Role Of Press Research Articles

The Impact of Academic Press and Student Teacher Relationship on Childrens Emotional Adjustment

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the academic press and student teacher relations on emotional adjustment in children aged 7-8 years. This study used a survey method with 132 respondents in East Jakarta, selected using stratified multistage cluster random sampling. Data collection uses three research instruments in the form of scales 1-3 which is adapted and developed from research indicators using student academic survey press with reliability values (α = .465), short version Student Teacher Relationship Scale (α = .599), and School Liking and Avoidance Questionnaire (α = .715). The results showed that 1) academic press did not had a direct negative effect on emotional adjustment, 2) teacher-student relations had a direct positive effect on emotional adjustment, and 3) academic press and teacher relations simultaneously had a positive effect on emotional adjustment which explained indirect effect of the academic press on emotional adjustment through student teacher relations as a mediator. This indirect influence illustrates that in a state of high positive relations, the academic press's role that the teacher seeks is understood by students as a way for teachers to improve achievement and emotional adjustment. In addition, the positive effect was increasing greater when academic press related together with the teacher-student relationship compared to the partial effect of student relations on emotional adjustment. This greater effect requires a ranking of the partial correlation of the teacher-student relation which is above or greater than the ranking of the partial academic press only.

The Lectures of Jacob A. Riis

Jacob A. Riis, a Danish carpenter turned journalist and social reformer, has cemented his name in American history with his written and photographed documentation of the ailments of New York's tenements in the late nineteenth century. Contrary to many of his contemporary reporters, Riis detailed with great indignation the poor living standards that challenged immigrants' lives in America. He spent several years working as a police reporter and came to fame with his book How the Other Half Lives, an accumulation of Riis's observations and frustrations with tenement life in America. While Riis remains primarily known for his work as a reporter and photographer, this article seeks to explore his later career, which he spent lecturing in America's assembly houses and churches. This article presents an overview of Riis's personal life and the social conditions about which he came to lecture. Furthermore, the article assesses the press's role in the public perception of Riis and his work through a qualitative analysis of fifteen newspaper articles written about Riis's lectures between 1900 and 1914. Riis became fused into America's conscience as a heroic social reformer through universal praise in the newspaper stories that reported on his lectures. He became a walking symbol of assimilation in a divided nineteenth-century America, or as president Theodore Roosevelt called him, an “ideal American.” For a sample of a Riis lecture, see “Artifact” on Page 31.

Behind the scenes of JAC: the publisher's role.

In this brief article, we focus on Oxford University Press's role as the publisher of the JAC and how it supports authors and readers. The article defines the role of the publisher, as opposed to the Editorial team, Editorial Office or Society owner. It reviews three key functions at the publisher, namely, editorial, production and marketing.

A Public Press? Evaluating the Viability of Government Subsidies for the Newspaper Industry

Despite the availability of information from online news organizations and new media outlets, newspapers remain the primary contributor of new content to the marketplace of information and ideas-integral in setting the agenda for public discourse, connecting readers with their communities, reducing the costs of citizen oversight on elected officials, and producing investigative and local news reports. But newspaper economics have sparked massive reductions in editorial operations and threaten the press's role in American democratic society. The strong public interest in preserving the newspaper industry should compel Congress to stabilize the press. Journalists, politicians, and legal scholars have discussed many possible solutions. This Comment evaluates the practical and constitutional questions raised by two potential public subsidy programsdirect government funding and indirect support by facilitating newspaper conversion to nonprofit status-and whether such programs could be administered without jeopardizing the Fourth Estate's independence. This Comment argues that direct subsidies, though they could be tailored to survive constitutional challenge and to protect editorial independence, cannot deliver a feasible long-term solution. Indirect subsidies likely would only be available to newspapers following an amendment to the U.S. tax code and even then would provide limited benefit to qualiying newspapers until they have developed a fundraising base. Yet, this Comment concludes that subsidies could stabilize the press practically if Congress combined direct funding and tax-based incentives into a hybrid similar to that utilized by public radio.

