Pretreatment Of Cotton Fabric Research Articles

Cetylpyridinium chloride cationic finishing improves the dyeing and antibacterial properties of madder dyed cotton

AbstractIn this work, after cationic pretreatment of cotton fabric with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), the compound of citric acid (CA) and succinic acid (SUA) were used as crosslinking agents to dye cotton fabrics with natural madder dye to improve the dyeing and antibacterial properties and realise the multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric. The effects of mordant dyeing, CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing, and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing on the microstructure and properties of cotton fabrics were compared. The dyeing by the three processes occurred primarily in the amorphous zone of the fibres, and all kept the original crystalline form of the cotton. CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing increased the thermal stability of the cotton fabric. CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton obtained excellent dyeing results with the colour depth value (K/S) of 12.3 and rubbing fastness and washing fastness of levels 4–5, and the levelness and dye permeability were acceptable. Furthermore, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) reached 50+. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased by 55% compared with raw cotton. This showed that CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton had excellent antibacterial, anti‐ultraviolet, and anti‐wrinkle performances.

Fabrication of multifunctional cotton fabrics dyed with Coptis chinensis extract

Low dye exhaustion and poor colorfastness of cotton fabrics dyed with natural dyes were the inevitable issues, which may potentially limit their application in textile industries. Hence, there is great demand for improving dyeing performance of natural dyes to expand their application. This work presents a facile and efficient way to improve dye exhaustion and color fastness of cotton fabrics dyed with Coptis chinensis ( C. chinensis ) extract through fabric pretreatment and aftertreatment processes. The cotton fabrics were firstly treated with critic acid (CA) to increase their capacity of anionic sites. Enhanced effect of water repellent agent as the aftertreatment chemical, which was applied to improve washing fastness of dyed fabrics, was evaluated. The color characteristics, color fastness and functionalities of dyed fabrics were also assessed. The results indicated that pretreated cotton fabrics displayed higher color strength than the untreated fabrics. Additionally, the dyed fabrics treated with water repellent agents showed better washing fastness. The antibacterial activity of dyed fabric was increased up to 98% and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value reached 349.69. What’s more, the dyed fabrics also exhibited excellent wrinkle resistance and waterproof property. The integration of antibacterial, antiultraviolet, antiwrinkle and waterproof properties in the cotton fabrics dyed with C. chinensis extract was a meaningful achievement, which exhibited great potential application in medical textile and garment. • Simultaneous dyeing and functional finishing were achieved by using C. chinensis extract. • Pretreatment of cotton fabrics with CA was beneficial for enhancing color strength. • Aftertreatment of dyed cotton fabrics with water repellent agent improve washing colorfastness. • The dyed cotton fabrics exhibit excellent multifunctional properties.

Ecofriendly pretreatment of cotton fabrics by ultrasonication and reusing bath chemicals.

The textile industries of Bangladesh contribute significantly to the country's economy, accounting for more than 40% of total annual export. The quest of new technologies for efficient water and energy use in cotton knit dyeing could result in significant water savings and improve environmental sustainability. Textile wet processing consumes a lot of utilities (water and energy), and the water generates a lot of waste, which enhances chemical consumption and effluent management costs. The cotton knit fabric used in this study was pretreated and dyed utilizing ultrasonication at a lower temperature than conventional pretreatment and dyeing techniques in an attempt to establish ecofriendly wet processing in the textile industry. The bath chemicals were reused up to two times before dyeing in conventional techniques, and fabric properties such as whiteness index, weight loss, bursting strength, color fastness to light, washing, perspiration, rubbing, color strength and durability, or dimensional stability were evaluated and compared with the values obtained by conventional techniques. The color matching of reactive dyed fabric for ultrasonic pretreated fabric with and without reusing bath chemicals was determined. The sonicated scoured and bleached fabric's whiteness index was found to be acceptable, with relatively low weight loss; however, the bursting strength was found to be increased. Color fastness to light, washing, perspiration, and rubbing were found to be comparable to the conventional technique for low temperature ultrasonicated pretreated and reuse-1 pretreated dyed knit fabric. The results also revealed that there was no color degradation during ultrasonication. FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed no significant changes in the chemical composition of cellulose or the fabric shape of pretreated and dyed cotton knit fabric after ultrasonication.

