Pressurized Hot Water Extraction Method Research Articles

Optimization of betacyanins from agricultural by-products using pressurized hot water extraction for antioxidant and in vitro oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis inhibitory activity.

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is proposed to recover betacyanins from agricultural by-products (pitaya fruits peels (PFP), red beet stalks (RBS), and cactus pear peels (CPP)). The extraction yield of betacyanins was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal PHWE conditions were attained and the actual yields of betacyanins under optimal conditions were well matched with the predicted yields. In addition, betacyanin pigment compositions as well as superoxide anion scavenging activity of individual betacyanins extract (BE) produced in optimal PHWE conditions were characterized by HPLC-ESI/MSn and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of three BEs on oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis in cellular model was comparatively investigated. The results showed that unlike PFP, RBS, and CPP presented excellent efficacy in decreasing intracellular triglyceride and reactive oxygen species, inhibiting the release of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as regulating fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNAs expression. Practical applications In this study, PHWE, is firstly proposed for the enhancement of the extraction of betacyanins from three agricultural by-products. Betacyanin-rich extracts by PHWE method exhibit excellent activities in inhibition of ROS and regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatic cells. It suggests that PHWE has a strong potentiality in keeping bioactivity of BEs, which is significant for the production of betacyanins functional foods.

Extraction Efficiency of a Commercial Espresso Machine Compared to a Stainless-Steel Column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) System for the Determination of 23 Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics and Hormones in Sewage Sludge

Two green chemistry extraction systems, an in-house stainless-steel column Pressurized Hot Water Extraction system (PHWE) and a commercially available Espresso machine were applied for analysing 23 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in sewage sludge. Final analysis was performed on UPLC-MS/MS using two different chromatographic methods: acid and basic. When analysing all 23 APIs in sewage sludge both extraction methods showed good repeatability. The PHWE method allowed for a more complete extraction of APIs that were more tightly bound to the matrix, as exemplified by much higher concentrations of e.g., ketoconazole, citalopram and ciprofloxacin. In total, 19 out of 23 investigated APIs were quantified in sewage sludge, and with a few exceptions the PHWE method was more exhaustive. Mean absolute recoveries of 7 spiked labelled APIs were lower for the PHWE method than the Espresso method. Under acid chromatographic conditions mean recoveries were 16% and 24%, respectively, but increased to 24% and 37% under basic conditions. The difference between the PHWE method and the Espresso method might be interpreted as the Espresso method giving higher extraction efficiency; however, TIC scans of extracts revealed a much higher matrix co-extraction for the PHWE method. Attempts were made to correlate occurrence of compounds in sewage sludge with chemical properties of the 23 APIs and there are strong indications that both the number of aromatic rings and the presence of a positive charge is important for the sorption processes to sewage sludge.

Employing Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) to Explore Natural Products Chemistry in the Undergraduate Laboratory.

A recently developed pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) method which utilizes an unmodified household espresso machine to facilitate natural products research has also found applications as an effective teaching tool. Specifically, this technique has been used to introduce second- and third-year undergraduates to aspects of natural products chemistry in the laboratory. In this report, two experiments are presented: the PHWE of eugenol and acetyleugenol from cloves and the PHWE of seselin and (+)-epoxysuberosin from the endemic Australian plant species Correa reflexa. By employing PHWE in these experiments, the crude clove extract, enriched in eugenol and acetyleugenol, was obtained in 4-9% w/w from cloves by second-year undergraduates and seselin and (+)-epoxysuberosin were isolated in yields of up to 1.1% w/w and 0.9% w/w from C. reflexa by third-year students. The former exercise was developed as a replacement for the traditional steam distillation experiment providing an introduction to extraction and separation techniques, while the latter activity featured guided-inquiry teaching methods in an effort to simulate natural products bioprospecting. This primarily derives from the rapid nature of this PHWE technique relative to traditional extraction methods that are often incompatible with the time constraints associated with undergraduate laboratory experiments. This rapid and practical PHWE method can be used to efficiently isolate various classes of organic molecules from a range of plant species. The complementary nature of this technique relative to more traditional methods has also been demonstrated previously.

Optimization of pressurized hot water extraction on the extract yield and antioxidant activity from Biebersteinia multifida DC using a modified supercritical fluid extractor

Essential oil of Biebersteinia multifida DC cultivated in Iran was obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) methods. The oil was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detections. The effects of different parameters such as temperature, pressure, static extraction time, dynamic extraction time, and flow rate on the PHWE and radical scavenging activity of B. multifida oil were optimized using circumscribed central composite. Fifty two compounds were identified in the HD oil. The major components of B. multifida were (E)-Nerolidol (31.45%), Hexadecanoic acid (11.84%), Phytol (17.1%), and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (15.4%). However, by using pressurized hot water extraction in optimum conditions, obtained only four components contain more than 86% of the essential oil. The optimum extraction yield and DPPH EC50 via PHWE method were 5.1% (w/w) and 28.40, respectively.

