Wheel Pressure Research Articles

Mechanical performance of completely GFRP-tendon-reinforced concrete slabs considering compressive-tensile membrane action

Presently, increasingly more concrete structures strengthened with glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tendons have been employed in practical civil engineering owing to outstanding advantages, such as anti-corrosion, cost-effectiveness, and ease of production. These structures have demonstrated unique characteristics and mechanical response compared to steel-tendon-reinforced concrete structures in both service and ultimate load-bearing states. Therefore, in this study, to analyze completely GFRP-tendon-reinforced concrete slabs under localized wheel pressure, loading tests were conducted on two full-scale fabricated frame structures while considering the influence of membrane action on the cover slab. The mechanical response of these structures was revealed using the obtained load-displacement curves, ultimate bearing capacity, and crack morphology. The membrane action mechanism of the slab under weak lateral constraints was studied through the finite element method. The method to determine the effective membrane region of the reinforced slab was discussed and the corresponding ultimate bearing capacity was proposed considering the compressive-tensile membrane action under different failure modes. This model provides a preliminary reference for the quantitative determination of the structural properties of GFRP-tendon-reinforced concrete slabs.

Strain Gauge Calibration for High Speed Weight-in-Motion Station.

The development of systems for weighing vehicles in motion aims to introduce systems allowing automatic enforcement of regulations. HSWIM (high speed weight-in-motion) systems enable measurement of a mass of vehicles passing through a measurement station without disturbing the traffic flow. This article focuses on the calibration of a weighing station for moving vehicles, where strain gauge sensors are used to measure pressures. A solution was proposed to replace the calibration coefficients with calibration functions. The analysis was performed for two methods of determining wheel loads: based on the maximum of the signal from strain gauge sensors and on a method using the field under the signal and the vehicle's speed. Calibration functions were determined jointly for all test vehicles and separately for each of them. The use of a calibration function for a specific vehicle type made it possible to determine wheel pressure and gross weight with a level of accuracy that allowed the weigh-in-motion station to be classified as a direct enforcement system. The achieved improvement in the accuracy of weighing in motion did not require any interference with the measurement station. The proposed change in the method of calibration and, ultimately, determination of wheel loads required only a change in the algorithm for determining wheel loads.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ КАРТОФЕЛЕКОПАТЕЛЯ С АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ В ПЕРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ПОЧВЫ

The article discusses the issues of reducing soil compaction when harvesting potatoes with an automatic system for regulating the internal tire pressure of the running wheels of a potato digger. As a result of the influence of the propulsors and the running system as a whole, a change in the soil structure occurs, not only in the rut itself, but also in the areas located next to it, which indicates the nature of the spread of soil deformation and its influence on the condition of soil covers, which ultimately leads to a decrease in yield. (Purpose of the study) Reducing soil compaction on waterlogged soils by automatically adjusting tire pressure depending on soil moisture. (Materials and methods) A potato digger with an automatic system for regulating the tire pressure of running wheels has been developed. (Results and discussion) The reduction in soil compaction occurs due to the fact that it is additionally equipped with a capacitive sensor for measuring soil moisture, made in the form of a wheel, where, with reduced humidity, a signal is sent from the capacitive sensor to the automatic pressure control system to increase the tire pressure in the running wheels. from the air supply tube under pressure, air enters the chamber of the running wheels of the potato digger; at high humidity, a signal is sent from the capacitive sensor to the automatic pressure control system to reduce the internal tire pressure in the running wheels; the air leaves the wheel tires of the running system of the potato digger through the outlet into the environment and reduces tire pressure. (Conclusions) As a result of automatic tire pressure changes, the density of the soil in the wheel track is significantly reduced, thereby preventing soil compaction.