Ecofriendly surface modification of cotton fabric to enhance the adhesion of CuO nanoparticles for antibacterial activity

ABSTRACT The present study employs a facile and environmentally cleaner plasma technology to induce adhesion between the cotton fabric and CuO nanoparticles. The oxygen plasma pre-treatment of cotton fabric was performed using DC glow discharge plasma for different plasma treatment times (5, 10 and 15 min) with constant pressure and power. The untreated and plasma treated cotton fabrics were analysed by contact angle, AFM, XPS, XRD, FESEM and elemental mapping analysis. From the AFM results, it is observed that the surface roughness of treated fabric increases with plasma treatment time. XPS analysis reveals that the oxygen plasma treatment introduces oxygen-rich functional groups on the surface which provides the adhesion property of cotton fabric. The 15 min oxygen plasma treated cotton fabric is optimised to coat the CuO nanoparticles based on the AFM and XPS analyses. Furthermore, the CuO nanoparticles coated plasma treated cotton fabric are analysed for antibacterial test and a significant antibacterial activity was identified for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Sustainable Approach for Cotton Fabric Pretreatment with Immobilized Enzymes

Sustainable Approach for Cotton Fabric Pretreatment with Immobilized Enzymes

Statistical Optimization and Bulk Scale Validation of the Effects of Cationic Pre-treatment of Cotton Fabric for Digital Printing with Reactive Dyes

ABSTRACT Digital printing has the potential of enabling cleaner printing or even dyeing of cotton fabrics. However, whilst effluent-free digital printing and dyeing of synthetic textile fabrics have seen some success, the same remain elusive for cotton fabrics. The study reported in this paper aimed to optimize the process parameters of cationic pre-treatment with a view to creating a cleaner cotton fabric digital printing process that could be sustainably implemented at bulk-scale production. Thus, process variables were screened using the one-factor-at-a-time approach to select optimum experimental regions. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the combined effect of selected factors namely amount of thickener (150–200 g/L), urea (75–125 g/L) and alkali (10–20 g/L) on the color strength, dye fixation and ink penetration of cationized and digital-printed cotton fabrics. The significant models showed excellent fitting of the data. The optimum levels of the factors, namely, amount of thickener, urea and alkali were found 200 g/L, 125 g/L and 10 g/L, respectively. The bulk-scale experiments carried out at optimum levels have shown that an average of ca. 52% of reactive ink, 37.5% of urea and 50% of alkali can be saved by digital printing of cationized cotton along with generation of nearly colorless effluent.

Low environmental impact in cotton knit processing with reuse of raw wastewater

Textile chemical processing involves the use of a vast quantity of water, which necessitates water management using reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R's) techniques. Reuse of water is an attractive option and needs a detailed investigation to make it feasible commercially. In the present work, the direct reuse of wastewater in the pretreatment of cotton fabric was studied. The treated fabrics were characterized, tested for efficacy of pretreatments, and analyzed for dyeability towards reactive dyes. The novel process’s ecological aspects were studied to find out the benefits compared with the existing process. The fabrics were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques, demonstrating the reuse process without harming the substrate. This novel process showed a great promise to save a substantial quantity of freshwater, i.e. 33% of the total freshwater used, thus achieving economy and ecology in cotton pretreatments.

Established an eco-friendly cotton fabric treating process with enhancing anti-wrinkle performance

This study establishes an eco-friendly anti-wrinkle treating process for cotton fabric. Sodium hydroxide-liquid ammonia pretreatment followed by 6% (w/w) PU100 adding citric acid pad-cure-dry finishing. In this process, citric acid (CA) was used as the fundamental crosslinking agent during finishing because it is a non-formaldehyde based, cost-effective and well wrinkle resistance agent. Environmental-friendly waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was used as an additive to add to the CA finishing solution. Six commercial WPUs were systematically investigated. Fabric properties like wrinkle resistance, tensile strength retention, whiteness, durable press, softness, and wettability were well investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction spectra were also measured and discussed before and after adding waterborne polyurethane. Tentative mechanism of the interaction among the WPU, CA, and modified cotton fabrics is provided. The effect of cotton fabric pretreatment on fabric performance was also investigated. After the eco-process’s treatment, the fabric wrinkle resistant angle was upgraded to 271 ± 7°, tensile strength retention was maintained at 66.77% ± 3.50% and CIE whiteness was elevated to 52.13 ± 3.21, which are much better than the traditional CA anti-wrinkle finishing based on mercerized cotton fabrics. This study provides useful information for textile researchers and engineers.

