Press Law Research Articles

Press Law Research Mapping; Using Bibliometrics

This research aims to determine the direction of press law research trends, identify relationships between other scientific concepts based on press law keywords. The method used in this research is bibliometric analysis, the data used was taken from Scopus in the period 2013-2023. Data collection was carried out based on the Scopus database. Data collection was carried out using Publish or Perish software as metadata with a total of 26 articles obtained. Data analysis was carried out using Vosviewer software as a bibliometric analysis medium. The results of the research show that press law research mapping has increased, in terms of quantity it has increased. The highest publication growth occurred in 2021, reaching 28 journals (23%), while in 2005 the lowest publication was 2 publications (2%), in 2013 there were no Scopus publications.

Press Freedom in Romania: Regulation, Realities, and Expectations in the Context of Adopting New European Regulations

Part of the freedom of expression, press freedom is guaranteed in Romania by the fundamental law. After the repeal, in 2012, of the press law adopted during the communist period, no new press law has been adopted. There have been initiatives in this regard, but the opposition from journalists, who feared the introduction of restrictions on press freedom, has been stronger. Although Romanian legislation is, as stated, aligned with European standards, in reality, the freedom of the press in Romania has been subject to some criticism. Reports from international organisations, such as Reporters Without Borders, have highlighted various issues, such as political pressures on journalists, self-censorship in the media, and excessive concentration of ownership in the media industry.The adoption of new European regulations could bring significant changes to the field of press freedom in Romania. Such regulations could impose higher standards for protecting journalists against political pressures and could promote transparency and pluralism in the media. In consequence, the adoption of new European regulations is expected to bring significant benefits for press freedom in Romania, strengthening the role of a free press in democratic society and contributing to the protection of citizens' fundamental rights to information and media pluralism. Keywords: Press freedom; Political pressure on journalists; European regulations; Right to information and media pluralism

Hybrid digital authoritarianism in Turkey: the ‘Censorship Law’ and AI-generated disinformation strategy

ABSTRACT This article introduces the concept of hybrid digital authoritarianism, a model of digital governance that combines consolidated digital authoritarian practices with strategically limited digital freedoms to sustain a façade of democratic governance. The evolution of Turkey’s digital governance, marked by the enactment of the ‘censorship law/disinformation law’ in October 2022, represents a deliberate shift toward more entrenched digital authoritarianism. The dissemination of pro-government AI-generated disinformation, particularly targeting opposition during the 2023 national and presidential elections and the 2024 local elections, underscores Turkey’s progression towards a more consolidated form of digital authoritarianism. This study examines the impact of recent legislative changes, including the contentious Press Law and Internet Regulation Law, and the role of AI-generated disinformation in shaping Turkey’s digital governance.

Ethical and Legal Model of the Cybermedia: Case Study in North Sumatra, Indonesia

In the new media era, most violations cases of press ethics and law are made by cybermedia in Indonesia. At the same time, cybermedia is one of the factors driving national stability, as well as a factor encouraging democratization. This study aimed to determine the ethical and legal model indicators of cybermedia from the Indonesia Cybermedia Union (SMSI) of North Sumatra case study. The research is a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Data were collected from interviews with 39 journalists through questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGD) with two press experts, two North Sumatra SMSI administrators and an honorary board member of the press organization. The results of this study indicated that five problems were indicators of models for implementing press ethics and law in cybermedia. First, increasing the competence of journalists in several ways, such as encouraging journalists to take the journalist competency tests and conducting training; second, encouraging cybermedia verification by the Press Council; third, providing legal assistance for journalists who were caught in the law; fourth, following the existing rules of press ethics and law. This was done because cybermedia did not have its own rules of ethics and press law; fifth, conducting an interaction model with stakeholders through journalist competency test activities.