Estimation of Wheel Pressure for Hydraulic Braking System by Interacting Multiple Model Filter

Estimation of Wheel Pressure for Hydraulic Braking System by Interacting Multiple Model Filter

Dijagnostika kvarova zasnovana na bestežinskoj neuronskoj mreži u sistemu vešanja

Vehicle suspension systems play a critical role in ensuring passenger comfort and safety. Detecting faults in these systems is vital for maintaining safety, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Traditional inspection methods have limitations, such as visual checks, bounce tests, and alignment assessments. This study explores Wilkie, Stonham, and Aleksander Recognition Device (WiSARD), a weightless neural network (WNN), for suspension fault diagnosis. A WNN model is employed to classify suspension system faults using sensor data. The dataset includes both normal and faulty conditions to train the model. The study assesses WiSARD under various fault conditions, including strut damage, mount failure, worn-out components, and low wheel pressure. Comparative evaluations demonstrate that the approach outperforms other classification techniques, achieving an impressive 95.63% accuracy with a rapid 0.05-second computation time for test data. This WNN-based method proves superior in detecting suspension faults and holds potential as a candidate for real-time vehicle fault diagnosis systems.

Structure Design and Driving Dynamics Research of Crane Wheel Fatigue Test Device

In order to explore the fatigue damage of the crane wheel, the contact stress between the crane wheel and the steel rail was calculated. Moreover, the fatigue mechanism of crane wheels was also discussed by deriving the theoretical wheel pressure formula. As a result, a device design idea based on the fatigue mechanism of the crane wheel was proposed, where the device can be used to detect the bearing capacity, wear resistance and fatigue resistance of crane wheels. By using the simulation methods, the structure requirements and driving dynamics of the test device for different wheel diameters and wheel pressures were investigated and validated. Finally, the structural diagram of the fatigue test device is presented to provide the design guidance for the experiment research of the fatigue properties and reliability of crane wheels.

Assessment of tractor track width compatibility with crop inter-row spacing

Various factors can exert detrimental effects on crop growth and development, among which the influence of the machinery's running gear within the machine-tractor unit stands out, particularly within the soil vicinity encompassing the plant's root system. As a result, the area of soil compaction arising from tractor wheel pressure increasingly covers the plant's protective zone. This poses challenges for both root system growth and development, as well as the optimal uptake of soil nutrients, often leads to plant damage or even trampling. Presently, there is no universally accepted metric for assessing the compatibility between tractor track width and the specific inter-row spacing under cultivation. (Research purpose) Development of an indicator to assess the compatibility of the tractor track width with the cultivated inter-row spacing. (Materials and methods) The analysis demonstrates that the level of compatibility of the tractor track to the crop inter-row spacing is determined based on the dimensions of the crop spacing, the tractor track width, the protective zone outlined by agrotechnical standards, the deviation of the wheel trajectory from the axis of row symmetry, and tire size. (Results and discussion) An analytical correlation has been derived to determine the level of compatibility between tractor track width and crop inter-row spacing, using the context of cotton cultivation as an illustrative example. It has been revealed that among the serial tractors utilized within cotton farms across the region, full-fledged operational performance is exclusively achieved when row spacings measure 60 and 90 centimeters. In contrast, the utilization of this machinery on row spacings of 70 and 76 centimeters leads to detrimental outcomes such as row trampling and plant damage. (Conclusions) The viability of the developed indicator has been determined and validated. The improvement of the tractor propulsion system should be aimed at devising a technical solution that facilitates seamless adjustment of track width over a broad spectrum, thus allowing for adaptability to diverse row spacing requirements.

Parameters self-learning of solenoid valve for wheel pressure estimation

As the most important component of the braking pressure regulation circuit, apply valve directly affect the accuracy of pressure control and estimation, which in turn affects the performance of vehicle dynamics control. However, the not exactly same parameters in the manufacturing and the parameters change with wear and tear will introduce large errors in the model-based pressure estimation. In this paper, the electromagnetic model and hydraulic model of apply valve are proposed and illustrated, which is the basis for pressure estimation and air gap learning. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented for the self-learning of apply valve air gap, and the pressure estimation algorithm is presented based on the learned air gap. The proposed model and the algorithm are verified in the vehicle test and Amesim simulation. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves the estimation of air gap within the error of [Formula: see text], and thus reduces pressure estimation error to smaller than [Formula: see text].

