Prestige Scores Research Articles

The effect of occupational status on health: Putting the social in socioeconomic status

High status occupations support positive health outcomes through providing access to both material and psychosocial resources. However, common measures of occupational status such as occupational prestige scores fail to capture cultural esteem that certain occupations can provide because they are primarily associated with the material dimensions of status, like income. Drawing on Weberian conceptions of status and a body of social psychological research on the measurement of cultural meaning, we argue that measuring people's ratings of their occupations on three dimensions—evaluation (good/bad), potency (powerful/weak), and activity (active/inactive)—provides an occupational status indicator that more fully captures psychosocial resources like esteem that are associated with health than more commonly used occupational prestige scores. Using a nationally representative longitudinal health and wellbeing survey of 940 American law enforcement officers collected between 2020 and 2022, we evaluate the predictive ability of evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) ratings across thirteen measures of health and wellbeing. We find that EPA ratings were significant and positive predictors of eleven of thirteen outcomes with stronger effects for mental health outcomes compared to physical health outcomes. EPA ratings were more predictive than more commonly used occupational prestige scores. We conclude that EPA ratings are better predictors of health outcomes than occupational prestige scores and so may allow health researchers to better understand the relationship between occupational status and health.

Family size, labor supply, and job prestige: Evidence from three decennial censuses in China

This study investigates the relationship between family size and parents’ labor market performance, measured by labor supply and occupational prestige scores, based on three census waves in 1990, 2000, and 2010. To address the endogeneity problem of family size, we use the indicator of twins at first birth as an instrumental variable. Our results suggest that in nuclear households, family size affects the labor market performance only of mothers, not of fathers, with the negative effects fading and gradually disappearing over time. More specifically, an increase in family size decreases female labor supply in the 1990 wave, leads to lower prestige scores among working mothers in the 2000 wave, and has no impact on labor supply or occupational prestige scores in the 2010 wave. Our subsample analysis indicates that the negative effects of family size are more severe for parents of households with all children under seven years old and for husbands or wives with lower education level than that of their partners. In addition, we find that the negative effects of family size on parental labor market outcomes are not observed in extended households, especially when no grandparents are aged 65 years or older.

Uncertainty and change in American youth occupational expectations

ABSTRACT Grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), this study contributes to empirical efforts to understand factors affecting the career-development process of American youth by focusing on change in occupational expectations between age 16 and 26. The study is based on the secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. The main result is that occupational expectations decrease over time, and the change is strongly affected by student educational expectations and actual attainment by age 26. The study findings indicate that higher educational attainment leads to stability in occupational expectations and higher prestige scores of the intended occupations. Females are more likely than males to have higher occupational expectations. Academic self-efficacy and self-regulatory behaviours during secondary education lead to higher occupational expectations, as does an understanding of employment barriers. Non-college-bound youth and postsecondary non-completers experience a higher drop in occupational expectations over time which could reveal unrealistic career plans.

Citation metrics and evaluation of journals and conferences

Citation analysis aims at evaluating the published scientific manuscripts, their authors and the publication venues (journals/conferences). There are several popular metrics for measuring the impact of the journals, the Impact Factor (IF) being the most popular. Similarly, the [Formula: see text]-index is a popular metric for evaluating and ranking conferences. We have presented a review of metrics for citation analysis, categorised according to their applicability for evaluating journals and conferences. The citation metrics may also be categorised as popularity measuring and prestige measuring. Prestige measuring indicators like SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) and Eigenfactor have already gained popularity for evaluating journals. We discuss their role in evaluating the conferences. Indeed, some conferences have already started mentioning their prestige score in terms of the SJR of their conference proceedings. We also propose a Normalised Immediacy Index ([Formula: see text]), a variant of the Immediacy Index ([Formula: see text]), to measure the immediate relevance of articles published in a journal/conference. It is shown that the proposed metric can be used for immediacy relevance comparison irrespective of the publication schedule of the articles. Spearman correlation was run to determine the relationship between the values of the proposed [Formula: see text] and traditional metrics ([Formula: see text]-index for conferences and IF for journals). A strong, positive monotonic correlation was observed between [Formula: see text] and H-index ([Formula: see text] = .67, [Formula: see text] = 17, [Formula: see text] < .01) for conferences and between [Formula: see text] and IF ([Formula: see text] = .65, [Formula: see text] = 20, [Formula: see text] < .01) for journals.

