Prestigious Sources Research Articles

Threat of Adversarial Attacks within Deep Learning: Survey

Abstract: In today’s era, Deep Learning has become the center of recent ascent in the field of artificial intelligence and its models. There are various Artificial Intelligence models that can be viewed as needing more strength for adversely defined information sources. It also leads to a high potential security concern in the adversarial paradigm; the DNN can also misclassify inputs that appear to expect in the result. DNN can solve complex problems accurately. It is empaneled in the vision research area to learn deep neural models for many tasks involving critical security applications. We have also revisited the contributions of computer vision in adversarial attacks on deep learning and discussed its defenses. Many of the authors have given new ideas in this area, which has evolved significantly since witnessing the first-generation methods. For optimal correctness of various research and authenticity, the focus is on peer-reviewed articles issued in the prestigious sources of computer vision and deep learning. Apart from the literature review, this paper defines some standard technical terms for non-experts in the field. This paper represents the review of the adversarial attacks via various methods and techniques along with their defenses within the deep learning area and future scope. Lastly, we bring out the survey to provide a viewpoint of the research in this Computer Vision area.

Chemists Focus on Probes, Biologists on Cells—But Who Talks about Probe-Cell Interactions? A Critical Account of the Suboptimal Reporting of Novel Fluorescent Imaging Probes, Using Lipid Droplet Stains as a Case Study

Many current reports in the scientific literature describe novel fluorescent probes intended to provide information on various structures or properties of live cells by using microscopic imaging. Unfortunately, many such reports fail to provide key information regarding the staining process. It is often the case that neither the necessary minimum technical detail (probe concentration, solvent and cosolute, temperature and time of staining, and details of post-staining washes) nor a discussion of the proposed staining mechanism are provided. Such omissions make it unnecessarily difficult for biomedical end-users to try out reported novel probes in their own laboratories. The validity of these criticisms is explored and demonstrated by a detailed analysis of 75 non-cherry-picked articles describing novel fluorescent probes for the detection of lipid droplets in live cells. This dataset also suggests that papers from journals with high journal impact factors or from better-known research groups are no more likely to provide better protocol information or discussion of the mechanism than papers from less prestigious sources. Comments on possible reasons for this suboptimal reporting are offered. The use of a suitable information/feature checklist, following best practice in many leading chemical and biological journals, is suggested as a mechanism for ameliorating this situation, with a draft checklist being provided.

Machine learning for rediscovering revolutionary ideas of the past

The explosion of online knowledge has made knowledge, paradoxically, difficult to find. A web or journal search might retrieve thousands of articles, ranked in a manner that is biased by, for example, popularity or eigenvalue centrality rather than by informed relevance to the complex query. With hundreds of thousands of articles published each year, the dense, tangled thicket of knowledge grows even more entwined. Although natural language processing and new methods of generating knowledge graphs can extract increasingly high-level interpretations from research articles, the results are inevitably biased toward recent, popular, and/or prestigious sources. This is a result of the inherent nature of human social-learning processes. To preserve and even rediscover lost scientific ideas, we employ the theory that scientific progress is punctuated by means of inspired, revolutionary ideas at the origin of new paradigms. Using a brief case example, we suggest how phylogenetic inference might be used to rediscover potentially useful lost discoveries, as a way in which machines could help drive revolutionary science.

Advances in Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Computer Vision: A Survey

Deep Learning is the most widely used tool in the contemporary field of computer vision. Its ability to accurately solve complex problems is employed in vision research to learn deep neural models for a variety of tasks, including security critical applications. However, it is now known that deep learning is vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can manipulate its predictions by introducing visually imperceptible perturbations in images and videos. Since the discovery of this phenomenon in 2013, it has attracted significant attention of researchers from multiple sub-fields of machine intelligence. In 2018, we published the first-ever review of the contributions made by the computer vision community in adversarial attacks on deep learning (and their defenses). Many of those contributions have inspired new directions in this area, which has matured significantly since witnessing the first generation methods. Hence, as a legacy sequel of our first literature survey, this review article focuses on the advances in this area since 2018. We thoroughly discuss the first generation attacks and comprehensively cover the modern attacks and their defenses appearing in the prestigious sources of computer vision and machine learning research. Besides offering the most comprehensive literature review of adversarial attacks and defenses to date, the article also provides concise definitions of technical terminologies for the non-experts. Finally, it discusses challenges and future outlook of this direction based on the literature since the advent of this research direction.