Improvement of the method of calculation of pressure of combine harvester propulsion on soil

BACKGROUND: Currently there is no simple and reliable algorithm of assessment of pressure on soil for the harvesters presented on the market. Therefore, analysis of the methods presented in active standards and used in calculation of pressure of propulsion on soil as well as development of the simplified and acceptable for manufacturing specialists method are relevant.
 AIMS: Simplification of assessment of force action to wheels and soil during the operation cycle from the beginning and until the end of combine harvester tanker filling.
 METHODS: The method of assessment of values of combine harvester wheel pressure on soil during the tanker filling operation cycle that allows exclusion of weighing of a harvester with a filled tanker is proposed.
 RESULTS: As the result of studies, the complex of sequential actions of determining of load of machinery propulsion on soil, including determining of weight and center of mass coordinates for the grain inside tanker with the following determining of wheel normal forces caused by summarized load action of grain and a harvester (with an empty tanker) considering location of their centers of mass, was justified.
 CONCLUSIONS: The new method application makes it possible to define maximal wheel pressure on soil with the filled tanker as well as the range of this indicators values from the beginning and until the end of tanker filling with grain. In this case, weighing of a harvester with a filled tanker at the special area with hard surface including the procedures of grain loading, unloading and weighing, is excluded. As a result, the ability of quick comparison of combine harvesters with the criterion of level of impact on soil in respect to tanker filling operational cycle beginning and end is ensured, which is the study subject. Thus, in order to solve the given task, it suffices to use the weighing results of harvesting machinery with an empty tanker, available in open sources, followed by calculation according to the proposed algorithm. Minimal divergence (less than 2%) of calculated and measured with use of platform scales values of maximal wheel pressure on soil is found.

Wheel Braking Pressure Control Based on Central Booster Electrohydraulic Brake-by-Wire System

Brake-by-wire (BBW) is a fundamental function required by intelligent vehicles. And the One-Box electrohydraulic BBW (EHB) system is becoming the mainstream BBW solution. To improve the wheel pressure regulation (WPR) ability in the One-Box solution, this study proposes a new WPR scheme by directly coordinating the adjusting valves and the motor-powered booster instead of the traditional plunger pump. First, a disturbance rejection adaptive control (DRAC) method is proposed for the pressure control in the master cylinder during this special WPR process, which can deal with parameter uncertainty and disturbance simultaneously to maintain stable backpressure. Then, a novel adaptive neural network controller (ANNC) is constructed for the control of adjusting valves. The proposed ANNC consists of two radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) that can learn the system dynamics and open-loop control characteristics in real-time and require few computational resources. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are conducted, and the results proved the superiority of the booster-based WPR scheme with the proposed control methods (DRAC + ANNC) compared with the method under the traditional pump-based WPR scheme by 19.8% and 31.6% in Multistep and Sine pressure tracking scenarios, respectively. This will further enhance the precise braking ability of BBW vehicles.

Method for Determining the Susceptibility of the Track

This paper discusses real-world experiments in which selected ground imperfections were dynamically analysed in terms of track susceptibility for a linear and non-linear system. The imperfections included wheel pressure on local ground irregularities within the railway turnout. In this study, susceptibility was assumed as an element between two points (two masses)—most often susceptibility is assumed as a Voigt model (parallel combination of stiffness and damping). The tests were carried out for two configurations of train passage through a railway turnout on straight and diverging track. The track stiffness parameters of the railway turnout were determined from deflection measurements measured by sensors positioned at different points of the turnout. The components of the railway turnout were loaded with different forces. The damping parameter was determined from bench measurements of the actual track component. The function describing this damping is dry friction and such a function was determined. The second part of the study was concerned with measurements of stiffness and moments of inertia in a railway switchyard. The analysis carried out indicated the significance of the adverse effects of selected factors on the operation of the railway track (e.g., increasing the length of non-contact of the track with the ground or additional deflections of the railway track rail arising). The paper points out that such imperfections, in addition to the calculated additional deflections, cause, among other things, disturbances in the progressive movement of the rolling stock.