Becoming the Second City: Chicago's Mass News Media, 1833-1898

Richard Junger's account of nineteenth-century Chicago will seem warmly familiar to readers who know that city's history, and generally entertaining to those who do not. Junger's book identifies a gap in our knowledge of the press that historians have not adequately filled. Although Chicago's contributions to the American newspaper business are legendary, its press has never attracted the systematic analysis it deserves, in part because of the sheer unruliness and scale of any such project, in part because the Chicago fire of 1871 destroyed so many crucial early records. The book's title leads readers to expect an analysis of how the daily press contributed to what Junger calls “Chicago's first-city crusade” (p. 192). He notes many examples of Chicago's self-conscious efforts to portray itself as the emerging dominant American city, although the book does not offer much evidence for the press's role in coordinating an ongoing, deliberate crusade. Windy self-promotion was the norm in most western cities of the nineteenth century, as Daniel Boorstin noted years ago in The Americans: The National Experience (1965). After the Civil War, Chicago had reasons to take its own dreams more seriously. Even then, however, the crusade seemed more urgent at some moments than others, as when newspaper editors and reporters vigorously promoted the city as a site for the 1893 world's fair or debated the accuracy of census statistics, hoping to gain an edge over New York. In long sections of the book, the Chicago-press-as-first-city-booster theme nearly disappears.

Abraham Lincoln and Press Suppression Reconsidered

During the Civil War the federal government was responsible for the greatest amount of newspaper suppression in the nation's history. More than 300 newspapers were shut down, most of them Democratic papers that were sympathetic to the Confederacy. Some historians have criticized President Abraham Lincoln for allowing such widespread constraints on the press. This article reconsiders the nature of Lincoln's view of press freedom. Based on a letter the president sent to a Union general, it concludes that Lincoln changed his thinking about midway through the war and began to believe that suppression of the press was not the appropriate policy. This article examines Southern editors' views of Abraham Lincoln from 1860–1865. The press's role in shaping, defining, and reflecting the public's views of Lincoln was crucial for the region's readers, many of whom did not even know the Illinois lawyer in 1860. Southern press views of Lincoln are examined during five key periods: the president's election and inaugural address; the opening of the war; his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation; the election of 1864; and Lincoln's assassination. The research finds a diversity of Southern press views for much of 1860. Once war was declared, however, editorial criticism did not subside until the president's death. Even then, some newspaper editors voiced happiness at the assassination.

Freedom of the Press and Catholic Social Thought: Reflections on the Sexual Abuse Scandal in the Catholic Church in the United States

The article argues for the development of Catholic social teaching on freedom of the press. After examining the press's role in the recent sexual abuse scandal in the Church in the United States, the author reviews this role in light of current Catholic social teaching on the press. Finally, he examines the challenges of a development in the teaching, appealing to the thought of Charles Taylor, David Hollenbach, and Kenneth Himes, and arguing for a model of self-understanding by which the Church can efficaciously engage the free press as an indispensable interlocutor in a democratic civil society.

The Press as a Watchdog for Accounting Fraud

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the press's role as a monitor or “watchdog” for accounting fraud. I find that the press fulfills this role by rebroadcasting information from other information intermediaries (analysts, auditors, and lawsuits) and by undertaking original investigation and analysis. Articles based on original analysis provide new information to the markets while those that rebroadcast allegations from other intermediaries do not. Consistent with a dual role for the press, I find that business‐oriented press is more likely to undertake original analysis while nonbusiness periodicals focus primarily on rebroadcasting. I also investigate the determinates of press coverage, finding systematic biases in the types of firms and frauds for which articles are published. In general, the press covers firms and frauds that will be of interest to a broad set of readers and situations that are lower cost to identify and investigate.

MARK HAMPTON. Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850- 1950. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2004. Pp. ix, 218. $35.00

The subject of this book is not the modern British newspaper. It focuses instead on social commentary about the British press, from the abolition of the “taxes on knowledge” to the 1949 report of the Royal Commission on the Press. Within that century-long discussion, Mark Hampton identifies four main threads. The first, which flourished between 1850 and 1880, was the high Victorian “educational ideal”: the mission of the press was conceived to be intensive coverage of parliamentary politics, reasoned argument, and moral uplift. That was followed by a descent (from 1880 to 1914) into the New Journalism, which was widely criticized for feeding lightweight “human interest” stories to office boys, women, and other “semi-educated” readers. In the same period, however, a rival discourse emphasized the press's role as public tribune: a “Fourth Estate” that not only educated the masses, but also gave voice to the popular will in campaigns for social reform. Finally, after 1914, the rise of big newspaper combines and the perfection of propaganda techniques in the two world wars aroused fears that an oligarchy of press lords was successfully manipulating politicians and public opinion.

