Preservation Of Material Research Articles

Chronicle of Anatomical Education in Thailand: Experiences at Siriraj Medical School

Anatomical education in Thailand has advanced significantly since the first class at Siriraj Medical School in 1890. Gross anatomy was formerly taught by traditional lectures and demonstrations using human anatomical models until cadaveric dissection was officially integrated into the medical curriculum in 1906. Educational standard at the medical school was then raised to an international level during the reform of the medical curriculum with the cooperation of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1923-1935, with the main anatomical disciplines organized into correlated courses, and it has since been continuously improved to the present day. This review summarizes a brief history of anatomical education in Thailand based on experiences at Siriraj Medical School, together with detailing the most significant developments that have occurred over time. Advancements in cadaver preservation and modern educational materials for anatomy teaching are also covered. The primary goal of all advances in anatomical education is to provide students with positive learning experiences that will also improve their learning outcomes.

Leukocyte-Platelet Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) and L-PRF mixed with particulate xenograft as alveolar ridge preservation materials after extraction of teeth with chronic periapical infection (A randomized controlled clinical study with radiographic and histomorphometrical assessment)

Leukocyte-Platelet Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) and L-PRF mixed with particulate xenograft as alveolar ridge preservation materials after extraction of teeth with chronic periapical infection (A randomized controlled clinical study with radiographic and histomorphometrical assessment)

Dispensing Essential Oil Components through Cocrystallization: Sustainable and Smart Materials for Food Preservation and Agricultural Applications

The ever-increasing attention on environmental problems and sustainability has highlighted several problems related to the use of conventional pesticides in the agricultural industry, e.g., toxic residues in the soil and hazards to the environment and human health. In the search for natural antimicrobial and insecticide alternatives, essential oils (EOs) and their active components have emerged as promising candidates, but they suffer from some drawbacks related to their physical properties. We exploited cocrystallization with isonicotinamide, pyrazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, and 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline as a workaround to extend the applicability of carvacrol and thymol as natural pesticides, improving their ambient delivery profile. The cocrystals were prepared mechanochemically in a green solvent-free manner, and their purity, structure, and stability were investigated via powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, each cocrystal was also tested in terms of EO release by headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis over 14 days. We also report the conversion of a cocrystal to a new structure with different stoichiometry, which seems to afford a delayed boost of EO release that could be very interesting for food preservation applications.

Multilayers of Renewable Nanostructured Materials with High Oxygen and Water Vapor Barriers for Food Packaging.

Natural biopolymers have become key players in the preparation of biodegradable food packaging. However, biopolymers are typically highly hydrophilic, which imposes limitations in terms of barrier properties that are associated with water interactions. Here, we enhance the barrier properties of biobased packaging using multilayer designs, in which each layer displays a complementary barrier function. Oxygen, water vapor, and UV barriers were achieved using a stepwise assembly of cellulose nanofibers, biobased wax, and lignin particles supported by chitin nanofibers. We first engineered several designs containing CNFs and carnauba wax. Among them, we obtained low water vapor permeabilities in an assembly containing three layers, i.e., CNF/wax/CNF, in which wax was present as a continuous layer. We then incorporated a layer of lignin nanoparticles nucleated on chitin nanofibrils (LPChNF) to introduce a complete barrier against UV light, while maintaining film translucency. Our multilayer design which comprised CNF/wax/LPChNF enabled high oxygen (OTR of 3 ± 1 cm3/m2·day) and water vapor (WVTR of 6 ± 1 g/m2·day) barriers at 50% relative humidity. It was also effective against oil penetration. Oxygen permeability was controlled by the presence of tight networks of cellulose and chitin nanofibers, while water vapor diffusion through the assembly was regulated by the continuous wax layer. Lastly, we showcased our fully renewable packaging material for preservation of the texture of a commercial cracker (dry food). Our material showed functionality similar to that of the original packaging, which was composed of synthetic polymers.