3D-printed functionally-graded lattice structure with tunable removal characteristics for precision polishing

Functionally-graded lattice structure (FGLS) has fascinating properties such as lightweight, tunable stiffness, minimized stress concentration, and excellent energy absorption. The advent of 3D printing has provided feasible and reliable manufacturing solutions for FGLS, which has been boosting wider applications of FGLS. In this paper, 3D-printed polishing tools with tunable removal characteristics are developed based on FGLS. The gradient in stiffness is achieved by varying the strut thickness of different cells. Four FGLS with different gradients are designed and printed. The normal contact pressure between the tools and a rigid plate is modelled by the finite element method and experimentally validated with a pressure mapping system. The polishing performance of the developed polishing tools is investigated on both ductile and brittle materials in a machining centre. Results demonstrate that the removal profiles of the polishing tools strictly follow the change of the lattice gradient regardless of the workpiece materials, which mainly affect the depth of the polished footprints. Besides, the surface roughness Sa after polishing reaches as low as 26 nm for the optical glass, indicating a drastic improvement of more than 90%. These findings enable the fabrication of polishing tools with desired tool influence functions on-demand for form error figuring in the computer-controlled optical surface finishing. Besides, the design strategy presented in this paper will open a new realm of producing functional tools in the field of ultraprecision manufacturing. • Functionally-graded lattice structure (FGLS) is designed for polishing. • Contact pressure of FGLS wheel is studied by FEA and validated by experiments. • The FGLS-based polishing tools can produce desired tool influence functions. • The surface finish of optical glass has been improved by > 90% after polishing. • The wear rate of polishing pads is material-dependent.

Assessment of the Stability of Bev Lhd Loader

Abstract The article concerns the computational model for analysing the stability of the BEV LHD loader. Works were carried out to develop an innovative, light battery-powered loader, which was the subject of an R&D project implemented in cooperation with Bumech S. A. Compared to the existing solutions of loaders with similar load capacity, this one is distinguished by the use of an individual electric drive in each wheel and a replaceable battery. A physical and mathematical model was developed taking into account the specificity of the BEV LHD loader. In the model, the masses of the battery, individual drives, the platform and excavated material are taken into account separately. The developed model allows determining the loader wheel pressure on the floor, depending on the location of its components’ centres of gravity, the turning angle of the machine, the amount of excavated material in the bucket and the position of the bucket. The input parameters also include the longitudinal and transverse excavation slope angles. In addition, the model enables determining the inner and outer turning radius of the loader. To verify the theoretical model, dynamic simulation tests were carried out. The results of simulation analyses confirmed the correctness of the developed theoretical model. The model was used to prepare a calculation sheet for analysing the stability on the basis of the adopted parameters. In the article, selected results of the conducted stability analyses have been presented, along with the proposed parameters ensuring the loader’s stability. The developed theoretical model enables a quick assessment of the loader’s stability, which, due to a number of innovative solutions, differs from existing designs. The structure of the loader at the design stage is subject to numerous modifications, which affect the distribution of the centres of gravity of individual components. The developed model of the loader is a useful, parameterized tool that allows assessing the stability and the values of the turning radii of the machine.

Inter-row navigation line detection for cotton with broken rows

BackgroundThe application of autopilot technology is conductive to achieving path planning navigation and liberating labor productivity. In addition, the self-driving vehicles can drive according to the growth state of crops to ensure the accuracy of spraying and pesticide effect. Navigation line detection is the core technology of self-driving technology, which plays a more important role in the development of Chinese intelligent agriculture. The general algorithms for seedling line extraction in the agricultural fields are for large seedling crops. At present, scholars focus more on how to reduce the impact of crop row adhesion on extraction of crop rows. However, for seedling crops, especially double-row sown seedling crops, the navigation lines cannot be extracted very effectively due to the lack of plants or the interference of rut marks caused by wheel pressure on seedlings. To solve these problems, this paper proposed an algorithm that combined edge detection and OTSU to determine the seedling column contours of two narrow rows for cotton crops sown in wide and narrow rows. Furthermore, the least squares were used to fit the navigation line where the gap between two narrow rows of cotton was located, which could be well adapted to missing seedlings and rutted print interference.ResultsThe algorithm was developed using images of cotton at the seedling stage. Apart from that, the accuracy of route detection was tested under different lighting conditions and in maize and soybean at the seedling stage. According to the research results, the accuracy of the line of sight for seedling cotton was 99.2%, with an average processing time of 6.63 ms per frame; the accuracy of the line of sight for seedling corn was 98.1%, with an average processing time of 6.97 ms per frame; the accuracy of the line of sight for seedling soybean was 98.4%, with an average processing time of 6.72 ms per frame. In addition, the standard deviation of lateral deviation is 2 cm, and the standard deviation of heading deviation is 0.57 deg.ConclusionThe proposed rows detection algorithm could achieve state-of-the-art performance. Besides, this method could ensure the normal spraying speed by adapting to different shadow interference and the randomness of crop row growth. In terms of the applications, it could be used as a reference for the navigation line fitting of other growing crops in complex environments disturbed by shadow.