Effect of chemical dosing amount in conventional cotton fabric pretreatment process

Objectives: The objective of the study is to analysis the effect of chemicals on different physical properties and color fastness of treated cotton samples with standard rating values. Methodology: Five single baths are used for the pretreatment process with five different dosages such as 1g/L, 1.5 g/L, 2 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 3 g/L of NaOH and H2O2. After that, reactive dyeing was performed for these five samples with a standard recipe. Findings: With the gradual increment of NaOH and H2O2 dosages, the absorbency and whiteness index of pretreated samples were improved and for that particular reason bursting strength was degraded. On the other hand, for dyed samples, a little variation was observed in color fastness to wash and rubbing but the changes in the color shade of every sample were observable. Keywords: Bleaching; color fastness; physical properties; scouring; shade variation

Comparison of Ozone-Based Cold Bleaching Processes with Conventional Pretreatment of Cotton

ABSTRACT Alternative bleaching processes for cotton fabrics are presented in this study. The fabrics were pretreated with three different alternative methods which are termed here as cold bleaching process. These methods are ozone application alone (CP1), ozone-sodium persulfate application (CP2) and ozone-sodium perborate application (CP3). The results obtained from these cold bleaching processes were compared with the conventional pretreatment process (CP0) in terms of pretreatment efficiency, dyeability, and chemical/water/energy consumptions. It was found that the cold bleaching processes could be used as an alternative method for the pretreatment of cotton fabrics and the chemicals used in combination with ozone were important, as was ozonation duration. In addition to the evaluation of the pretreatment efficiencies, the differently pretreated samples were dyed with “madder” without using a mordant and without any previous extraction process, then the dyed fabrics were tested in terms of color yields (K/S), CIE L*a*b* color values, and washing/rubbing/light fastness properties. It was observed that the conventionally pretreated (CP0) samples exhibited higher color yields, darker shades. The fastnesses of the dyed samples were found nearly similar with the samples cold bleached and dyed. The chemical/water/energy consumptions during pretreatments were also compared for the different pretreatment processes and the benefits of cold bleaching processes come out from lower consumption of water, chemical and energy were illustrated. At the end of the study, the combination of ozone-sodium persulfate or ozone-sodium perborate were presented as alternatives for the purpose of cotton pretreatment.

Synthesis of a Cleavable Vanillin-Based Polyoxyethylene Surfactant and Its Pilot Application in Cotton Fabric Pretreatment

A novel series of nonionic surfactants (vanillin-1,2-octanediol acetal ethoxylates, VAEO) was synthesized. VAEO was based on natural edible flavor vanillin. These new eco-friendly surfactants conta...

Feasibility study on the reuse of waste alkali from rayon manufacturing process for cotton fabric pretreatment

The feasibility of reuse waste alkali solution from rayon manufacturing process to replace solid sodium hydroxide for cotton fabric one-bath-one-step pretreatment had been investigated. Under alkaline condition, hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate could be accelerated by a little amount of cobalt chloride. To obtain a similar decomposition value of hydrogen peroxide, the required temperature for waste alkali solution was lower than that of solid sodium hydroxide, and the lower value is about 10°C. The pretreatment temperature could be reduced by 15°C when waste alkali solution was used as alkali agent to replace solid sodium hydroxide, while the treatment conditions should be strictly controlled to diminish fiber damage. According to the demands of dyeing and printing products, a desired pretreated cotton fabric could be successfully prepared when the alkali waste from rayon manufacturing process was used as substitute for solid sodium hydroxide in one-bath-one-step pretreatment of cotton fabric.