Predicting survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients with poor ECOG-PS: A single-arm prospective study.

Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are a heterogeneous population with short lifespan. We aimed to develop methods to better differentiate patients whose survival was >90 days. We evaluated 83 characteristics of 106 treatment-naïve, stage IV NSCLC patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) >1. Automated machine learning was used to select a model and optimize hyperparameters. 100-fold bootstrapping was performed for dimensionality reduction for a second ("lite") model. Performance was measured by C-statistic and accuracy metrics in an out-of-sample validation cohort. The "lite" model was validated on a second independent, prospective cohort (N=42). Network analysis (NA) was performed to evaluate the differences in centrality and connectivity of features. The selected method was ExtraTrees Classifier, with C-statistic of 0.82 (p < 0.01) and accuracy of 0.81 (p=0.01). The "lite" model had 16 variables and obtained C-statistic of 0.84 (p < 0.01) and accuracy of 0.75 (p=0.039) in the first cohort, and C-statistic of 0.706 (p < 0.01) and accuracy of 0.714 (p < 0.01) in the second cohort. The networks of patients with lower survival were more interconnected. Features related to cachexia, inflammation, and quality of life had statistically different prestige scores in NA. Machine learning can assist in the prognostic evaluation of advanced NSCLC. The model generated with a reduced number of features showed high accessibility and reasonable metrics. Features related to quality of life, cachexia, and performance status had increased correlation and importance scores, suggesting that they play a role at later disease stages, in line with the biological rationale already described.

The gendered occupational value of a U.S. education for skilled Indian immigrants

AbstractThis article revisits conventional understandings of gender differences in occupational attainment through the context of highly skilled legal migration in the United States. Drawing on a unique combination of nationally representative survey data of Indian lawful permanent residents and in‐depth interviews with skilled Indian migrants holding employer‐sponsored visas, we find that a U.S. education has a large premium in occupational prestige scores in the global labour market and has the power to mitigate the gender gap in immigrant occupational attainment. U.S. credentials, social networks, and mentorship programs help drive the occupational prestige‐generating function of a U.S. education for highly skilled Indian immigrant women. This article demonstrates aggregate occupational patterns among a nationally representative sample of Indian permanent residents and develops an in‐depth understanding of the process of occupational attainment. Our findings offer new insights into factors that mitigate gender inequality in the high‐skilled immigrant labour force.

Video Sequence Analysis for On-Table Tennis Player Ranking and Analysis

With the rapidly developing of the scientific research in the field of sports, big data analytics and information science are used to carry out technical and tactical statistical analysis of competition or training videos. The table tennis is a skill oriented sport. The technique and tactics in table tennis are the core factors to win the game. With the endlessly emerging innovative playing techniques and tactics, the players have their own competition styles. According to the competition events among athletes, the athletes’ competition relationship network is constructed and the players’ ranking is established. The ranking can be used to help table tennis players improve daily training and understand their ability. In this paper, the table tennis players’ ranking is established their competition videos and their prestige scores in the table tennis players’ competition relationship network.

Changes in the returns to education at entry into the labour market in West Germany.

This article studies to what extent societal processes such as educational expansion, economic modernisation and business cycles have affected the returns to educational certificates of women and men entering the labour market in West Germany. Using longitudinal data, long-term changes in cohort- and period-specific effects on socio-economic status attainment at entry into the labour market are investigated between 1945 and 2008. Analyses demonstrate that the entrants' average socio-economic prestige scores have clearly risen in the process of modernisation. Despite educational expansion, increasing skill demands for highly qualified graduates resulted in rising rates of returns for the most highly educated entrants across birth cohorts. While educational expansion and economic modernisation have boosted socio-economic returns at entry into the labour market for women from all educational levels, it has not been the case for men with the lowest levels of education. Both educational expansion and rising skill requirements of occupations led to an increasing polarisation of inequality between tertiary educated labour-market entrants and less-qualified school leavers. Educational expansion in West Germany has therefore never exceeded the occupational skill demands at entry into the labour market.