Genipin-crosslinked amphiphilic chitosan films for the preservation of strawberry

As a material for films used to keep fruits fresh, chitosan has attracted extensive interest because of its advantages of degradability, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. In this study, two amphiphilic chitosan derivative films were prepared by crosslinking N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-butyl ether-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (HBCC) and N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-(2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether)-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (H2ECC)) with genipin, an excellent natural cross-linking agent. The microstructures, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, swelling ratios, light transmittance, wettability, thermal stability, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility of the crosslinked films were characterized. The results showed that the crosslinked films had compact structures, low moisture permeability, strong water resistance, strong ultraviolet resistance, unaffected visible light transmittance, and good hydrophilicity. Compared with the uncrosslinked films, the tensile strength of the genipin-crosslinked ones was increased by 328.33 % (HBCC) and 397.83 % (H2ECC). More importantly, the crosslinked films had strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and were non-toxic to endothelial cells. The crosslinked films could effectively prolong the preservation time of strawberries, inhibit the decay of strawberries, and inhibit the reduction of vitamin C in strawberries. In conclusion, genipin-crosslinked HBCC and H2ECC films are potential fruit preservation materials.

Efficacy of biosurfactant as a coating material for post-harvest preservation of jamun fruit (Syzygium cumini)

Syzygium cumini L., Indian blackberry, popularly known as ‘jamun’, is an extremely perishable fruit with high antioxidant, nutritive and medicinal values. The present study investigated the efficacy of biosurfactant alone and/or in combination with gum ghatti and xanthan gum as edible coating to enhance shelf life and quality of jamun fruit. Coating treatments included 3% gum ghatti (T1), 0.1% xanthan gum (T2), 2% biosurfactant (T3), 3% gum ghatti and 2% biosurfactant (T4), and 0.1% xanthan gum and 2% biosurfactant (T5). Fruit quality was checked at regular intervals by evaluating physiochemical parameters and enzyme assays. The coating treatments reduced weight loss and decay percentage of jamun compared to the control. The increase of total soluble solid concentration was less in fruits treated with gum ghatti ans well as xanthan gum and biosurfactant than in the control. Moreover, sugar (glucose, fructose and sucrose) concentration was lower in treated fruit, especially, in the treatment with biosurfactant alone and in combination with gum ghatti. Concentration of phenolic substances increased in fruit treated with biosurfactant and in combination with xanthan gum. Concentration of ascorbic acid remained unchanged in fruit coated with biosurfactant. Activity of cell wall degrading enzymes was reduced in biosurfactant-treated fruit throughout the storage period. Conclusively, biosurfactant can be used as a promising edible coating, as it delays metabolic changes, maintains firmness and quality of jamun, and therefore increases the shelf life of jamun during postharvest storage.

Issues Concerning the Use of Duplication Positives in Digitizing Analogue Films

The main required parameter of digital restoration is to preserve the original appearance of the restored film as it was presented at its première screening. However, there are two different approaches in looking at the nature of cinematic arts which in turn influence the preference of the master sources. The first one views the film as a preserved analogue archival material while the other views it as a live performance. The main premise of Method of Digital restored Autorizate (DRA) is to work with image scans taken at the highest resolution using the original film negatives, and to try to recreate the original appearance of the film performance through subsequent digital restoration. In contrast, there is a method recommended by FIAF to work preferentially with second-generation scans of positive copies of films and to maintain the appearance of preserved archival material. This paper analytically compares the results of both methods and draws attention to a very important parameter – the structure of the film image. It advocates the perception of film grain as one of the basic building blocks of film image formation. The result of the practical comparison is presented.

Novel Cu-bearing stainless steel: A promising food preservation material

• Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steel inhibits reproduction and adhesion of dominant bacteria in rich nutrient environment. • The increase of physical and chemical indexes including pH, TVB-N and nitrite contents results from food spoilage microorganism is weakened by Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steel. • The shelf life of produce and meat is extended by Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steel effectively. Food spoilage induced by microorganism leads to economic loss and is also a serious hazard to human health. The development of food preservation utensils with self-cleaning and antibacterial property is of great significance for interrupting the transmission of microorganism. In this study, we have simulated food preservation environment and studied a Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steel with different time to evaluate the effect of Cu on food preservation. The shelf life of food was extended to a certain extent by weakening the increased speed of physical and chemical indexes and deterioration degree of food morphology characteristics caused by microorganism. Furthermore, based on the antibacterial analysis results, Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steel inhibited reproduction of dominant bacteria in the rich nutrient environment. Thus, the Cu-bearing stainless steel reduced bacterial adhesion to the surface of the material and slowed the occurrence of food spoilage. The study provides evidence for application of Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steel in the area of food preservation.