STUDY ON RESIDUAL DEFORMATION OF GRADED AGGREGATE BASE IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT BY USING ABAQUS SOFTWARE

This article presents deformation characteristics and the residual deformation behavior of the graded aggregate base in the flexible pavement under changes of load and elastic modulus of the material layers. The finite element model is presented by using software Abaqus in order to simulate and analyze the influence of several parameters on the accumulating residual deformation of the aggregate layers. The result of the analysis data shows that, when reducing the dynamic elastic modulus of the surface layers or the elastic modulus of the foundation layers, the residual deformation in the graded aggregate base increases a certain amount about (30÷40)%, but when increasing the pressure of wheel acting on the road surface, the residual deformation in the graded aggregate base will increase rapidly about (80÷180)%. Therefore, this is a criterion that should be seriously considered and strictly controlled when designing pavements. The results can be used as the reference database for the calculation, design, and exploitation of this pavement

Determination of the stability of a three-layer shell of a traveling wheel with light filler

Purpose. Development of a calculation methodology for three-layer cylindrical shell stability, which will significantly improve the calculation practice for these structures regarding the determination of critical external pressure. Methodology. When determining the critical external pressure, the method of variational calculation using the Euler equation of the mixed variational problem was used. To determine three-layer cylindrical shell stability, the factors of significant influence on its strength and stability were taken into consideration, namely the reduced modulus of a three-layer wall elasticity. Bending stiffness Dh was substituted with flexural stiffness of three-layer shell with account for the shear deformation. Findings. The current situation of the three-layer cylindrical shell stability issue is investigated. Using the variational calculation methods via the Euler equation of the mixed variational problem an equation is composed of equality condition of inner and external force action of an orthotropic structure, which is under the state of neutral equilibrium with radial displacement. The previously obtained equation for radial displacements having been taken and applied to the system potential energy per unit of length equation, an equation for the critical pressure determination is determined. The analytical solution obtained was proposed for the structure of the crane travelling wheel with an elastic insert. Pcr 1267MPa was obtained. The allowable wheel pressure on rail for the crane travelling wheels is adopted to be within 250 MPa, i.e. the available stability margin is nc 1267/250 5.1. As we can see, the stability margin is more than sufficient. Originality. A new methodology for the three-layer cylindrical shell under external pressure calculation is developed. A quantitative assessment of the crane travelling wheel with flexible insert critical pressure is carried out. Practical value. A determination methodology for critical pressure of a three-layer cylindrical structure under external pressure is created.

Optimal Design of Mix Proportion of Hot-Mix Epoxy Asphalt Mixture for Steel Bridge Decks and Its Anti-Slip Performance

To solve the problem of the insufficient anti-slip performance of steel bridge deck wear layers, a kind of new epoxy asphalt mixture FAC-10 (Full Epoxy Asphalt Content is shortened to FAC) is proposed in this paper based on the design method of an asphalt-rich mix proportion. The FAC-10 pavement layer was tracked and tested using a pavement texture tester to study the change in its skid resistance under traffic load from a macroscopic and microscopic perspective. The influence of traffic load on the deformation of the FAC-10 wearing layer was also simulated and analyzed via lab tests. The results show that the new FAC-10 epoxy asphalt mixture is superior to the traditional EA-10 epoxy asphalt mixture in terms of skid resistance. During the monitoring and testing period, the three-dimensional (3D) structure depth of the pavement surface showed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend, while the density of microtexture distribution showed the opposite trend. After a wheel pressure rutting test, the rutted slab showed slight deformation and a certain degree of reduction in 3D structure depth; the deformation of the rutted slab mainly occured in the surface layer, and the internal deformation was negligible.