The dynamics of faculty hiring networks

Faculty hiring networks—who hires whose graduates as faculty—exhibit steep hierarchies, which can reinforce both social and epistemic inequalities in academia. Understanding the mechanisms driving these patterns would inform efforts to diversify the academy and shed new light on the role of hiring in shaping which scientific discoveries are made. Here, we investigate the degree to which structural mechanisms can explain hierarchy and other network characteristics observed in empirical faculty hiring networks. We study a family of adaptive rewiring network models, which reinforce institutional prestige within the hierarchy in five distinct ways. Each mechanism determines the probability that a new hire comes from a particular institution according to that institution’s prestige score, which is inferred from the hiring network’s existing structure. We find that structural inequalities and centrality patterns in real hiring networks are best reproduced by a mechanism of global placement power, in which a new hire is drawn from a particular institution in proportion to the number of previously drawn hires anywhere. On the other hand, network measures of biased visibility are better recapitulated by a mechanism of local placement power, in which a new hire is drawn from a particular institution in proportion to the number of its previous hires already present at the hiring institution. These contrasting results suggest that the underlying structural mechanism reinforcing hierarchies in faculty hiring networks is a mixture of global and local preference for institutional prestige. Under these dynamics, we show that each institution’s position in the hierarchy is remarkably stable, due to a dynamic competition that overwhelmingly favors more prestigious institutions. These results highlight the reinforcing effects of a prestige-based faculty hiring system, and the importance of understanding its ramifications on diversity and innovation in academia.

US trends in binge drinking by gender, occupation, prestige, and work structure among adults in the midlife, 2006–2018

Rates of binge drinking have nearly doubled among US women ages 30-49 since 2006. Employment influences alcohol use and varies by the prestige and structure (e.g., authority, autonomy, expertise) of one's occupation. We examined trends in binge drinking among adults ages 30-49 in the labor force in 2006-2018 National Health Interview Surveys (N=108,981) by occupation, work prestige (General Social Survey's occupational prestige score), work structure (occupational authority, autonomy, automation, expertise), and gender. We estimated odds of binge drinking by year with survey-weighted logistic regression controlled for sociodemographics, smoking, and disability. In 2018, 30% of women and 43% of men reported binge drinking; drinking increased annually from 2006-2018 (OR for women=1.08, OR for men=1.03). Work status, prestige, and work structure modified the association. Women in high- (OR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.09-1.12) versus low-prestige (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.04-1.06) jobs had higher increases, as did men in high-prestige jobs (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.05). Respondents in higher relative to lower authority, autonomy, and expertise jobs increased binge drinking. Though all strata of workforce adults increased binge drinking, increases were concentrated among women in higher-status careers, implicating gendered shifts in labor as one determinant of recent national alcohol trends.

The effect of family size on parents' labor supply and occupational prestige: Evidence from Taiwan and Mainland China

This paper studies the effect of family size on parents' labor supply and occupational prestige, using the censuses of both Taiwan and Mainland China. We rely on the exogenous increase in child quantity that results from having twins at the first birth. Our results indicate that an increase in family size has negative effects on the labor supply of mothers but not of fathers, in both Taiwan and Mainland China. In addition, we find that in Taiwan fathers tend to switch to occupations with lower prestige scores in response to an increase in family size. However, the negative effect of family size on occupational prestige is not observed in Mainland China, where the occupational mobility is low.

The Evolution of Educational Wage Differentials for Women and Men, from 1996 to 2019

This paper studies the evolution of three higher education wage differentials from 1996 to 2019 in Germany, a period when significant changes in the educational composition of the workforce took place. Based on regression analysis and samples of male and female workers from the Socio-Economic Panel Study, the study finds that while all three educational wage differentials increased, workers graduating from universities experienced an inverted u-shape pattern, reaching a plateau between 2011 and 2015. We argue that the decline which began after 2015, and which is detectable as well in the occupational prestige scores, may have resulted from a relative educational upskilling of the workforce as well as changes in the subject-choice composition of graduates. We also document differences between East and West Germany that appear to level off over time. The paper concludes with open questions related to these findings and potential future developments.