Jornalistas da economia e homens das finanças: Fascinação, ascendência e ilusão profissional

Objetivo do texto: explorar as relações dos jornalistas da economia com agentes do campo econômico e do campo dos economistas como hierarquizantes de perspectivas sobre a economia. Analisamos 58 entrevistas com jornalistas. Partimos da noção de illusio (Pierre Bourdieu) e exploramos o engajamento deles no trabalho: o engajamento a partir da noção de furo; os meios para os furos mais importantes, as fontes; e a formação das perspectivas sobre a economia. Procuramos revelar as posições de suas fontes e formadores nos dois campos. Resultados: a ideia de “mexer com o mercado” hierarquiza textos e autores; fontes de prestígio perpassaram governos, instituições financeiras e são do espaço finanças; jornalistas estabelecem relações de reciprocidade com agentes desse espaço, conseguem furos, entrevistas; realizam a illusio da profissão e estabelecem posições centrais no jornalismo econômico; os modos de aprendizagem e especialização em economia indicam ascendência dos agentes desse espaço, agentes dominantes no mundo econômico.

In Memoriam: Brian Kavanagh, 1962 to 2019

In Memoriam: Brian Kavanagh, 1962 to 2019

Spiritual Model of Humanity (2): Innovation and the CEO

This paper applies the spiritual model of humanity to the offer explanation of innovation in organizations as paralleling ‘normal’ and ‘paradigm’ classifications of Thomas Kuhn. It is argued that innovation is about changes to ideas adopted in mind. That for all ideas there are those obvious, and those that form the base on the ideas of the person, referred to as their ideology, but in a far more significant sense than the ideology of Adam Smith or Marx, ideology meant as the foundation of the ideas drawn from the culture that person accepts and adopts as their fundamental ideas. Within an organization, a paradigm is thus defined the fundamental base of ideas that are accepted as the way a profession is managed, with paradigm being those ideas accepted and applied as being the strategy of the profession, typically defining divisions, thus sales, operations, administration, HR, etc., all are accepted as having a fundamental framework of ideas, defined as the paradigm, typically expected to be implemented in the organization. The first section of the paper summarizes the background science, drawn largely form the first paper in the series. Then examines what happens when we encounter ideas inconsistent with our current way of thinking? For example, ideas if adopted have the capacity to adversely alter status and income, or if the ideas not offered by an acknowledged prestigious source, or the ideas not immediately ‘fitting’ into our pre-existing set of ideas on ‘how things get done’ … We reject them. From the analysis there emerges two types of innovation, normal, involving changes within a given fundamental ideology, and paradigm changes involving changes to the fundamental ideology where everything within the discipline changes. It demands effort to pause, and ask: If better ideas adopted, will it result in greater work life success and fulfillment, and argues that the people delegated the task of ‘making it happen’, referred to a head down people, can only be realistically expected to deliver changes within a paradigm. A paradigm is the strategic framework within which a division is managed. Hence any challenge to the paradigm being applied in any division is an aspect of the strategic responsibility of the CEO. The CEO is the only heads up person in the organization, it is part of their job to judge if a challenge to the strategic thinking in the organization, or some division, is appropriate. The paper also proposes that due the failure of social science, human resources has only enjoyed normal innovation, delivering incremental gains, and it is only now with the emergence of the spiritual model of humanity that the fundamental science is able to link the organizational strategy to daily staff conduct. Without this depth of understanding a paradigm change in HR was not possible. In providing practical solutions to the significant social questions, questions, the spiritual model of humanity again proves its flexibility and its robust intellectual strength as the correct science of humanity.

A 100 años de la creación de la Escuela Médico Militar y su relación con el binomio hospital-escuela perenne

The Escuela Medico Militar (Military Medical School) of Mexico, is a prestigious source of military medical physicians for the Mexican armed forces, model of excellence and discipline. The school is conveniently located adjacent to the modern Hospital Central Militar, which is the main teaching hospital of the school. Emphasis continues to be placed on the concomitant development of the military officer and the medical professional, So that there should be no conflict in the medical professional in understanding the military rules, representing a strength in the integrity of their graduates amen of their delivery to the service of their country.