Some Significant Trends in Textile Bleaching

The article highlights some recent trends in the bleaching of textile materials. An attempt has been made to compare the effect of electrochemical bleaching with conventional bleaching of cotton. Electric current is used in the preparation of a bleaching agent to replace bleaching powder. The sodium hypochlorite generated from electrolyte cell is sufficient to produce powerful bleaching agent with available chlorine. Electrochemical bleaching with sodium hypochlorite offers numerous advantages like prevention of effluent problem, economy, reliability, cleanliness, and convenience in working. Attempts have been made to use sodium perborate as a bleaching agent with potassium persulphate as an activator at lower temperature in combined pre treatment of cotton fabric. Experimental trials have been designed by using taguchi technique. This bleaching technique promises to be eco-friendly process. In yet another interesting work, effort has been taken to bleach the scoured cotton fabric with sodium perborate as bleaching agent and tetreacetyl ethylenediamine as bleaching activator. The concentrations of these chemicals, temperature and time of the treatment have been varied. The utilization of hydrogen peroxide is much higher as compared with that of conventional bleaching process. Other advantages include less requirement of water and energy, thereby satisfying needs of eco-friendly process, lesser loss in weight, tearing strength, and tensile strength, in comparison with conventional bleaching process without compromising whiteness index.

One-Bath Pretreatment for Enhanced Color Yield of Ink-Jet Prints Using Reactive Inks

In order to facilely increase the color yield of ink-jet prints using reactive inks, one-bath pretreatment of cotton fabrics with pretreatment formulation containing sodium alginate, glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTA), sodium hydroxide, and urea is designed for realizing sizing and cationization at the same time. The pretreatment conditions, including the concentrations of GTA and alkali, baking temperature, and time are optimized based on the result of thecolor yield on cationic cotton for magenta ink. The mechanism for color yield enhancement on GTA-modified fabrics is discussed and the stability of GTA in the print paste is investigated. Scanning electron microscopey, tear strength, and thermogravimetric analysis of the modified and unmodified cotton are studied and compared. Using the optimal pretreatment conditions, color yield on the cationic cotton for magenta, cyan, yellow, and black reactive inks are increased by 128.7%, 142.5%, 71.0%, and 38.1%, respectively, compared with the corresponding color yield on the uncationized cotton. Much less wastewater is produced using this one-bath pretreatment method. Colorfastness of the reactive dyes on the modified and unmodified cotton is compared and boundary clarity between different colors is evaluated by ink-jet printing of colorful patterns.

Eco-Friendly Pretreatment of Cotton Fabric With Banana Ash and Dyeing Using Banana Sap

The aim of this study is to evaluate environment supportive pretreatment and dyeing process. In this project, pretreatment of cotton fabric was done by using banana ash. Also, dyeing was carried out with banana sap along with different mordants that are eco-friendly and cost saving. Here, all the experiments were carried out on woven (plain) fabric of 141 GSM. Firstly, cotton fabric was scoured by means of banana root’s ash (pH-10.2). It was then dyed with banana sap (pH-5.4). This banana ash scoured cotton fabric was compared with conventionally scoured cotton fabric through weight loss % and absorbency test. In addition, fastness properties and performance of dyeing were measured through CIE L*C*h, K/S value, and different color fastness tests. Banana ash scoured and dyed with banana sap, using mordant (horitoky), provided the best dyeing performance and color fastness to wash, rubbing, and perspiration than the others.

Production of bioethanol from pre-treated cotton fabrics and waste cotton materials

This study highlights the potential of cotton fabric as a promising feedstock for the production of bioethanol as renewable biofuel. The effect of corona pre-treatment of non-mercerized and mercerized cotton fabrics on glucose and ethanol yield is discussed. Fermentation kinetics for ethanol production and the basic process parameters were assessed and compared. Corona pre-treatment of cotton fabrics led to an increase in the glucose yield (compared to control sample) during enzymatic hydrolysis, and consequently the ethanol yield during fermentation by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus. The system with mercerized cotton fabric was found to be superior obtaining an ethanol productivity of 0.900g/Lh and ethanol yield of 0.94g/g (based on glucose) after 6h of fermentation time. The similar results were obtained during processing of waste cotton materials performed under the same process conditions.The obtained results showed that cotton fabric could become an alternative feedstock for the bioethanol production. For potential industrial implementation the waste mercerized cotton scraps would be the materials of choice.