A changing landscape? An intersectional analysis of race and gender disparity in access to social capital

We apply intersectional frameworks and use a nationally representative dataset to investigate patterns of differential access to social capital among six racial and gender groups. We define social capital as resources controlled by individuals’ social contacts. Individuals can mobilize those contacts to facilitate their actions. We characterize one’s access to social capital with three indicators: the average occupational prestige score of individuals’ social contacts (average), the highest occupation reached among individuals’ contacts (reach), and the number of positions accessed (network diversity). Concerning the average score of one’s social contacts, our findings support the double jeopardy approach, with a simple hierarchy of gender and race/ethnicity: all men have a higher average score than their women counterparts. However, although white men have the highest average score in their social contacts, black women have the highest reach and highest network diversity, net of effects from mediating controls. We discuss implications of our research for future studies of social capital, on the one hand, and intersectionality, especially as it relates to the notions of black male and Latino male vulnerability, on the other.

Türkiye’de Mesleki İtibar: Dönüşen Çalışma Hayatı ve Mesleklerin Sosyal Konumu

Occupation is central to the study and understanding of modern society. Today, it is possible to deal with many social problems, such as education, economy, urbanization, stratification through professions. Especially in the post-industrial societies that witnessed a rapid change in the economic structure, evaluations about the social meaning and importance of the professions are of great importance. Sociology of occupations and professions in the world at all times is critical, although it was underestimated in Turkey. Neither theoretical and applied studies on the subject have been developed nor necessary conceptual and social analysis. This article is based on quantitative research conducted within the rural-urban representative sample across Turkey in 2019-2020. With this research, the occupational prestige scale that was built in 2015 has been renewed. In this paper, I am analyzing the determinants and factors of occupational prestige in Turkey. On the other hand, one of the main focuses of the paper is to discuss the change in prestige scores of occupations in the context of business and working life. As a result, to build a set of indicators for occupational and professional life, will be the main aim of this paper.

Assessing the Quality and Prestige of Disciplinary Social Work Journals: A National Study of Faculty Perceptions

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the overall quality and prestige of all currently active disciplinary social work periodicals and (2) determine whether perceptions of quality among the top 10 journals varied by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and academic rank. Method: To perform this cross-sectional study, we used a national sample of tenure-track faculty ( N = 307) affiliated with PhD granting social work programs. Results: Journals ( N = 64) were rank ordered based upon perceptions of overall quality and prestige. Analysis revealed overall quality and prestige scores were highly correlated ( rs = .93, p &lt; .001). Race/ethnicity was unrelated to perceptions of quality among top-tier journals, but age, gender, and academic rank were significantly associated with perceptions of quality in some cases, although the effect sizes were relatively small. Discussion: The results provide guidance for faculty seeking to disseminate their work in highly regarded disciplinary periodicals, especially junior faculty seeking tenure and promotion.

Community College Degrees and Occupational Prestige Differences

ABSTRACT There has been growing national political interest in promoting community college education as a way of improving economic opportunities for disadvantages members of local workforces. Recent work mainly focuses on human capital gains, but few studies have investigated how community college credentials can affect the level of job prestige associated with mid-level employment opportunities. This research uses data from the 2002 Educational Longitudinal Study and weighted least squares regression to investigate the job prestige returns of respondents eight years after high school based on the top educational credential they received. The most common occupation for all respondents was office and administrative support. Of the associate degree holders, only a third were in positions that required such a degree. The results indicate that job prestige scores improve overall with increased educational credentials, though the benefit for community college credentials are small. Institutional and personal factors are also significantly related to job prestige outcomes. The findings of this study suggest that it is important to broaden the political discussion on promoting community college education beyond just calls for increasing student attendance to investigating ways to get people into better jobs.