The Role of the Press in a Democracy: Heterodox Economics and the Propaganda Model

The central thesis of this paper is that there is need to reinstitute the public purpose requirement for broadcast licensing. On that path, this paper develops an instrumentalist concept of democracy and from there expands to evaluate the ideological function of the press. With a conceptualization of democracy and the press's role established, this paper addresses what is interfering with the news media's ability to inform and educate the citizenry and the consequences of this corruption of media democracy. Recent deregulation and concentration of ownership of media, and controversies concerning the reporting of the war in Iraq have cast doubt on the independence of the press and the vitality and viability of American democracy. In this light, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model (1988) deserves further consideration. It also is important to examine Karl Polanyi's protective response to the media democracy crisis: the citizenry's dramatic attempts to change the trajectory of news away from corporate serfdom to a renewed sense of public purpose. In addition, this paper contends that the retrenchment of the public interest standard makes it necessary to reestablish that standard based on a democracy criterion as a requirement for continued free use of the broadcast spectrum.

Newspapers in Victorian Britain

AbstractThis article argues that while the prolific scholarship on the Victorian press arguably does not constitute a coherent research field that engages with common concerns, broader trends can be identified into which much of the scholarship falls. Specifically, many studies of the Victorian press can be categorized around three questions: the level of continuity or rupture between mid‐Victorian newspapers and the New Journalism beginning in the 1880s; the press's role in social control; and the role of the press in buttressing and challenging separate spheres ideologies.

A Chance to Build for Our Selves

Black Press Boosterism in Oklahoma, 1891-1915 I 1891, the editor of the Langston City Herald, an Oklahoma-based black newspaper which circulated in the South, asked: How long, oh! how long will the thrifty people of our race put up with the treatment they receive in many, and in fact, most parts of the south. The article added: Why not come to Oklahoma where are [sic] peace, happiness and prosperity, coupled with that best of all blessings, absolute political liberty.You have ten chances of success here where you have one in the south.1 Editor William L. Eagleson was one of several black newspaper editors in Oklahoma who used their journals to promote migration to Oklahoma. Eagleson's call struck a chord with many African Americans, almost 100,000 of whom migrated to Oklahoma from 1889 to 1910.2 African American migration to the Plains was part of a broader, regular pattern of migration from the South toward the North and West following the Civil War. occurred within the South and across state lines as people searched for work and land and sought to escape from violence and restrictive laws.3 The westward movement attracted African Americans who saw the West as a promised land-largely unpopulated, free from the well-established racial norms and policies of the East, and thus, they believed, a land where they could live in peace and receive all the inherent rights and promises of a democratic society. Thousands of African Americans made the decision to move west on their own. Others were encouraged by ministers, town site promoters, and the black press. Many of the leading African American editorial voices, including the Washington, D.C. New National Era, the Indianapolis Freeman, the New York Freeman, and the Baltimore American Citizen, encouraged southern blacks to move to the Plains, first to Kansas in the 1870s and then to Oklahoma and the Dakotas a decade later.5 These publications' editors promoted migration as the only means by which African Americans could potentially gain equality, political franchise, and self-determination.6 Editors noted that only when large numbers of blacks left the South, thus draining the labor pool, would white attitudes and behaviors change.7 Although it is impossible to ascertain the full impact these newspapers had in encouraging western migration, historians note that the black press played a significant role in encouraging the Great Black March Westward8 The black press's ability to encourage migration can be attributed to the fact that the press and the church are the only two institutions blacks have historically controlled thus providing crucial pulpits, of sorts, for African American views.9 The black press that emerged in Oklahoma, particularly in the area's all-black towns, also encouraged the migration by boosting their town sites and the region as well as telling settlers what awaited them. Copies of these newspapers were distributed throughout the South by land salesmen.10 Readers who received the publications from these Oklahoma towns discovered communities run by African Americans who welcomed most blacks.11 his study examines the promotional rhetoric used by the editors of four newspapers to help settle, then expand, their communities.12 The research attempts to help fill voids in both black press history and black migration history, first by examining some largely understudied publications to determine how journalism and promotion intersected to encourage largescale social migration. Much of the scholarship on the postCivil War black press's role in encouraging migration has focused largely on one paper, the Chicago Defender, and the Great Migration that occurred when thousands of African Americans left the South largely for northern cities around the time of World War I.13 Less attention has been paid to the parallel role the western black press played in encouraging the earlier western migration. …

Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election

Electoral research acknowledges the growing significance of the mass media in contemporary campaigns, but scholars are divided on the nature of this influence. Using a unique database that includes both media content and public opinion, we examine the flow of partisan information from newspapers to the voters and assess the press's role in electoral politics and citizen learning. We find that the American press does not present clear and singular messages about presidential elections but, rather, multiple messages about the candidates and the campaign. In addition, perception of the information is shaped as much by an individual's political views as by the objective content. Despite the mixed messages, we find that a newspaper's editorial content is significantly related to candidate preferences in 1992. These results challenge the minimal effects interpretation of the media, because local newspapers can play a significant role in providing cues that influence voters' electoral calculus.

Scandinavian University Press's Role as a Publisher in the Digital Future

Summary The level of activity among libraries and publishers in Scandinavia with regard to electronic journals is relatively low. However, the interest in and discussions of this subject are widespread and it is on almost everybody's agenda. Some electronic journals are considered, including the Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logicand several pilot projects are also presented and discussed. There are considerably more initiatives in the international arena, and one important conclusion is that the development of electronic versions of scientific journals makes the world “smaller,” that is, it is less difficult for the regional publisher to reach the international community of scientists. Many of the challenges that publishers face in the world of e-journals are considered, including copyright, fair use, one-stop-shopping, access control, printing, pricing and licensing. The traditional system of scholarly communication has emerged over a period of hundreds of years and is now well-established regionally as well as internationally. This article attempts to identify whether there are specific characteristics with regard to new ways of disseminating scientific results in the Scandinavian region, and looks into practical experiences from the development of electronic journals.

`China Daily' Coverage of Rural Development

This study is a content analysis of 214 articles and columns about mainland Chinese rural development which appeared in China Daily in 1992-5. Basic findings were as follows: (1) the paper reported on varied objects of coverage, apparently reflecting the Chinese government's opening to the West on economic matters; (2) quoted news sources were dominated by government-controlled institutions, presumably reflecting Deng Xiaoping's lack of `opening' in the political sphere; (3) coverage focused heavily on government-approved solutions in rural development, not on causal factors, advantages or disadvantages of existing circumstances. Data were analyzed in line with information-processing theory and were interpreted in light of Aggarwala's and Altschull's concepts about the press's role in development.

Fragile equality: A black paper's portrayal of race relations in late 19th century Cleveland

The Cleveland Gazette was established in the midst of the major civil rights setbacks of the late 19th century. Although Cleveland, Ohio, provided a racially liberal climate, the Gazette revealed incidents of discrimination against Blacks and demanded that the incidents be corrected. As the Gazette reflected and commented on interracial behavior, it not only exemplified the Black press's role as a barometer for race relations, but also the importance of racial equality in a democratic society.

The Press and the French Revolution after Two Hundred Years

As one contemplates the number of conferences and publications inspired by the bicentennial of the events of 1789, it is difficult to believe that only twenty years ago the study of the Revolution was a somnolent field, whose leading practitioners themselves believed that the main outlines of the revolutionary story were so well established that little of interest remained to be learned about it. The outpouring of new scholarly ideas inspired by the bicentennial has renewed practically every subspecialty in the domain of French revolutionary studies, and the history of the revolutionary press has been among those most affected. Long treated as a modest supplement to the political history of the Revolution, the study of the revolutionary press now appears as a critical bridge between the culture of the Revolution, one of the branches of revolutionary studies that has grown the most in the hothouse of bicentennial celebration, and the realm of high politics. New publications have extended our base of factual knowledge, synthesized the findings of twenty years of recent research, and in the case of Claude Labrosse and Pierre Retat's Naissance du journal re'volutionnaire, offered a bold new interpretation of the press's role in the Revolution. Of the modern subspecialties in the history of the French Revolu-