Analisis Sikap Peduli Lingkungan Siswa di Salah Satu MAN pada Materi Pelestarian Lingkungan

The students' lack of environmental care attitude at one of the MAN Jakarta which was observed through observations during the second internship. This study aims to describe the environmental care attitude of students and the factors that influence it. This research uses descriptive quantitative analysis method with sampling technique using a questionnaire distributed through Google form. The population used was all students of class XI and XII IPA MAN Jakarta and then used the Cluster Random Sampling method and obtained a sample of 94 students. The results of this study found that the students' environmental care attitude on environmental preservation material in class X was in the medium category. The influencing factors include factors of daily habits at home, factors of self-awareness to care for the environment, factors of knowledge that students have, and factors of seeing organizations engaged in the environment.

Mung bean protein films incorporated with cumin essential oil: development and characterization

Abstract Biodegradable films based on mung bean protein (1, 3 and 5%) incorporated with cumin essential oil (EO) (0, 0.25 and 0.5 ml/g protein) were developed. Adding cumin oil and increasing the protein content enhanced the thickness, tensile strength and yellowness. Films incorporated with EO exhibited less water vapor permeability and water solubility, as compared to the control films. A higher antioxidant activity was also obtained by increasing the EO and protein ratios. Films with higher levels of protein displayed lower thermal stability with a lower degradation temperature, as suggested by thermo-gravimetric analyses. In addition, the incorporation of EO reduced thermal stability, as confirmed by the higher weight loss and lower degradation temperature. Furthermore, mung bean protein films containing 0.5 ml cumin oil/g protein had suitable physical characteristics, antioxidant activities, water barrier properties and thermal stability; thus, they can be used as appropriate biodegradable packaging materials for food preservation.

The effects of increasing preservative uptake by microwave pre-treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Oriental spruce wood

ABSTRACT In the microwave (MW) pre-treatment process, a constant MW energy intensity of 2158 MJ/m3 was applied by using 925 W (3700 sec.), 1295 W (2640 sec.) and 1850 W (1850 sec.) powers. Tanalith-E preservative material was used to determine the increase in impregnability of MW pre-treated wood. The mechanical properties of the treated wood specimens were tested to determine the degradation caused by exposure to the MW radiation. Additionally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the changes in wood microstructure with the effect of microwave pre-treatment. According to the impregnations, the average preservative material retention rates increased 62% for the specimens with MW groups, compared to the reference specimens. The mechanical properties of the MW pre-treated specimens decreased by (average) 5% in compression strength, 12% in the bending strength and 16% in the modulus of elasticity. SEM observations of the reference specimens showed that there were many aspirated bordered pits before MW pre-treatment. After the MW pre-treatment, parts of the pit membranes were damaged. The torus ruptured and cracked, while the structure of the micro-fibrils on the margo remained intact. In the observations of the intercellular microstructure of wood, it was observed that micro cracks with a width of 1–10 μm were formed.

Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Cheilostomatid bryozoans are present in large quantities in Miocene sediments of western Kachchh. A detailed investigation, as presented here, has yielded 11 species. Among them, two species – Canda ukirensis sp. nov. and Antropora ramaniaensis sp. nov. – are new to science. Five species had already been reported from the same region, while a genus and the remaining three species are left in open nomenclature pending an exhaustive study using better preserved material.

Chitosan-Based Materials: An Overview of Potential Applications in Food Packaging.

Chitosan is a multifunctional biopolymer that is widely used in the food and medical fields because of its good antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibiting activity and its degradability. The biological activity of chitosan as a new food preservation material has gradually become a hot research topic. This paper reviews recent research on the bioactive mechanism of chitosan and introduces strategies for modifying and applying chitosan for food preservation and different preservation techniques to explore the potential application value of active chitosan-based food packaging. Finally, issues and perspectives on the role of chitosan in enhancing the freshness of food products are presented to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for subsequent research.

