Prevalence Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Research Articles

Examining the Prevalence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries on Artificial Turf Surfaces Compared to Natural Grass Surfaces in Athletes: A Scoping Review.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is commonly injured in sports such as American football and soccer. It is currently unknown if ACL injuries are more prevalent on natural grass or artificial turf fields. The purpose of this scoping review is to analyze research studies evaluating the effect of the playing surface on the prevalence of ACL injuries. We hypothesize that athletes face a greater risk of suffering ACL injuries while playing on artificial turfcompared to natural grass.Our team conducted a comprehensive literature review by screening three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane) that comprised a wide range of peer-reviewed articles on ACL injuries suffered on natural grass and artificial turf surfaces. Inclusion criteria consisted of epidemiological and cohort studies published after 1990 that were written in English and focused on athletes ranging in skill level from youth to professional. Exclusion criteria consisted of biomechanical studies, review articles, and papers that focused on injuries of structures other than the ACL. Bias was assessed with the MINORS criteria. Results were presented by injury rates, calculated ratios, and confidence intervals.The final analysis included nine papers published in peer-reviewed journals. Three of nine papers found that ACL injuries are more likely to occur on artificial turf than on natural grass. Three papers found that there is no difference in the prevalence of ACL injuries between surfaces and one paper stated that ACL injuries are more likely on natural grass than artificial turf. Two papers did not report confidence intervals for ratios comparing injury rates between playing surfaces.There is no consensus in the current literature regarding the prevalence of ACL injuries on artificial turf versus natural grass surfaces. The primary limitation of this study was that the papers used a variety of methods to compare rates of ACL injuries on artificial and natural surfaces, making comparisons between the nine papers difficult.

Knowledge and awareness of anterior cruciate ligament injury among adults in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Background: Knee stability is provided by multiple structures serving as primary and secondary stabilizers. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the knee joint's primary stabilizer with the highest incidence of injury reported in athletes. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge and awareness of ACL injury among adults in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out during the year 2022-2023 using an electronic questionnaire with 431 participants from different areas of Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26, and the chi-square test. A p-value of 0.05 was considered the level of significance for all analyses used in the study. Results: The results showed that 71.5% of the study sample (431) were males. The average ages were (18-25) and then (41-45) years, and most of the study sample were married (61.7%). Around 53.8% were employees, and more than half of the participants (58%) were university students. The majority (87.7%) had previously heard of ACL from various sources, mainly from friends and the internet/television. Most participants (65.4%) believed that the ACL injury was severe. Most of the study sample (92.6%) believed that postoperative physical therapy was crucial, and more than half of the study sample (59.6%) believed that living with an ACL injury was possible. Conclusion: The study revealed that Saudi Arabian in Eastern province had a high level of knowledge and awareness about the prevalence of ACL injuries among adults.

Prevalence and risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among football team players in Bisha City, Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury among football players in Bisha city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A total of 160 participants were included in this study. The football players were selected from the "Bisha Sport Club" team. Data were collected from the participants using a questionnaire, distributed by the researchers. Results: Most of the participants were between 20 to 24 years (56.3%) and between 25 to 29 years (28.7%). The prevalence of knee ligament injury was 48.8%. The ACL was injured in 46.2% participants and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in 17.9%. Around 20.5% had a partial tear while 30.8% had a complete tear. Diagnosis was established by clinical examination alone in 20.5%, 30.8% by MRI alone, and 33.3% by both clinical examination and MRI. The most observed signs and symptoms were pop sound in 53.8%, sharp pain in 46.2%, and inability to move leg in 38.5%. Conclusions: The prevalence of ACL injury is common among football players in Saudi Arabia, therefore there is a need to raise awareness among them about this type of injury to decrease its complications.

