China. Twelve metropolises were chosen from different areas of China. In each region, we selected 4–10 kindergartens and 2–5 vaccination clinics randomly. A complete history-taking and skin examination were performed by dermatologists. The definite diagnosis of AD and the severity were determined by two or three dermatologists. All criteria concerned in UK diagnosis criteria, characteristic presentation of AD and atypical manifestations were recorded in detail. A total of 13998 children from 84 kindergartens and 40 vaccination clinics were included. The prevalence of AD was 12.94% by clinical diagnosis of dermatologists overall, with 74.6% of mild AD. Comparatively, prevalence of AD based on UK diagnostic criteria was 4.76%. This is the first face-to-face nation-wide study in Chinese children aged 1–7 ys, revealing that the prevalence of AD in children is closer to that of wealthier nations.

Believe the Parents: QOL in Families with Young Children with Eczema

Caring for a child with atopic dermatitis (AD) involves daily skin treatment regimens, multiple medical office visits, and financial costs associated with medications and work absence. Disease flares bring additional stress. Quality-of-life (QOL) measures are increasingly important given the rising prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis. To better study predictors of QOL …

Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in Japan

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic or chronically relapsing, severely pruritic and eczematous skin disease. AD is the second most frequently observed skin disease in dermatology clinics in Japan. Prevalence of childhood AD is 12-13% in mainland Japan; however, it is only half that (~6%) in children from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa. Here, we summarize the prevalence, incidence and spontaneous regression of AD and the relation of AD to other allergic diseases from previous reports. We also refer to our recent findings from a population cohort study on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa.

어머니의 임신기 동안 식품섭취와 영유아의 아토피피부염 유무와의 관계

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), chronic cutaneous disease, has increased rapidly worldwide. Since AD is the most common disease affecting infants, maternal food intake during pregnancy as well as lactation is important. The purpose of this research was to examine the difference in maternal food intake during pregnancy between mothers having children with or without AD. One hundred forty-eight mothers with children aged under 2 years with AD (AD group, n=74) or without AD (non-AD group, n=74) were included in the study. Diet during pregnancy was examined using a food frequency questionnaire. There were no differences in the status of mothers' food consumption during pregnancy between the AD and non-AD groups. Mothers in the AD group consumed significantly less white fish (P<0.05), carrot & pumpkin (P<0.01), walnut & pine nut (P<0.05), mandarin & orange (P<0.05), and peach (P<0.05) than those in the non-AD group. As food frequencies were categorized according to <1/month, 1~3/month, 1~6/week, and 1~3/day, lower consumption of carrot & pumpkin (Odds Ratio (OR)=6.67, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.98~22.44), tomato (OR=5.11, 95% CI=1.62~16.08), mandarin & orange (OR=8.64, 95% CI=1.59~46.81), and walnut & pine nut (OR=3.85, 95% CI=1.26~11.77) increased the risk of childhood AD. According to the results, maternal food intakes during pregnancy were significantly different between the AD and non-AD groups. Therefore, further studies are necessary to examine the causal relationship between maternal food intake and prevalence of AD in children.

Prevalence of Childhood Atopic Dermatitis: An Urban and Rural Community-Based Study in Shanghai, China

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory and chronically relapsing disorder with increasing prevalence. However, little is known about its prevalence in Shanghai, the top metropolitan of China. This study will estimate and compare the prevalence of AD in urban and rural areas in representative samples of 3 to 6-year-old children in Shanghai.Methodology/Principal FindingsA descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. Pre-school children were obtained by cluster sampling from 8 communities in different districts in Shanghai. The main instrument was the core questionnaire module for AD used in the U.K. Working Party's study. All the data were statistically analyzed by EpiData 3.1 and SPSS16.0. A total of 10436 children completed the study satisfactorily, with a response rate of 95.8%. The prevalence of AD in 3 to 6-year-old children was 8.3% (Male: 8.5%, Female: 8.2%). The prevalence in urban areas of Shanghai was gradiently and significantly higher than that in rural areas. The highest prevalence was in the core urban area (10.2% in Xuhui Tianping) vs. the lowest far from the urban areas (4.6% in Chongming Baozhen).Conclusions/SignificanceThe prevalence of AD was 8.3% (95%CI: 7.6%–9.1%) in children aged 3 to 6 in Shanghai. The prevalence of AD decreased from the center to the rural areas in Shanghai.

The Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma, and Allergic Rhinitis and the Comorbidity of Allergic Diseases in Children

ObjectivesChildhood allergic diseases are a major concern because they lead to a heavy economic burden and poor quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and the comorbidity of allergic diseases in Seoul, Korea.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey between May and October 2010 to evaluate the prevalence of childhood allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, using a questionnaire from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood group. Each questionnaire was completed by the parent or guardian of a child.ResultsIn the 31,201 children studied, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis symptoms in the past 12 months was 19.3% in children 0 to 3 years of age, 19.7% in children 4 to 6 years of age, 16.7% in children 7 to 9 years of age, and 14.5% in children 10 to 13 years of age (p for trend < 0.001). The prevalence of asthma in these age groups was 16.5%, 9.8%, 6.5%, and 5.4%, respectively (p for trend < 0.001). The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in these age groups was 28.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, and 35.9%, respectively (p for trend = 0.043). The percentage of subjects with both atopic dermatitis and asthma, both asthma and allergic rhinitis, or both atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis was 2.5%, 4.7%, and 8.7%, respectively. The prevalence of comorbid allergic diseases decreased with age (p for trend < 0.001).ConclusionsOur study revealed that the prevalence of some allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and asthma, was relatively high in very young children and that all of the principal allergic diseases in children often co-exist.

Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Korea: Analysis by Using National Statistics

We attempted to investigate the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Korea by using national statistics. Data on AD patients who received medical service at least once a year from 2003 through 2008 were collected from health insurance research team of National Health Insurance Corporation. Data of estimated populations during the same period were obtained from the Statistics Korea. In 2008, the prevalence of AD was 26.5% in aged 12-23 months and decreased substantially to 7.6% at age 6 yr, 3.4% at age 12 yr and to 2.4% at age 18 yr. In males, the prevalence was higher than females until 2 yr of age, while the opposite was shown in children aged 2 yr or older. In children aged less than 24 months, the prevalence of AD has increased from 19.8% to 23.8% between the years 2003 and 2008, while the prevalence showed no increase in the older age group. In conclusion, the prevalence of AD in 2008 peaked during infancy up to 26.5% and decreased thereafter. Our findings also suggest that increasing prevalence of AD in children less than 24 months might be responsible for the recent increase in the prevalence of AD in Korean children.

Current status of atopic dermatitis in Japan

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic or chronically relapsing, severely pruritic, eczematous skin disease. AD is the second most frequently observed skin disease in dermatology clinics in Japan. Prevalence of childhood AD is 12-13% in mainland Japan; however, it is only half that (about 6%) in children from Ishigaki Island, Okinawa. Topical steroids and tacrolimus are the mainstay of treatment. However, the adverse effects and emotional fear of long-term use of topical steroids have induced a "topical steroid phobia" in patients throughout the world. Undertreatment can exacerbate facial/periocular lesions and lead to the development of atopic cataract and retinal detachment due to repeated scratching/rubbing/patting. Overcoming topical steroid phobia is a key issue for the successful treatment of AD through education, understanding and cooperation of patients and their guardians.

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children is influenced by their parents’ education: results of two cross-sectional studies conducted in Upper Austria

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an important health problem worldwide. Several studies have shown that a positive family history is a strong risk factor. We studied the prevalence of AD among 23,583 Austrian school children and examined the association between the prevalence of AD in children and their parents' education at two points in time. As part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood programme, two cross-sectional studies were conducted in Upper Austria (Federal State of Austria) between the years 1995-97 (Phase I) and 2001-03 (Phase III). All pupils of pre-school classes and of first and second grade of all elementary schools in seven districts of Upper Austria received standardized questionnaires, resulting in a total of 13,399 (Phase I) and 13,731 (Phase III) children. All variables examined concerning AD showed an increase in prevalence in the age group examined: During the first study, 9.6% of the children ever had eczema diagnosed by a doctor (Phase III: 13.3%), whereas 9.2% ever had symptoms of AD (Phase III: 11.0%). In Phase I, 6.0% of the children had an itchy rash in the past 12 months (Phase III: 6.7%). In both studies, high parental education (i.e. high school or university degree) was an independent statistically significant risk factor for eczema in the child, resulting in an adjusted Odds Ratio between 1.13 and 1.37. In a census-like-survey, we are able to demonstrate a statistically significant association between parental education and the prevalence of AD in their children, which is independent of a possible parental AD.

Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Japanese adults and community validation of the U.K. diagnostic criteria

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic, relapsing pruritic eczematous lesions. Although there have been numerous epidemiological studies on the prevalence of AD in children and adolescents, there have been few in adults [1–6]. Most of the studies done were based on questionnaires [1–4]. We evaluated the prevalence of AD in Japanese adults based on regular health check-ups by dermatologists at Tokyo University in 2004 [6]. A total of 2123 staff members were examined in the study.

Atopic dermatitis in premature and term children

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in premature compared with term children, the frequency of food allergy in children with AD, and the possible differences in prevalence of...

Ecological association of water hardness with prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis in a Japanese urban area

The prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema among Japanese children aged 6–7 years is the second highest in 56 countries. Reasons for such a high prevalence are unknown. This ecological study examined whether the positive association of water hardness with atopic dermatitis among British primary-school children also exists in Japan. Study subjects were 458,284 of 489,725 children, aged 6–12 years, in 1,016 public elementary schools in Osaka Prefecture with 44 municipalities. The study used data on water hardness and chlorine content of the water supply; prevalence of atopic dermatitis diagnosed by physicians and episodes of wheezing reported by the parents; and potential confounding factors by socioeconomic and health care status per municipality. The prevalence of atopic eczema was significantly higher in the highest water hardness category than that in the lowest (24.4% [ n=2,288/9,362] and 22.9% [ n=77,408/33,8267], respectively; adjusted odds ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.18; P<0.0001 for trend). A significant and slightly J-shaped relationship between chlorine content of the water supply and prevalence of atopic dermatitis was observed after adjustment for confounding factors. There were no apparent associations of water hardness and chlorine content of the water supply with prevalence of wheeze. Water hardness may increase the risk of atopic dermatitis among elementary-school children in Japan, as well as in the United Kingdom.

Epidemiology, clinical features, and immunology of the "intrinsic" (non-IgE-mediated) type of atopic dermatitis (constitutional dermatitis).

Departmentof Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandKey words: atopic dermatitis; clinical features;constitutional dermatitis; epidemiology; extrinsictype; immunopathology; intrinsic type.Prof. Dr B. Wu¨thrichAllergy Unit, Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital8091 ZurichSwitzerlandAccepted for publication 22 March 2001