Prevalence In Normal Population Research Articles

Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and its Prevalence in Normal Population

Objective: Over 200 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have
 been recognized on the basis of DNA sequence. Multiple infection is
 more prone to be persistent than single infection. The purpose of
 this study is to assess the variation of HPV types and their prevalence
 among negative VIA as normal population in Indonesian women.
 Method: We processed cervical swabs from 1,214 patients with
 negative VIA. HPV DNA and its genotypes were detected using PCR
 based INNO-Lipa HPV DNA test. We also classified whether each infection is single or multiple.
 Result: From 1,214 women with negative VIA, 39 (3.21%) samples
 were positive for HPV DNA. Among them, we detected 19 types of
 HPV, consisting of 13 types of high-risk HPV, 5 types of low-risk HPV,
 and 1 type of unknown HPV (type X). The most prevalent type was
 HPV type 52 (18.31%), followed by type 39 and X with the same proportion (9.86%), and HPV type 16, 18, and 74 (each 8.45%). Of the total 39 HPV-positive samples, 17 (43.6%) showed multiple-type infection and 22 (56.4%) showed single-type infection. The majority
 of single infection involves high-risk-HPV. The remaining were type
 6, 44, 18, 51 and 66, with each single-type infection showing a prevalence of 4.54%.
 Conclusion: Our study shows that single HPV infection among the
 negative VIA population are dominated by high-risk type HPV (types
 52, 39, 16, and 18). Single infection was more often encountered
 than multiple infection.
 [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 4: 211-215]
 Keywords: HPV DNA, HPV genotypes, multiple infection, negative
 VIA, single infection

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy complicated with epilepsy

To summarize the clinical features of those Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) patients who are complicated with epilepsy, and try to analyze the genotype- phenotype correlation. By a retrospective analysis of 307 patients with DMD and BMD who attended Peking University First Hospital from February 2006 to September 2014,7 patients complicated with epilepsy were identified and their clinical data were collected. The possible mechanism of epilepsy in DMD and BMD patients was proposed after analyzing the genotype-phenotype correlation. (1) Among 307 DMD and BMD patients, 7 cases had epilepsy, the prevalence was 2. 28%. (2) The age of onset of epilepsy ranged from 8 months to 11 years. Focal seizure was the most common seizure type (6 cases) , while other seizure types were also involved, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizure. As to epilepsy syndromes, 1 boy was diagnosed as benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT). Six patients were treated with 1 or 2 types of antiepileptic drugs and seizures were controlled well. On follow-up, 6 of the 7 children had normal mental development, while the remaining 1 patient was diagnosed as mild mental retardation. (3) DMD gene mutations of all 7 patients were analyzed. Exons deletions were found in 6 cases while point mutation was found in 1 case. The prevalence of epilepsy in DMD and BMD patients was higher than the prevalence in normal population. The age of onset of epilepsy varies, and focal seizure may be the most common seizure type. Some patients may also present as some kind of epilepsy syndrome, such as BECT. In most patients, seizures can be controlled well by 1 or 2 types of antiepiletic drugs. No clear correlation was found between genotype and phenotype in DMD and BMD patients who were complicated with epilepsy, probably due to limited number of cases.