Impact of Criminal Code’s Articles 263 & 264: A Critical Look at Press Freedom and Human Rights

The public, human rights advocates, and media practitioners have engagedin significant debate regarding Articles 263 and 264 of the new CriminalCode (KUHP). These articles establish laws that criminalize spreadingfalse news that could cause social unrest. The punishments for spreadingsuch information vary depending on the severity and intention behind itsdissemination. Articles 263(1) and (2) differentiate between intentionallyspreading false information that the perpetrator knows is untrue andspreading information that is reasonably believed to be false. The punishmentfor this offense can be imprisonment for up to six years or a maximumfine of category V. Article 264 specifically addresses the act of spreadingfalse information that the perpetrator knows is untrue. Meanwhile, Article264 specifically addresses the act of spreading ambiguous, exaggerated,or incomplete news. Those found guilty can face a maximum penalty oftwo years in prison or a category III fine. This study utilizes normativelegal methodologies, which include statutory, conceptual, comparative,and futuristic approaches. The research design is characterized by bothdescriptive and prescriptive elements. Content analysis was conductedto evaluate the collected data. The study’s findings illustrate that theprimary objective of Articles 263 and 264 of the new Criminal Code is tomaintain public order and deter riots that may arise as a consequence of thedissemination of incorrect information. Nevertheless, these provisions havebeen criticized for their potential to be used as a means to suppress pressfreedom and limit public expression, both of which are fundamental aspectsof democracy and the protection of human rights. Concerns have beenraised about the potential impact of the implementation of these articles onthe protection of press freedom as guaranteed by the Press Law.

Analisis Isi Penggunaan Kode Etik Foto Jurnalistik Pada Berita Kecelakaan Di Tribun Jambi

The Journalistic Code of Ethics plays a very important role in the world of the press as a guide to the values of the journalistic profession, so that the journalistic code of ethics must be understood and implemented by journalists. This research is motivated by problems in implementing the photojournalism code of ethics. The aim of this research is to find out how the photojournalism code of ethics is applied to accident news on Tribunjambi.com. The research approach that researchers use is a qualitative approach with content analysis. Qualitative research is research used to examine the condition of natural objects where the researcher is the core instrument. The types of data used in this research are primary data and secondary data with data collection through documentation, observation and interviews. Apart from that, data analysis techniques use data reduction, data presentation and data verification and are continued by checking the validity of the data. The results of this research can be concluded that the application of the code of ethics for photojournalism in general is still not in accordance with press law. Likewise with the journalistic code of ethics which regulates the work of journalists and media in broadcasting photos in news stories. Like other online media, the Tribunjambi.com website will of course try to implement the photojournalism code of ethics every day, but when implementing the photojournalism code of ethics, it is certainly not as easy as desired and expected. Factors that support Tribunjambi.com in implementing a journalistic code of ethics are the provision that Tribunjambi.com provides to its journalists before creating and broadcasting a story, looking for journalists who already have an understanding of the journalistic code of ethics, and providing advice and infrastructure that journalists need. and staff, while the inhibiting factor that journalists, editors in chief and publishers may face in implementing the code of ethics for photojournalism is that they forget or do not pay attention that photos containing sadistic elements should be blurred Keywords: Analysis, Code of Ethics, Photojournalism, Accident

New Media and Their Implications for the Press Law

New Media and Their Implications for the Press Law

Some Inadequacies of the Press Law in 2016 - Current Status and Directions for Completion

Some Inadequacies of the Press Law in 2016 - Current Status and Directions for Completion

ON SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF POSTCARDS IN THE GERMAN-CZECH CONFLICT AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Postcards as a reflection of German-Czech contradictions in the period of the Badeni crisis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries have more than once been the subject of study. The research novelty of this article lies in the fact that the problem is examined not through postcard images themselves, but from the point of view of the primary functionality of postcards as a means of communication and a commercial product. The author focuses on commercial, postal-technical, consumer practices, institutional and legal aspects, as well as the reception of postcard messages, both individual and public. Various national associations and private entrepreneurs, main producers of postcards, oft en deliberately radicalized their content in their political or commercial interests. The specificity of the postcard as a means of postal communication and its mass appeal served as the basis for unique practices in mobilizing supporters and criticizing opponents by “cartographical attacks”. Even the design of postcard forms was a means of national struggle and expression of personal position. Publishers of the respective orientations designed them in the “German” or “Czech” spirit, while the official position was to refuse any name for this postal product. At the same time, the numerous variants of handwritten edits concerning all the constituent parts of the postcard (technical design of the form, address, and stamp) allowed users to state their position on the national question. Th e legal side of postcards’ production, functioning and existence was determined, on the one hand, by conditions which were common to other types of printed matter, in particular, by the liberal press law of 1868, and, on the other hand, by postal regulations that periodically withdrew certain postcards from circulation. All this became the subject of litigations and debates in parliament and thus provided a way for postcards to enter the public sphere and, accordingly, served to attract further public attention to the national conflict and its aggravation.

