Senate President Ferdinand E. Marcos was President of the Liberal Party (LP), of which Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal is the leading member, when 1964 began. By November Senator Marcos had been nominated by the opposition Nacionalista Party (NP) to oppose Macapagal, who is seeking re-election in 1965. The most formidable challenge faced by Senator Marcos in his quest for the NP nomination came from another ex-Liberal, Vice President Emmanuel Pelaez. Senator Raul S. Manglapus, another member of the United Opposition (the Liberals and the Grand Alliance) which fought President Carlos P. Garcia in 1961, has left the LP and has sought to form a third force to challenge what he terms a two-faction one-party system. A fourth ranking Liberal leader also had serious differences with President Macapagal before the year ended but has not so far left the party. This was Speaker of the House of Representatives, Cornelio T. Villareal, who walked out of the LP convention November 28, apparently to protest Macapagal's failure to select him as his 1965 VicePresidential running-mate. An indication of the color of the political year ahead came early in January with the formal re-affiliation of Vice President Pelaez with the Nacionalista Party. Pelaez had first been a Liberal, then a Nacionalista and finally had re-joined the Liberals in 1959. In 1961 he was Macapagal's VicePresidential running-mate, and had contributed to the defeat of the incumbent Nacionalista President Garcia. Garcia did not forget this fact, and his support was one of several factors in the 777-444 defeat Marcos inflicted on Pelaez at the 1964 NP nominating convention on November 22. The immediate occasion for the break between Pelaez and Macapagal in 1963 had been a statement by a spokesman for the President that Pelaez, generally regarded as an unusually honest politician, had received money from deported American millionnaire Harry Stonehill, central figure in a scandal which broke early in the Macapagal administration. Senator Marcos had also been accused by Macapagal but did not split with him at this time. Marcos had withdrawn in favor of Macapagal in the struggle for the 1961 Liberal Party Presidential nomination and had hopes of becoming the party's standard-bearer in 1965 in view of Macapagal's pledge not to seek re-election. Tensions clearly heightened between the two men, however, as it became increasingly apparent that Macapagal would seek a second term. In April Macapagal obtained an amendment of Liberal Party rules to allow him to assume the Presidency of the party whenever he desired; Marcos left the Liberals and immediately joined the Nacionalistas. Seven months later,
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