Effect of cotton fabric pretreatment on drop spreading and colour performance of reactive dye inks

Ink dot distribution on cotton fabrics determines the colour performance of reactive dye inkjet printing, and ink drop spreading is one of the important factors influencing the ink dot distribution. In order to reveal the relationship between fabric pretreatment and ink drop spreading, two pieces of cotton fabric were pretreated respectively with sodium alginate and sodium alginate plus high fatty acid derivative solutions. Results indicate that the surface energy of the cotton fabrics was reduced from 73.79 to 69.45 and 58.49 mJ m−2 after the pretreatment with sodium alginate and sodium alginate plus high fatty acid derivative respectively. Correspondingly, the spreading area of cyan ink drops on these fabrics was reduced from 104.9 to 92.5 and 72.3 mm2. Furthermore, on the fabric treated with sodium alginate plus high fatty acid derivative, the strip‐like ink dots were narrow and short, which means the dye was concentrated in an area on the fabric surface. Colorimetric values of the inkjet‐printed fabrics demonstrated that the high fatty acid derivative would enhance the ability of sodium alginate to control ink droplet spreading, thereby improving the colour performance.

Sustainable processes for pre-treatment of cotton fabric

Simple and sustainable reuse and recycle strategies were investigated with the intention of assessing ways to curb water consumption in the textile wet processing. Textile pre-treatment involves desizing, scouring and bleaching processes. Each process requires a plethora of chemicals along with water, out of which the unexhausted chemicals are drained in the effluent stream. Conventionally, 7.3 % alkali and 6.9 % hydrogen peroxide are utilised in the scouring and bleaching process. Attempts were made to reutilise the unexhausted 92.7 % alkali and 93.1 % hydrogen peroxide from the scouring and bleaching process. After recycling the scouring and bleaching process bath three times, effluent still contained 55 % alkali and 67.5 % hydrogen peroxide which was reused to desize a new grey fabric. The fabric properties like Tegewa rating, absorbency and whiteness were found to be better than the conventional enzyme desized fabric. The desized fabrics were then subjected to dyeing using reactive dyes Yellow HE6G and Navy Blue HER, where analogous dyeing and fastness properties were obtained when compared with fresh water samples. Economical feasibility has been calculated considering a production of 1 ton of fabric/day. It was observed that 83 % water and 74 % energy were conserved per ton of processed fabric which contributes to a saving of around 1 lac INR/ton.

Cationic Starch (Q-TAC) Pre-Treatment of Cotton Fabric: Influence on dyeing with reactive dye

Reactive dyes require high concentrations of an electrolyte to improve dye-fiber interaction, leading to the discharge of harmful effluent. One approach to reduce this unsafe release is treatment of the cotton fabric with cationic chemical reagents. This paper reports on the treatment of cotton fabric with cationic starch (Q-TAC), a commercial product, by batchwise method and pad batch method for the first time prior to reactive dyeing process. Furthermore,three commercial reactive dyes, based on monochloro triazine, vinyl sulfone and monochlorotriazine + vinyl sulfonechemistry, was applied on the cotton fabrics by continuous (pad-dry-cure) method. The treated cotton fabric by batchwise method produced 70% higher color yield (K/S) and 20% enhanced dye fixation (%F) than the untreated cotton fabric. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analysis revealed the presence of N1s peaks in the treated cotton fabrics. The crystallinity of treated cotton fabrics was reduced in comparison to untreated cotton fabric as revealed by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the surface of treated cotton fabrics was rougher than untreated cotton fabric due to the deposition of cationic starch. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum confirmed the existence of quaternary ammonium groups, N+(CH3)3, in the treated cotton fabrics. The analysis of color fastness tests demonstrated good to excellent ratings for treated cotton fabrics. In this way, cationic starch treatment of cotton fabric before reactive dyeing process has been proven potentially a more environmentally sustainable method than conventional dyeing method.

Application Performance and Mechanism of Tea Saponin in Dyeing and Finishing Pretreatment

Combining the application of tea saponin in short pre-treatment of cotton fabric, the chemical reaction characteristics and mechanism of one-bath process were discussed. The impact of various parameters on the one bath process with tea saponin was analysed, and the optimum process prescription was obtained: tea saponin 40 g/L, penetrating agent JFC 5 g/L, scouring agent YS198 6 g /L and hydrogen peroxide stabilizing agent GJ-101 4 g/L. By tea saponin qualitative analysis, the action mechanism of tea saponin in one bath pretreatment was proposed.