The prevalence and determinants of anterior cruciate ligament rupture among athletes practicing football in Jeddah Avenues 2020.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common sport injury and one of the most serious sport injuries affecting non-professionals and professional athletes. It is most commonly torn during sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction such as football. To measure the prevalence and determinants of anterior cruciate ligament rupture as well as assess knowledge about it among young adult athletes practicing football. An analytical cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire was carried out during the period from December 2019 to March 2020 among a sample of Saudi athletes recruited from natural grass, artificial turf, and dirt football fields in the Jeddah region. A structured questionnaire composed of four parts was used to collect data: socio-demographic variables, questions to assess awareness and knowledge of ACL, questions to assess the prevalence and determinants of ACL, and description of cases and the Arabic version of the Lysholm Knee Score (LKS) to assess the impact of ACL injury on patients' daily life. The study included 320 participants. Their age ranged between 15 and 40 years with an arithmetic mean of 27.9 and a standard deviation of ±6.8 years. The majority of them were males (97.8%). The prevalence of ACL injury was 14.7% among the participants; it was significantly higher among overweight and obese subjects (P = 0.042) as well as those who reported more than 10 training weekly hours (P = 0.034). Most of the playgrounds at the time of injury were either artificial turf (44.7%) or dirt football fields (34%). Overall, the level of adequate knowledge about ACL was observed among most of the participants (70.3%). The only factor significantly associated with the level of participants' knowledge about ACL was the level of physical activity, P = 0.011. The total of LKS ranged between 21 and 100 with a median (inter-quartile range) of 82.5 (57-91). The prevalence rate of ACL injury among athletes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is within the world wide range. Their awareness and knowledge of ACL are encouraging, although some risk factors were not well known. The quality of life of injured athletes was high, irrespective of demographic as well as physical factors and the history of surgical repair.

LEVER SIGN TEST FOR CHRONIC ACL INJURY: A COMPARISON WITH LACHMAN AND ANTERIOR DRAWER TESTS.

ABSTRACTObjective:This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the lever sign test in patients with and without chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries in an outpatient setting and the inter-examiner agreement of surgeons with different levels of experience.Methods:72 consecutive patients with a history of previous knee sprains were included. The Lachman, anterior drawer, and Lever Sign tests were performed for all subjects in a randomized order by three blinded raters with different levels of experience. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and inter-rater agreement were estimated for all tests.Results:Among the 72 patients, the prevalence of ACL injuries was 54%. The lever test showed sensitivity of 64.1% (95% CI 0.47-0.78) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 0.87-1.00) for the senior examiner. For the less experienced examiner the sensitivity was 51.8% and the specificity was 93.7%. Positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were 100% and 70.2%, respectively.Conclusion:Lever Sign test shows to be a maneuver of easy execution, with 100% specificity and 100% PPV. Moderate agreement between experienced examiners and low agreement among experienced and inexperienced examiners was found. This test may play a role as an auxiliary maneuver. Level of Evidence I, Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

Sex Differences in Anatomic Features Linked to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries During Skeletal Growth and Maturation

Background: Several anatomic features of the knee have been shown to affect joint and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading and the risk of subsequent injuries. While several studies have highlighted sex differences between these anatomic features, little is known on how these differences develop during skeletal growth and maturation. Hypotheses: (A) Anatomic features linked to an ACL injury will significantly change during skeletal growth and maturation. (B) The age-related changes in anatomic features linked to an ACL injury are different between male and female patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3 Methods: After institutional review board approval, magnetic resonance imaging data from 269 unique knees (patient age 3-18 years; 51% female), free from any injuries, were used to measure femoral notch width, posterior slope of the lateral tibial plateau (lateral tibial slope), medial tibial depth, tibial spine height, and posterior lateral meniscal bone angle. Linear regression was used to test the associations between age and quantified anatomic indices. Patients were then divided into 4 age groups: preschool (3-6 years), prepubertal (7-10 years), early adolescent (11-14 years), and late adolescent (15-18 years). Also, 2-way analysis of variance with the Holm-Sidak post hoc test was used to compare morphology between male and female patients in each age group. Results: The femoral notch width, medial tibial depth, and tibial spine height significantly increased with age (P < .001). The lateral tibial slope decreased with age only in male patients (P < .001). Except for the posterior lateral meniscal bone angle, the age-related changes in anatomy were different between male and female patients (P < .05). On average, early and late adolescent female patients had smaller femoral notches, steeper lateral tibial slopes, flatter medial tibial plateaus, and shorter tibial spines compared with age-matched male patients (P < .01). Conclusion: Overall, the findings supported our hypotheses, showing sex-specific changes in anatomic features linked to an ACL injury during skeletal growth and maturation. These observations help to better explain the reported age and sex differences in the prevalence of ACL injuries. The fact that most of these anatomic features undergo substantial changes during skeletal growth and maturation introduces the hypothesis that prophylactic interventions (ie, activity modification) would have the potential to reshape a maturing knee in a manner that lowers the risk of noncontact ACL injuries.

Prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament injury among amateur footballers in Enugu, South-East Nigeria: The need for injury prevention programs

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is debilitating to any footballer. The injury is sustained in different ways during sporting events. There is need for injury prevention programs among the growing population of amateur footballers. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ACL injury among Amateur footballers in Enugu, South-East Nigeria. Methodology: An observational study involving 825 of the registered amateur footballers in Enugu Metropolis. Oral interview and adapted knee pain evaluation form were used to screen for knee injuries and followed by Lachman and Pivot shift test to confirm ACL injury. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.7 ± 3.1. The prevalence of ACL injury was 3.6% among the study population (8% for females and 3.5% for males), 56.6% among the participants with a history of knee injuries. Nearly 37.3% of the injuries occurred as a result of torsion/twist, which is a noncontact mechanism, 3.3% due to overuse, 13.3% due to contact/person, and 10.0% due to contact/friction. 70.0% of the injuries occurred during a training session, while 30.0% occurred during competition. Furthermore, 50.0% of athletes sought medical attention from traditional bone setters, 6.7% from physiotherapists, 10.0% from medical doctors, while 30.0% had self-medication. Conclusion: The prevalence of ACL injury among amateur footballers in Enugu, South-east Nigeria, falls within that obtained among athletes worldwide, with most of the injuries occurring from noncontact mechanisms during a training session. The prevalence is more in females than males.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Wakeboarding

Background:Wakeboarding is an increasingly popular sport that involves aggressive stunts with high risk for lower extremity injury, including anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Little has been reported on prevalence or mechanism of ACL injury while wakeboarding.Hypothesis:The prevalence of ACL injury in wakeboarding approaches that of other high-risk sports. Analyzing the mechanism of ACL injury may aid in future efforts of prevention.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:In sum, 1580 surveys were sent internationally to professional and amateur wakeboarders. The survey questioned the participants on their history of an ACL tear while wakeboarding and asked them to describe the mechanism of injury and treatment.Results:A total of 123 surveys were returned. Of this group, 52 (42.3%) acknowledged having had an ACL tear while wakeboarding. The majority described feeling a pop or buckle after attempting to land a high jump. Only 5 participants (13.5%) described a rotational mechanism created by catching the board edge in the water. Thirty-seven participants (71.15%) said that the injury ruined their ability to wakeboard before reconstruction, and 41 (78.85%) had the injury repaired surgically.Conclusion:The prevalence of ACL tears in this data set, 42.3%, is the highest reported in the literature for wakeboarding and one of the highest for any sport. The main mechanism of injury appears to involve axial compression while one lands in a provocative position; it is not related to a rotational force created by fixed bindings. The injury should be surgically repaired to effectively continue the sport. Further study is needed to determine if wakeboarding represents a high-risk sport for ACL injury.Clinical Significance:Wakeboarding may be a high-risk sport for ACL injury. Noncontact axial compression appears to be the main mechanism of injury.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female and Male Athletes

It has been shown that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are more prevalent in female athletes than in male athletes. Soccer and basketball are considered high-risk sports for ACL injury in female athletes. Several studies have reported a relationship between ACL injury and measures of foot structure. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between foot structure and ACL injury rates in female and male soccer and basketball players. One hundred five soccer and basketball players (53 women and 52 men) were recruited and divided into an ACL-normal group (n=89) and an ACL-injured group (n=16). Two measures of foot structure (subtalar joint neutral position and navicular drop test values) were recorded for each subject. An independent t test and a paired t test were used to analyze differences in ACL status, foot structure, and sex. A chi2 analysis determined whether the prevalence of ACL injury was independent of sport. No statistically significant differences were found in the foot structure measures between women and men. Female soccer and basketball players had an ACL injury rate seven times that of male players. Values derived from subtalar joint neutral position measurement and the navicular drop test were not associated with ACL injury in collegiate female and male soccer and basketball players.