Tooth as graft material: Histologic study

BackgroundAn effective regenerative protocol is key to reestablish and maintain the hard and soft tissue dimensions over time. The choice of the graft material and its properties also could have an impact on the results. To prevent alveolar ridge dimensional changes, since numerous graft materials have been suggested and in the past years, a growing interest in teeth material has been observed as a valuable alternative to synthetic biomaterials.AimThe aim of the study was to explore the histomorphometric outcomes of tooth derivative materials as used as bone substitute material in socket preservation procedure.MethodsAfter alveolar socket preservation (ASP) procedures using autologous demineralized tooth as graft material prepared by means of an innovative device, was evaluated. A total of 101 histological samples, from 96 subjects, were analyzed by evaluating the total amount of bone (BV), residual tooth material (residual graft, TT), and vital bone (VB). The section from each sample was then split in nine subsections, resulting in 909 subsections, to allow statistical comparison between the different areas.ResultsIt was not noticed a statistically significant difference between maxillary and mandibular sites, being the amount of VB in upper jaw sites 37.9 ± 21.9% and 38.0 ± 22.0% in lower jaw sites and the amount of TT was 7.7 ± 12.2% in maxilla and 7.0 ± 11.1% in mandibles. None of the other considered parameters, including defect type and section position, were statistically correlated to the results of the histomorphometric analysis.ConclusionsASP procedure using demineralized autologous tooth‐derived biomaterial may be a predictable procedure to produce new vital bone potentially capable to support dental implant rehabilitation.

Development of biodegradable films using sunflower protein isolates and bacterial nanocellulose as innovative food packaging materials for fresh fruit preservation

This study presents the valorization of side streams from the sunflower-based biodiesel industry for the production of bio-based and biodegradable food packaging following circular economy principles. Bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced via fermentation in 6 L static tray bioreactors using nutrient-rich supplements derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of sunflower meal (SFM) combined with crude glycerol as carbon source. Novel biofilms were produced using either matrices of protein isolates extracted from sunflower meal (SFMPI) alone or SFMPI matrices reinforced with nanocellulose biofillers of commercial or bacterial origin. Acid hydrolysis was employed for ex-situ modification of BC to nanostructures (56 nm). The biofilms reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose structures (SFMPI-BNC) showed 64.5% higher tensile strength, 75.5% higher Young’s modulus, 131.5% higher elongation at break, 32.5% lower water solubility and 14.1% lower water vapor permeability than the biofilms produced only with SFMPI. The biofilms were evaluated on fresh strawberries packaging showing that the SFMPI-BNC-based films lead to effective preservation at 10 °C considering microbial growth and physicochemical profile (weight loss, chemical characterization, color, firmness and respiration activity). The SFMPI-BNC-based films could be applied in fresh fruit packaging applications.

Exploring the Emergence and Evolution of Plant Pathogenic Microbes Using Historical and Paleontological Sources.

Biotechnological advances now permit broad exploration of past microbial communities preserved in diverse substrates. Despite biomolecular degradation, high-throughput sequencing of preserved materials can yield invaluable genomic and metagenomic data from the past. This line of research has expanded from its initial human- and animal-centric foci to include plant-associated microbes (viruses, archaea, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes), for which historical, archaeological, and paleontological data illuminate past epidemics and evolutionary history. Genetic mechanisms underlying the acquisition of microbial pathogenicity, including hybridization, polyploidization, and horizontal gene transfer, can now be reconstructed, as can gene-for-gene coevolution with plant hosts. Epidemiological parameters, such as geographic origin and range expansion, can also be assessed. Building on published case studies with individual phytomicrobial taxa, the stage is now set for broader, community-wide studies of preserved plant microbiomes to strengthen mechanistic understanding of microbial interactions and plant disease emergence.

South Sulawesi Milkfish (Chanos Chanos) Scale Waste as a New Anti-inflammatory Material in Socket Preservation

BACKGROUND: One of South Sulawesi’s huge brackish water fishery product is milkfish (Chanos chanos). Scales are wasted in milkfish processing. However, they are a good source of chitosan, which has been found to promote anti-inflammation, wound healing, and bone regeneration. AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of milkfish scales waste on the inflammatory response of wound healing after tooth extraction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 analysis. METHODS: This is a post-test-only control group design study. Thirty-two Cavia cobaya were divided into four groups: (1) Socket preservation using milkfish scales chitosan, (2) milkfish scales chitosan + bovine xenograft, (3) bovine xenograft as a positive control, and (4) placebo as a negative control, then were sacrificed on 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days. The mandible jaw specimen was taken for immunohistochemical analysis to determine the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene’s test, and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: On days 3, 7, 14, and 28, groups with chitosan added showed lower levels of TNF-α and a faster decrease in IL-6 expressions compared to those without chitosan. CONCLUSION: Milkfish scale chitosan suppresses TNF-α and IL-6 production, thus reducing inflammation in socket preservation.