Extraction and Neoformation of Antioxidant Compounds by Pressurized Hot Water Extraction from Apple Byproducts

There is a great interest in searching for new environmentally sustainable techniques to enhance the use of agricultural byproducts. In this work, a response surface methodology was used to study the influence of the two independent variables, temperature (25-200 °C) and extraction time (3-17 min), in the extraction of antioxidants by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) from industrial apple byproducts. The optimized extraction method for determination of flavonols was at 120 °C and 3 min, giving a predicted total yield of flavonols of 1.3 μmol/g dry apple byproduct. Results obtained suggest that new antioxidant compounds were formed at the higher extraction temperatures. A desirability function response surface, considering maximum antioxidant capacity and minimal formation of brown color, was calculated and gave an optimum of 125 °C and 3 min. This latter PHWE method correlates well with the obtained results for flavonols; thus, a desirability function is a simpler alternative method for finding optimal conditions.

An evaluation of thickness effect in glycyrrihizic acid inside glycyrrhiza glabra root with compartion in several locations

Licorice is a self-propelling plant that has many applications in food, tobacco and pharmaceutical industries. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a kind of licorice whose main active constituents a triterpenoid saponin called glycyrrhizin. In this article we selected roots in three thickness sizes 0.4 to 1.5cm as s (small), 1.5 to 2.5cm as m (medium), 2.5 to 3.5cm as l (large) then roots were extracted with pressurized hot water extraction method inside Lab scale extractor (5 Liters) then evaporated and dried to analyze Glycyrrhizic acid content with HPLC.The results showed roots from all of locations are following this rule: more thickness, more Glycyrrhizic acid content such as in Afghanis, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan And Iran (7 areas) but we did not see similar slope for increasing glycyrrhizic acid against of thickness.

Effect of Temperature on the Color of Natural Dyes Extracted Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction Method

Problem statement: Traditionally, extraction of natural dyes with boiling method produced only one single tone of colorant/dyes which involved plenty of water in several hours of extraction time. A new modern extraction technique should be introduced especially to textile dyers so that a variety of tone of colorants can be produced in a shorter time with less consumption of water. Approach: This study demonstrated Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) as a new technique to extract colorants from a selected plant, i.e., Xylocarpus moluccensis species which can be found abundantly in Peninsular Malaysia. Colorant from the heartwood of Xylocarpus moluccensis was extracted at different elevated temperatures, from 50°C up to 150°C using PHWE technique and the extracts obtained were compared to those obtained via boiling method at 100°C. The color strength of dye extracts was then analyzed using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Video Spectral Comparator (VSC 5000). The effect of the extraction temperatures on the color of extracts obtained by PHWE was also investigated. Results: Results show that the colorimetric data obtained from VSC reading exhibited the exact tone of colors found in anthraquinone. UV-Visible spectrum also shows that higher absorbance of natural dyes extracted via PHWE compared to those obtained by boiling method. Conclusion: By using PHWE employed at different elevated temperatures, different tones of colorants can be produced from one single source in a shorter time with less consumption of water.

Pressurized Hot Water and DTPA‐Sorbitol as Viable Alternatives for Soil Boron Extraction. II. Correlation of Soil Extraction to Responses of Boron‐Fertilized Alfalfa

Pressurized hot water and DTPA‐Sorbitol are two relatively new, proposed alternative soil boron (B) extraction methods for which no data on yield or plant nutrient uptake have been reported for validation. Both methods initially have shown significant correlation with the hot water extraction method in untreated soils as well as soils incubated with various levels of B. The objective of the research was to extract samples of B‐treated soils by using all three extraction methods and correlate the B values obtained to yield, B tissue concentration, and total B removal of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Greenhouse and field experiments on alkaline and limed acid soils naturally low in hot water‐extractable B were conducted to test alfalfa response to B fertilizer. In the greenhouse, highly significant relationships exist between plant uptake and extractable B with all three methods at varying levels of applied B, but no alfalfa yield response was observed. All three methods result in accurate predictions of plant B tissue concentrations and total B removal. The field experiment exhibited a significant positive relationship between total alfalfa yield and extractable B using hot water and pressurized hot water extractions. Extractable B using DTPA‐Sorbitol was not related to total alfalfa yield in the field experiment. This work, coupled with the earlier incubation studies, supports the pressurized hot water extraction method as an improvement over hot water in diverse soil types. The lack of relationship in the acid soil supports DTPA‐Sorbitol as an improvement over hot water in alkaline soils.

A pressurized hot water extraction method for boron

Extracting boron (B) to predict plant availability in arid soils is a tedious soil test procedure, and an inexpensive, rapid alternative would be welcomed. This paper compares the results of tests conducted with pressurized hot water and conventional boiling hot water extraction of soil B. The time required for pressurized hot water extraction varied with each soil, but averaged 1.0 min per sample compared 10 min per sample for the standard boiling hot water technique. A Maxim EX-450 model espresso machine producing water at 90°C was used to extract B from 40 arid zone soils. Resulting aliquots were analyzed by ICP spectrometry. The measured values of B with pressurized hot water extraction were higher than with the boiling hot water extraction. There was a high and significant correlation between B values using the boiling hot water extraction and the pressurized hot water extraction [r=+0.83 (p=0.001)]. A regression equation y=0.12217+0.21155x (r 2=68) (y is mg kg− 1 boiling hot water extractable B and x is mg kg− 1 pressurized hot water extractable B) converts pressurized hot water readings to standard values already correlated with field response. Also tested were three espresso machines from different manufacturers (Krups, Mr. Coffee and Maxim) testing five widely divergent soils and found similar B extraction with each espresso machine. This pressurized hot water extraction procedure provides a much needed simplification for measuring B in soils, but currently the concentration must be determined with ICP rather than colorimetric measurement because of color interference.