A Numerical Study on the Influences of Non-Pneumatic Tyre Shape on the Wheel Aerodynamics

Abstract: In the present work, the aerodynamic characteristics of two different tyre shapes, Slick Tyre (ST) and Non-Pneumatic Tyre (NPT), fitted to a rotating wheel, has been investigated using a CFD approach. The ST wheel has been primarily utilized to examine the adopted numerical model's validity. The ST wheel pressure coefficient (Cp) profile at its central plane (XY) has directly compared with the robust experimental data experienced from the literature. Further assessments on the computationally obtained outcomes such as drag coefficient, separation and stagnation angular locations are performed. Both wheel cases are compared concerning their aerodynamic coefficients and the flow characteristics around the wheel. Besides, for the NPT wheel case, a shape-optimization study changes the wheel side profile's spokes angle (α) is conducted. The dynamic action of wheel rotation is modelled using the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) technique, and the RNG k- ࢿ is utilized as the adopted turbulence model for Averaged Reynolds Navier Stokes equations (RANS). All cases run at 30 m/s upstream velocity to be within the fully developed flow regime (supercritical regime). That is equivalent to 6.8 ×105 Reynolds number based on the wheel diameter as the characteristic length. In general, the overall obtained results give a satisfactory agreement to those measured experimentally. In conclusion, The NPT wheel, compared to the ST wheel, has a dramatic increase in drag force by approximately 31%, while a slightly raised lift force is obtained. The minimized spoke angle came with a beneficial drag reduction, while the applied resistive moment remained relatively high. Keywords: automotive aerodynamics; wheel aerodynamics, tyre CFD; rotating wheel dynamics; MRF wheel simulation; airless tyre aerodynamics, non-pneumatic tyre aerodynamics.

Method for Determining the Pressure of a Pneumatic Wheel on the Soil

A method for determining the pressure of a pneumatic wheel on the soil is proposed. The method consists in measuring the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the axles of a self-propelled vehicle, its speed and air pressure in the tire. The research results allow the developers of vehicles fitted with pneumatic wheels to choose rational characteristics of tires and optimal parameters of the oscillatory system of wheeled tractors, which help to reduce soil compaction.

Methodology for Assessing the Stability of Drilling Rigs Based on Analytical Tests

Underground mining machines, such as wheel-tyre drilling rigs, are articulated and equipped with booms that project far beyond the undercarriage. Such a structure makes these machines prone to losing stability. Hence, it is necessary to analyse the distribution of masses and geometry as well as their broadly understood stability during the entire design process, taking into account many factors resulting from the manner and conditions of their operation. However, there are no appropriate computational models that would enable analytical tests to be carried out for machines with this kind of construction. This article is concerned with the author’s computational model, which allows the stability of single- and twin-boom drilling rigs to be quickly assessed. The model makes it possible to perform analyses without having to solve differential equations that are present in dynamic models or using specialist software based on CAD and CAE tools. The developed model allows determination of the pressure of wheels and jacks as a function of many important parameters and variables. Additionally, the distances of the centre of gravity from the tipping edge are calculated. The developed computational model was verified by comparing the obtained results with the results of the full dynamic model, the results of model tests carried out in the CAD/CAE program, and the results of empirical tests of wheel and jack pressures on the ground for the selected drilling rig. The model was subjected to verification and validation, which proved that it was fully correct and useful. The model was used to prepare a practical and user-friendly calculation sheet. Apart from the numerical values, the calculation sheet contains a graphical representation of the machine, the location of the centre of gravity, the tipping edges, as well as graphs of the wheel and jack pressures. Next, analytical tests of the stability of the selected drilling rig were carried out. The obtained calculation results are consistent with the results of empirical research. The computational model and the spreadsheet provide handy tools used during the design process by one of the Polish company’s producing drilling rigs.