Multifunctional material Cer@MHKUST-1 with efficient preservation capability

Global food wastage is increasing 1.6 billion tons per year with values about $400 billion, aggravating the food crisis of the 0.8 billion chronic hungry and poor people in the world. In particular, the eutrophic fruits and vegetables contribute a large proportion of food losses due to their susceptible deterioration suffered by dehydration, microbial activation, and senescence. Therefore, developing a multifunctional preservation material to resist these alterations is vital but challengeable. In this study, the nature biocompatible water-locking factor, ceramide was encapsulated into the pre-synthesis of mesoporous HKUST-1 to provide a composite preservative material ([email protected]) with multi-functions of ethylene adsorption, water-locking prolongation and bacteriostatic. Results indicated that: 1) [email protected] has a higher ethylene adsorption performance of 68.75 cm3/g STP, 2) hydrogen bonds were formed between ceramide and water to prevent water penetrating into ceramide bilayer, 3) [email protected] showed a better antibacterial performance toward E. coli and S. aureus, with the lethality of 100% and 99.96%, respectively. As a validation experiment, the non-climacteric fruit (e.g., strawberry) and climacteric fruit (e.g., tomato) have confirmed the effectiveness of [email protected] in preserving fruit freshness. Accordingly, [email protected] is a promising material to improve the shelf life of perishable products and avoid food wastage.

Carbon Nanostructures As Antibacterials and Active Food-Packaging Materials: A Review.

In this article, we discuss carbon nanoparticles for application as antibacterials and food-packaging materials. The use of petroleum-derived products, synthetic materials, ceramics, wax, etc. in the food-packaging industry emits polluted gas and wastewater, which leads to environmental pollution. To overcome the problems faced by the industry to preserve and package food, carbon nanomaterials may be good alternatives to enhance the shelf life of food without affecting the nutrients. Carbon atoms bond with each other in diverse ways to form many allotropes, resulting in a variety of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). CNMs include zero-dimensional carbon dots, graphene quantum dots, 1-dimensional carbon nanotubes, 2-dimensional pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and other derivatives of graphene. Most of the carbon-based nanomaterials are synthesized through a green process that is widely used in the field of food science and technology, and they are used mostly as antibacterial agents and as a biofiller in the development of active food-packaging materials. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), viz., carbon dots, graphene, activated carbon-based nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, etc., are found to be environmentally benign and better materials for food packaging. With antibacterial efficiency, they support food preservation and other applications as well. Thus, carbon nanostructures are found to be applicable as superior materials for food preservation and packaging in modern industry.

The antibacterial activity and antibacterial mechanism of the tea polyphenol liposomes/lysozyme–chitosan gradual sustained release composite coating

SummaryTo obtain long‐lasting preservation materials, the tea polyphenol liposomes (TP‐Lips)/lysozyme (LZM)–chitosan (CS) composite coating with the gradual sustained property was prepared by tape casting method. These coatings were characterised, and their physicochemical properties were measured. Meanwhile, the antibacterial mechanisms of coatings were studied using the spoilage bacteria of aquatic products (Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens) as target strains. Compared with CS coating, the incorporation of TP‐Lips makes the cracks and granular matter of the coatings increase. Except for the oxygen permeabilities (OP) and carbon dioxide permeabilities (CDP), the rest of the physicochemical properties are decreased, including tensile strength (Ts), elongation at break (EB) and light transmittance (T). Antibacterial mechanisms indicate that TP and LZM have a synergistic antibacterial effect. The slow‐release system composed of liposomes and coating prolongs the action time of TP and LZM. Hence, the TP‐Lips/LZM‐CS coating could be a hopeful material in food preservation field with excellent antibacterial properties.