Tracking online topics over time: understanding dynamic hashtag communities

BackgroundHashtags are widely used for communication in online media. As a condensed version of information, they characterize topics and discussions. For their analysis, we apply methods from network science and propose novel tools for tracing their dynamics in time-dependent data. The observations are characterized by bursty behaviors in the increases and decreases of hashtag usage. These features can be reproduced with a novel model of dynamic rankings.Hashtag communities in timeWe build temporal and weighted co-occurrence networks from hashtags. On static snapshots, we infer the community structure using customized methods. On temporal networks, we solve the bipartite matching problem of detected communities at subsequent timesteps by taking into account higher-order memory. This results in a matching protocol that is robust toward temporal fluctuations and instabilities of the static community detection. The proposed methodology is broadly applicable and its outcomes reveal the temporal behavior of online topics.Modeling topic-dynamicsWe consider the size of the communities in time as a proxy for online popularity dynamics. We find that the distributions of gains and losses, as well as the interevent times are fat-tailed indicating occasional, but large and sudden changes in the usage of hashtags. Inspired by typical website designs, we propose a stochastic model that incorporates a ranking with respect to a time-dependent prestige score. This causes occasional cascades of rank shift events and reproduces the observations with good agreement. This offers an explanation for the observed dynamics, based on characteristic elements of online media.

The Structure of Deference: Modeling Occupational Status Using Affect Control Theory

Current theories of occupational status conceptualize it as either a function of cultural esteem or the symbolic aspect of the class structure. Based on Weber’s definition of status as rooted in either cultural or class conditions, we argue that a consistent operationalization of occupational status must account for both of these dimensions. Using quantitative measures of cultural sentiments for occupational identities, we use affect control theory to model the network deference relations across occupations. We calculate a measure of the extent to which one occupational actor deferring to another is incongruent with cultural expectations for all possible combinations of 304 occupational titles. Because high-status actors are less likely to defer to low-status actors, the degree to which these events violate cultural expectations provides an indicator of the relative status position of different occupations. We assess the construct validity of our new deference score measure using Harris Poll data. Deference scores are more predictive of status rankings from poll data than are occupational prestige scores. We establish criterion validity using five theoretically relevant workplace outcomes: subjective work attachment, job satisfaction, general happiness, the importance of meaningful work, and perceived respect at work.

What Do You Want to Be When You Grow up? Career Aspirations as a Marker for Adolescent Well-being

Objective“What do you want to be when you grow up?” is a simple, commonly asked question that might provide insight into adolescent well-being. Career aspirations might reflect an adolescent's sense of identity, hope for the future, and self-efficacy, all of which are critical to identifying at-risk youth and intervening on risky behaviors. However, there are no studies on whether career aspirations are associated with adolescent emotional and health behavior outcomes. MethodsWe analyzed cross-sectional surveys of 929 ninth to 12th grade low-income minority adolescents in Los Angeles assessing career aspirations and its association with hopelessness, self-efficacy, substance use, violence, and risky sexual activity. We used Department of Labor statistics to categorize career aspirations according to amount of education required, income, and prestige. Generalized estimating equations accounted for sociodemographic characteristics, school type, academic performance, and clustering at the school level. ResultsGrades, standardized test scores, and health behaviors varied according to career type. Adolescents with higher career aspirations, measured according to career-related education, income, and prestige reported less hopelessness and more self-efficacy. After adjusting for confounders, aspirations requiring high levels of education were associated with decreased odds of alcohol use, at-school substance use, and risky sexual activity, and higher prestige scores were associated with decreased odds of other drug use. ConclusionsCareer aspirations might be a marker for adolescent health and well-being. Adults might consider asking a teen what they want to be when they grow up to gain insight into their levels of hopelessness and self-efficacy and provide context for counseling on healthy behavior change.

Reproductive rights and the career plans of U.S. college freshmen

This paper studies the heterogeneous effects of the birth control pill and abortion rights on young people's career plans. In particular, these effects are allowed to vary by sex, race, religion, and, importantly, by level of academic ability. Using annual surveys of over two million college freshmen from 1968 to 1976, I find that the pill mainly affected high ability women, by shifting their plans toward occupations with higher wages and higher male ratios. Abortion rights, in contrast, were mainly shown to affect women in the low ability group, with their plans shifting toward careers associated with lower income and lower prestige scores. My findings also suggest that the career plans of black males were positively affected by both increased access to the pill and abortions.