Transfusion Transmitted Infections in Indian Thalassemics: A Perspective

To the Editor, We read with interest the paper entitled “Blood transfusion transmitted infections in multiple blood transfused patients of beta thalassemia” by Vidja et al. [1] in your esteemed journal. Patients with thalassemia major require chronic blood transfusion and thus they are at serious risk of transfusion transmitted viral infections. There are several studies on prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) in thalassemics from this country [2–5]. To put in proper perspectives these studies can be classified into three groups. (i) Those conducted prior to or within 2–3 years of Supreme Court order for mandatory testing for HIV. (ii) Those published between 1995 and 2002 when mandatory testing for HCV by serological technique that was not in force but HIV testing was a must. (iii) Post 2002 when serological screening of all three viruses i.e. HIV, hepatitis B and C were under taken in multitransfused thalassemic patients. Studies conducted in and around 1988 showed extremely high prevalence of HIV infection in the range of 14–18 % among multitransfused thalassemic patients [2, 3] while prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection remained at 14 and 25–38 %, respectively [4, 5]. Post 2002 studies [1, 6, 7] including the present one show interesting data. In the present study (1), the TTI in multitransfused thalassemics have been reduced substantially almost to the level of their prevalence in normal population. However, a similar study conducted from the same state [6] showed extremely high prevalence of hepatitis C infection. This high prevalence of hepatitis C infection is in line with similar contemporary study [7]. Hemophilia in India is still managed with liquid blood products like whole blood, FFP and cryoprecipitate. A study conducted by Ghosh et al. [8] showed high prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in these patients. Today hepatitis B vaccine is available and it is very effective. Hence all patients who are likely to require multiple transfusions should always be vaccinated. NAT testing is widely recommended to reduce further the transfusion transmitted viral infections. One such study published from this country [9] has shown that blood units seronegative for HIV 1+2, HbsAg and hepatitis C has 1:1,000–1:1,500 NAT positivity rate (infective units) and majority of the positivity (80 %) is due to hepatitis B virus underlining the urgent need of hepatitis B vaccination for all likely multitransfused thalassemic patients. Variation in prevalence of TTI amongst multitransfused thalassemics even after serological screening could be related to geographical differences in prevalence of the viral infections amongst blood donors, nature of blood donors and nature of care the thalassemia patients are receiving. In centres where thalassemia patients are better cared for may show higher prevalence of these viral infections even if all other factors are constant simply because better cared thalassemics live longer and are exposed to more blood units hence more chances of TTI. Hence while describing prevalence of contracting TTI some normalization is required in terms of mean blood units transfused to patients so that the data becomes comparable.

Hepatitis C virus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in Iran: is there any relation?

Recently, some studies have noticed a large number of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), who are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HCV in these patients in our population. Patients with SCCHN in four tertiary centers in different regions of Iran were checked for HCV. The prevalence of HCV in 107 patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was 0.9%, which has no significant difference with its prevalence in normal population. It seems that HCV at least in Iran could not be considered as a risk factor for SCCHN.

P31 Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the left leg, vulva and uterus in a pregnant woman: report of a rare case

Introduction: The PAI-1 is the most important inhibitor of t-PA. High levels of PAI-1 are associated with low fibrinolytic activity. The genotype 4G/4G is associated with high plasmatic levels of this inhibitor, although the association of this polymorphism and obstetric complications is usually controversial. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether this polymorphism increases the risk of an obstetric complication. Methods: A total of 138 women with 154 episodes of recurrent early loss (2 or more) and/or late loss (1 or more) and/or vascular placental insufficiency (preeclampsia, FGR, abruptio placentae) were studied for the PAI 4G/5G polymorphism and compared with the prevalence in Argentinian normal population. Results: the PAI 4G/4G was significantly more prevalent in women with vascular placental insufficiency: 39.4% vs 20.9%; p: 0.022, OR 2.46 (CI 1.17 5.21). We did not find any association between this polymorphism and early or late pregnancy loss. The PAI 5G/5G was significantly more prevalent in normal population compared to women with early miscarriages 36.1% vs 20.3%; p: 0.005, 0R: 0.45 (CI: 0.25 0.81), so it suggest a protective effect. The prevalence of PAI 4G/5G was similar to controls in all the subgroups. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a significant association between PAI 4G/4G and vascular placental insufficiency.

Riesgo de sensibilización frente a Anisakis simplex entre familiares de pacientes con anisakiasis

Infection by anisakid nematodes is associated with consumption of raw fish. The aim of this paper was to determine the prevalence of sensitization among members of families of patients with anisakiasis. Eleven asymptomatic members of families of patients diagnosed with anisakiasis were studied by means of IgE-immunoblotting. The frequency of sensitization was compared with the prevalence in a normal population from the same geographic area. A very high frequency of sensitization was observed among patients' family members (73%) as compared with the prevalence in normal population (12%) (p < 0.001). All members of the family of a patient diagnosed with anisakiasis should be studied to determine whether they are sensitized.