Universal cognitive mechanisms explain the cultural success of bloodletting

Bloodletting—the practice of letting blood out to cure a patient—was for centuries one of the main therapies in the west. We lay out three potential explanations for bloodletting's cultural success: that it was efficient, that it was defended by prestigious sources—in particular ancient physicians—, and that cognitive mechanisms made it a particularly attractive practice. To test these explanations, we first review the anthropological data available in eHRAF. These data reveal that bloodletting is practiced by many unrelated cultures worldwide, where it is performed for different indications and in different ways. This suggests that the success of bloodletting cannot only be explained by its medical efficiency or by the prestige of western physicians. Instead, some universal cognitive mechanisms likely make bloodletting an attractive form of therapy. We further test this hypothesis using the technique of transmission chains. Three experiments are conducted in the U.S., a culture that does not practice bloodletting. Studies 1 and 2 reveal that stories involving bloodletting survive longer than some other common therapies, and that the most successful variants in the experiments are also the most successful variants worldwide. Study 3 shows how a story about a mundane event—an accidental cut—can turn into a story about bloodletting. This research demonstrates the potential of combining different methodologies—review of anthropological data, experiments, and modeling—to investigate cultural phenomena.

Impact of Government Funding on Donations to Arts Organizations

Many nonprofits rely on private donations and government grants, but it is still unclear how these sources of funding may interact or even influence each other. To examine the behavioral aspect of the crowding-out hypothesis, we conducted an online survey experiment ( n = 562) to test if government funding of a hypothetical nonprofit would influence donations. Our results show that a nonprofit with government funding, compared to an identical hypothetical organization without government funding, received 25% less in average donations (US$35 vs. US$47) and was about half as likely (21% vs. 38%) to receive all the money in a forced-choice scenario. However, the crowding-out effect of government funding appears much weaker for those who are arts patrons or who have previously contributed to the arts. Interestingly, this crowding-out effect seems insensitive to the amount of government funding and to labeling the government funding as coming from a prestigious source (e.g., National Endowment for the Arts [NEA]).

The Cali Cancer Registry An example for Latin America

The Cali Cancer Registry was started 50 years ago as a research program of the Department of Pathology of Universidad del Va­lle. It is presently continuing its strong silent but meaningful work, internationally recognized as the oldest most trustworthy and reliable source of data on descriptive epidemiology in Latin Ame­rica. This is evidenced by the publication, of its results in “Cancer Incidence in Five Continents”, the most prestigious source of data on cancer incidence, since 1968 until the present time. Some population based cancer registries have started but had a prema­ture death in Latin America. Some had been too ambitious in co­vering too large populations or whole countries. Others have been unable to maintain its modest but much needed economic sup­port, reflecting the shortsightedness of national and international entities that provided the initial but not the continued funding. A few had followed the Cali Registry experience and have been able to survive economic difficulties experienced recently by some Latin American countries. Hopefully their initial success can be sustained and allow them to maintain is pioneering work. Such is the case of the Cancer Registry of Quito, operating very efficiently for 25 years, and the recently created Colombian Registries in Pas­to, Manizales and Bucaramanga. The principal and most reliable sources of data are the histopatho­logy reports. A first attempt to analyze data in a defined population was done in Medellin, when the Pathology Department of Univer­sidad de Antioquia, founded and directed by Alfredo Correa He­nao, represented the only source of histopathology diagnoses in the department of Antioquia. Such collection of data covered the years of 1944 to 1951 and was since the bases for publications in national and international journals. Later, in Cali, the histopatho­logy diagnoses of cancer made in the pathology departments of the country were collected and presented the Third Congress of the Latin American Society of Pathology in Medellin in 1961.1,2 Dr. Harold Stewart, head of the Department of pathology of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, was a special guest of the Society at the Congress. Dr. Stewart showed special interest in the data and brought them to William Haenszel, head of the Biometry Branch of the Institute. This was the beginning of a lasting and fructiferous association of Haenszel with the Cali Registry recognized by Universidad del Valle, which gave him the title of Doctor Honoris Causa.