Analisis Hukum dan Etika terhadap Tanggung Jawab PERS di Masyarakat Indonesia

The text discusses the rules and ethics of journalism, focusing on guiding individuals or groups in managing the behavior of the press, broadcasting, and mass media from the process of news gathering, writing, composition, and dissemination. The research methodology used in this study is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to determine the most appropriate method. The research applies three stages: planning, implementation, and analysis of the results, which analyze the results of the Literature Review conducted by the author. Based on the research results and discussions regarding the analysis of Indonesian press law and ethics in being accountable for press coverage that can trigger conflicts in society, it can be concluded that reporting that can trigger conflicts in society is through the right of reply (Article 5 paragraph [2] Press Law) and the right of correction (Article 5 paragraph [3] Press Law).

The Fourth Estate Unbound: Examining Press Law and Ethics in the Digital Age in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the digital age has transformed the media landscape, ushering in new opportunities and challenges for press freedom, law, and ethics. This paper investigates the evolving role of the press in Indonesia's digital era, with a specific focus on the legal and ethical dimensions. It delves into the implications of online platforms and social media on news dissemination, exploring the regulatory frameworks governing journalism and the ethical dilemmas faced by journalists. Additionally, it examines the impact of digital technology on media ownership, censorship, and the proliferation of misinformation. Through case studies and scholarly research, the paper seeks to provide insights into how Indonesian media can navigate these complexities while upholding press freedom and ethical standards. Key areas of analysis include the historical context of press freedom, integrity in online news reporting, challenges to traditional media outlets, strategies for combating misinformation, and the legal implications of digital journalism. Ultimately, the paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how Indonesia's media can adapt and thrive in the digital age while maintaining their essential role as guardians of democracy and public discourse.

Analyzing Religious Conflicts On Social Media Based On The First Principle Of Pancasila

The development of communication technology is accelerating. Whatever happens in Indonesia can easily be sent through the Internet network. Social media is a communication and marketing tool where people can share their thoughts, ideas and experiences with others. It is a form of electronic media that allows people to create content and share it with the public. Social media has many positive and negative effects on society. If people do not use social media wisely and it goes viral, it can lead to unwanted conflicts. One of them is the religious conflict that is currently widespread, thus becoming a real threat to the Indonesian nation. The threat is not only in the real world, but also in cyberspace. Many people are indirectly uploading what is on their minds to social media, which can cause others to be offended. This is the beginning of religious conflict on social media. This is where the role of the government as well as the community is to understand that we live together in differences of ethnicity, religion and language. The role of the government can also be to firmly control the application of press laws and journalistic ethics. In addition, the role of the community is also important, namely by not being easily provoked by media coverage that is not balanced and seems to favor one particular group.

Public Interest Law in Criminal Code Article 310(3) as the Basis to Eliminate Crime in Journalism

In the Republic of Indonesia, legal norms and rules prioritize the public interest over state, group, and individual interests. Article 310 paragraph (3) of the Criminal Code allows for the removal of offenses committed in the public interest. However, using the public interest as a justification for press activities can lead to controversy due to unreliable or false news sources. Law No. 40 of 1999 concerning the Press, and the Press Council, an independent regulatory body established in 1966, protect press freedom and regulate the press according to the Journalistic Code of Ethics. However, due to perceived inadequacies, press violations are often resolved through press releases rather than relying on the Code as a legal basis. A normative legal research method was used to analyze the relationship between the Criminal Code and the Press Law, revealing that press freedom is a fundamental human right protected by the Constitution. The Press Law functions as a Lex specialis of the Criminal Code, addressing issues such as defamation, insults, and ridicule, and resolving disputes within the press while prioritizing the public interest over government interests.
 Keywords: Public Interest, Freedom of the Press

На пути к свободе слова: Особое совещание по составлению нового Устава о печати в 1905 г.