A rose by any other name: A social-cognitive perspective on poets and poetry

AbstractEvidence, anecdotal and scientific, suggests that people treat (or are affected by) products of prestigious sources differently than those of less prestigious, or of anonymous, sources. The “products” which are the focus of the present study are poems, and the “sources” are the poets. We explore the manner in which the poet’s name affects the experience of reading a poem. Study 1 establishes the effect we wish to address: a poet’s reputation enhances the evaluation of a poem. Study 2 asks whether it is only the reported evaluation of the poem that is enhanced by the poet’s name (as was the case for The Emperor’s New Clothes) or the enhancement is genuine and unaware. Finding for the latter, Study 3 explores whether the poet’s name changes the reader’s experience of it, so that in a sense one is reading a “different” poem. We conclude that it is not so much that the attributed poem really differs from the unattributed poem, as that it is just ineffably better. The name of a highly regarded poet seems to prime quality, and the poem becomes somehow better. This is a more subtle bias than the deliberate one rejected in Study 2, but it is a bias nonetheless. Ethical implications of this kind of effect are discussed.

Christine de Pizan lectrice de Gilles de Rome

The compositional technique of compilation allowed Christine de Pizan to exploit the authority of her prestigious sources, and to transmit their teachings to new reading publics. The present article examines the use Christine made of Giles of Rome’s De Regimine principum in her biography of Charles V in order to demonstrate that compilation was more than “cut and paste”, and to reveal the workings of an interpretive process that was dynamic and highly creative.

The military medical school of Mexico: a tradition of excellence.

It is a historical fact that warfare and surgery have been linked together as far back as military history has been recorded. In the 18th century, the tendency of most armies to dismiss their medical services at the end of every major conflict resulted in higher mortality at the beginning of the next war. This became evident in the French and British Armies during the Battle of Waterloo. These countries went to great efforts to mobilize their civilian reserve physicians, only to discover that more than half of the medical personnel declined to serve. The scarcity of physicians and the inexperience of those caring for the wounded resulted in a high casualty rate. The current armed conflicts throughout the world with their high number of victims are living evidence of the need for preparedness of the military medical personnel. In this article, we review the systems of military medical education in several countries, and offer the example of the Escuela Medico Militar (Military Medical School) of Mexico, a prestigious source of military medical physicians for the Mexican armed forces.

Being Fair to the Hounds: The Function and Practice of Annotation, II

Visual strategy begins on the first page. The most pretentious form of first page differentation is the “lead-in” quotation whereby the author prefaces the main body of the text with a quote from an esteemed scholar, a famous decision, or some other prestigious source. … The objective of the “lead-in” quote is to spark immediate attention with a titillating example of erudition, humor, or impertinence… Ideally the lead-in quote should be obscure—oriental sources are recommended—and should not have a substantive link to the subject matter of the article. … This technique can generate guilt among readers who suspect the game but lack the nerve to speak out.His books positively clank and groan under the weight of apparatus. Very good it is too.As indicated in the first part of this paper, I adopt a generous definition of “annotation” in this discussion. There the traditional forms, footnotes, and other textual apparatus were discussed. Here I want to concentrate on a number of forms of annotation that are not usually treated under that rubric. Included (in roughly the order in which they are likely to appear in a given work) are titles, tables of contents, prefaces, epigraphs, graphs and charts, maps, quoted matter, facsimiles, appendices, glossaries, bibliographies, and indexes. Each of these is an occasion—and an opportunity—to provide access to the text, to the author's own sources, or to the author's mind. While every work will not use all of these, certain of them (prefaces, tables of contents, bibliographies, and indexes) should be a part of every substantial scholarly study.

Newspaper Coverage of the Harvard Medicare Project: Regional Distinctions or Discreet Disregard?

This study examines the country's newspaper coverage of a major policy proposal-the Harvard Medicare Project of 1986-on the 20th anniversary of the national health program. This analysis of policy agenda setting revealed substantive and stylistic distinctions in amount of coverage, headlines, featured topics, use of experts and prestigious sources, critical commentary, and source of story (i.e., wire service or byline journalist) among the diverse 1,600 daily newspapers. Regional variations on these factors were identified. In addition to insights on these variables, one unexpected and inexplicable finding was the lack of coverage of this historic study in the daily print media, including the country's largest newspapers.

Enhancing Response Rates On Surveys Among Business Executives

Extremely high response rates ranging from 75 to 86 percent were obtained in three surveys among executives. While great diligence was exercised in following up respondents, a very potent motivator for respondents appeared to be the initial letter from a prestigious source. The components of the letter and their generality to other surveys are discussed in detail.