The article deals with the discussions that accompanied the work of the Special Council on drafting a new press statute in 1905. The Council, also known as the «D. F. Kobeko Commission», worked from February 10 to December 18, 1905. The minutes of its meetings, which served as the main source for the study, were deposited in the personal fund of the prominent statesman and public figure, lawyer A. F. Koni in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). Researchers who approached them earlier were primarily interested in the institutional aspects of the activity of the The Special Council: the procedure for its formation, composition, course and results of the meetings. The participants in the discussion, with their views, ideas and proposals, remained in the background. Meanwhile at the The Special Council was represented the expert community, organized on the authorities` initiative. In addition to officials, lawyers, publishers, journalists and public figures of various views were involved in drafting the new press law. This determined the problematic nature and acuteness of the discussions. During the meetings of the Special Council, the positions of the two most significant and influential groups of the Russian public – the ideological supporters and the convinced opponents of the reforms – were formulated and determined. Representatives of each of them were guided by different worldviews that determined their political and social position. In their judgments, which for the first time are considered comprehensively in historiography, they went much further than the issues of the press. Their discussions revealed their positions on the key issues of Russian public thought in 1905: representation of the people, constitutional state, political and civil liberties and revolution. The intellectual history`s methodology made it possible to place the statements of the members of the Council in a broad socio-political context. And the use of additional (mostly unpublished) office documents allowed to determine to what extent the Special Council corresponded to the key trends of the state policy in the field of press and propaganda. And to what extent the «D. F. Kobeko Commission» foresaw and determined these trends. On the basis of the study it is concluded that in 1905 the Russian public was widely integrated into the lawmaking process. This cooperation did not always bring legislative fruits. But it significantly changed the political agenda, considerably narrowing the «boundaries of permissible» for the supreme power.

Clickbait as a Potential Threat in the Development of Cybercrime in Indonesia

<p><em>This research examines the advancement and extensive diffusion of online news in Indonesia which contains discrepancies between the titles displayed and the content displayed (clickbait), where the content has the potential to contain backlinks that can carry a cybercrime. The purpose of this research is to assess the potential of clickbait in threatening the development of cybercrime in Indonesia, as well as to investigate the best legal regulations for eradicating clickbait in Indonesia. This research uses the normative legal research method followed by the interview method. The outcomes of this research point to the shift in news media from conventional to online making the target of online news journalists not only limited to reporting factual information but also pursuing a target audience of readers by using a clickbait title. The content of clickbait news that clearly does not match the title can deceive Indonesians, especially if accompanied by backlinks that actually spread many forms of cybercrime. In addition, it was found that there are no regulations in Indonesia that prohibit the dissemination of online news with clickbait, be it in the Press Law, ITE Law, Journalistic Code of Ethics, Cyber Media Reporting Guidelines, and the Criminal Code, which can be overcome by revising the ITE Law by adding related prohibitions in Article 28.</em></p>

Is The Intangible Compensated? The Problem of Compensation for Intangibles in Ḥanafī Madhhab and Late Ottoman Law

One feature distinguishing the fiqh madhhabs (sects) that emerged in Islamic history from each other is their theological and philosophical views. When the jurisprudence of the madhhabs is analysed, it is seen that the practical rulings emerge according to a particular theological and philosophical background. For example, the ontological background of the Ḥanafīs is reflected in their views on property, which one of the most fundamental issues of law. They considered existence from a material point of view. They did not accept the benefits that do not have a material existence and that arise depending on the substance of material assets as property in law. What is not property cannot be damaged. Therefore, it cannot be compensated. The Ḥanafīs adhered to their ontological principles to maintain their legal consistency. However, these principles caused some problems to arise over time. Although they overcame these problems with the principle of necessity, this was not enough to eliminate the problem. This problem came to the agenda even in the last periods of the Ottoman Empire. However, there was a new systematics in the field of law then. The issue was dealt with in the articles of law, not in the theoretical texts in which the accumulated knowledge of the madhhab was transmitted. The ontological principles of the Ḥanafīs were distributed to many areas of law within the new system. However, in the last period of the Ottoman Empire and contemporary studies, only the part of the subject reflected in the law of obligations has been addressed. However, areas such as the Press Law and the Penal Code seem to have been ignored, as well. When the other legal texts are analysed, a situation different from that in Med̲j̲elle stands out. The Press Law and the Penal Code had already done what the Med̲j̲elle commissions could do much later. In these laws, things that do not exist in material terms are legally recognized as property.

Implications of Case Resolution Mechanism Due to Press Coverage through Non-Litigation Channels

Today's news development in the media is very rapid, both traditional and electronic. Following technological developments, people can receive news from media worldwide directly through various means such as television, radio, newspapers, and even the Internet. Therefore, as a democratic country, Indonesia must be able to fulfill its obligation to guarantee press freedom and encourage the press to serve the interests of the public in seeking information. The national press appears increasingly free and unlimited in today's information technology era. For example, news considered harmful by a particular person or group can cause friction between the press and the public, giving rise to disputes over the behavior of press operators and news considered detrimental by certain groups. All disputes can be resolved through arbitration procedures stipulated in Law No. 40 of 1999 (from now on referred to as the Press Law) through mediation through non-judicial channels. However, not all disputes resolved in such a way can satisfy the parties and create legal certainty.

The Role of the Alliance of Independent Journalist (AJI) Palembang in Dealing with Hacking and Disinformation of Journalist

In the midst of the rampant hacking and disinformation efforts of journalists. The Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) Palembang continues to work on preventing hacking and disinformation, with the dynamics of rapid information transformation. Professional journalists are demanded not to get caught up in disinformation. The challenge of dealing with this problem is getting tougher when the onslaught of social media (Medsos) occurs. Social media is a public space for exchanging opinions and information which is very popular at this time. This is a challenge for the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) Palembang in determining the initial steps that must be taken in the role of preventing and protecting journalists who have experienced hacking and disinformation. Researchers used qualitative methods through documentation, observation and interview approaches. From the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the role of AJI in dealing with hacking and disinformation is through the workings of the press. This step is consistently carried out by AJI considering that hacking and disinformation are also often used to undermine press freedom or the credibility of press freedom defenders.
 AJI's goal is none other than to support a healthy information ecosystem for the public. In accordance with the Press Law number 40 of 1999, journalists have freedom in carrying out journalistic work. So there must be efforts of terror and silencing. Any physical or non-physical attacks and disinformation efforts cannot be justified. AJI sharply condemned these steps. In addition, AJI also provides digital security training and seeks to advocate for every journalist affected by digital attacks or disinformation for legal settlement.

Review of Press Law on Criminal News in Kedaulatan Rakyat Newspaper

Berita sebagai produk pers merupakan cuplikan peristiwa dari lapangan yang disajikan dalam realitas media dengan bersandarkan pada kebijakan redaksi. Masalah timbul ketika berita yang dimuat tidak sesuai Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers karena menonjolkan hiburan daripada sebagai sumber informasi yang dapat menunjang penegakan hukum. Akibatnya timbul keresahan dalam masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meninjau aspek normatif isi berita kriminal di surat kabar. Sampelnya dari berita Kedaulatan Rakyat terbitan 1 Mei 2023 sampai 31 Mei 2023. Metode penelitiannya adalah pendekatan hukum normatif dan analisis isi kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kedaulatan Rakyat bersifat hiburan sehingga kategori seni, budaya, olah raga dan hiburan mendominasi. Untungnya, berita hukum mendapatkan porsi yang tidak terlalu kecil. Kategori kriminal mendominasi berita hukum. Kategori penganiayaan, pembunuhan, senjata tajam dan senjata api menjadi perhatian utama dari berita kriminal. Sebagai sumber berita kriminal, Kepolisian dipilih sebagai narasumber utama. Kementerian Hukum dan HAM sebagai badan publik sesuai Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 hanya mendapatkan porsi kecil dalam berita kriminal.

Crime News in a Loyalist Press Environment

Several laws regulate and influence reporting on crime in the United Arab Emirates, a country in which journalism functions within a Loyalist Press environment. These include elements in the 1980 press law and the recently updated penal code and cybercrimes laws. This legislation can secure the confidentiality of police investigations, protect privacy, and prevent the spread of false information, but it can also hinder timely reporting and the dissemination of important facts. Viewed through the Social Responsibility theory of the press, its effects include preventing fulfillment of the media requirement of full access to current information. Additionally, factors such as an official emphasis on “happiness” may influence news coverage.