Graphical Presentation Research Articles

Bifurcation analysis, phase portraits and optical soliton solutions of the perturbed temporal evolution equation in optical fibers

The perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation plays a crucial role in various scientific and technological fields. This equation, an extension of the classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation, incorporates perturbative effects that are essential for modeling real-world phenomena more accurately. In this paper, we investigate the traveling wave solutions of the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation using the bifurcation theory of dynamical systems. Graphical presentations of the phase portrait are provided, revealing the traveling wave solutions under various conditions. By employing the auxiliary equation method, we derive a variety of solutions including periodic, dark, singular and bright optical solitons. To provide comprehensive and clearer depiction of the model’s behavior 2D, contour and 3D graphical representations are offered. We also highlight specific constraint conditions that ensure the presence of these obtained solutions. This study expands the scope of known exact solutions and their stability qualities which is offering an extensive analytical technique which enhances previous research. The novelty of our research lies in its examination of bifurcation analysis and the auxiliary equation method within the context of a perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation for the first time. By integrating these two perspectives, this paper contributes to establishing the complex dynamics and stability characteristics of soliton solutions under perturbations.

The effects of a dyadic empowerment-based heart failure management (De-HF) programme on self-care and HRQL : a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background The ever-growing epidemiology of heart failure (HF) and its detrimental impacts on patients’ quality of life and healthcare cost urge for effective interventions to ameliorate the modifiable prognostic factors. As substantial evidence suggests ineffective self-care as an important candidate especially for the post-discharge outcomes, various care approaches are developed to optimize this behavioral outcome. However, even family carers are heavily involved in the self-care process, dyadic approach to improve the health outcomes of both interactive partners are least applied in the HF transitional care model. Purpose To evaluate the effects of a dyadic empowerment-based heart failure management program (De-HF) on dyadic health and hospital service utilization outcomes. Methods This double-blind RCT randomized 88 HF patient-carer dyads to receive the De-HF program or a dialectic education program, after hospital discharge. Based on the Theory of Dyadic Illness Management, the 16-week De-HF Program, comprising i) a dyadic assessment, ii) five online empowerment modules and iii) follow-up telecare, integrated explicit strategies (scenario-based training, teach-back and goal-setting) to actively engage the care dyads in collaborative disease management. Figure 1 is the graphical presentation of the De-HF Program. The primary outcome is health-related quality of life (HRQL) of the care dyads. Secondary outcomes include patients’ self-care as well as shared care and perceived control of the dyad. Results The mean age of the HF patients was 76.8 (9.4). The patients were in moderate disease severity [NYHA II/II: 56/44%; mean LVEF = 42.5%]. Figure 2 shows the consort flow diagram. After adjusting the socio-demographic characteristic, two-way analysis of covariance showed that patients in the De-HF program showed significantly greater improvement in patients’ self-care domains [Mean difference in change of score (95% CI): Self-care maintenance = 7.15 (1.82-12.46),Cohen’s d = 0.26, p=0.009; Self-care management = 10.04(3.29-16.79), Cohen’s d=0.65, p=0.004; symptom perception = 15.59 (8.20-22.98), Cohen’s d=0.928, p<0.001] and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure score [Mean different in the change of score (95% CI) = -11.45 (-18.24 - -4.66). Cohen’s d = -0.742, p=0.001]. The patient-carer dyads also have significantly greater improvement in perceived control (p=0.001) and collaborative disease management in terms of joint decision-making (p=0.001) and sense of reciprocity (p=0.026). Conclusion Dyadic science has evolved in self-care research for HF. This trial provides the first evidence to inform the positive effects of a theory-based dyadic transitional care program in improving the collaborative self-care management in a family context and patient health outcome. Longer-term evaluation on the effects of De-HF program on health service utilization outcomes and cost-effectiveness will be followed.The De-HF Managment ProgramThe Consort Flow Diagram

Treatment Outcome of Surgery Followed By Corticosteroid Therapy For Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Introduction: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign, and chronic inflammatory breast condition that has been shown to have radiological and clinical similarities to breast cancer. In spite of the fact that the cause of IGM is unknown, various contributing variables have been identified, such as a reaction to chemical substances like OCP, viral disorders, autoimmune diseases, and an immunological response to milk leakage from the breast lobule. Although various methods have been used for IGM treatment (such as surgical excision, steroids, methotrexate, etc), no consensus currently exists regarding the ideal method of treatment. Due to its positive response to steroid treatment, it is hypothesized that IGM is an autoimmune disease and is well responds to corticosteroid therapy. The aim of this study is to observe the treatment outcomes of surgery and corticosteroid therapy in IGM. Materials and Methods: This quasi experimental study was conducted in Department of Surgery, Khulna Medical College Hospital from 8th August 2018 to 8th August 2019. Total 30 patients were enrolled and allocated in two groups a ratio of 1:1. In group-A there were 15 patients, received surgical treatment with corticosteroid therapy and group-B, 15 patients received only surgical treatment. A wide local excision (WLE) was done in surgical procedure to remove area of diseased unhealthy tissue with a margin of normal tissue. Corticosteroid therapy was given orally in the following regimen: 8 weeks of steroid therapy with prednisolone at 0.5mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and then tapered down slowly for 4 weeks. Then subsequent follow up conducted after 2 months and after 4 months of primary treatment to observe the treatment outcomes. Statistical analysis was carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). A descriptive analysis was performed for all data. The mean values were calculated for continuous variables. The quantitative observations were indicated by frequencies and percentages. Unpaired student t-test was used to compare continuous variables. Chi-square test used to compare categorical data. A “p” value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Result was presented by tabulation and graphical presentation in the form of tables, pie chart, graphs, bar diagrams, histogram & charts etc. Result: Maximum numbers of patients (50.0%) were between 31-40 years age group, mean±SD age was 29.7±10.2 years. The left breast was affected in 16(53.3%) patients, right breast in 12(40.0%) patients and bilateral in 2(6.7%) patients. Included 30 patients were allocated in two groups. Among them in group-A there were 15 patients (Surgical treatment with corticosteroid therapy) and group-B, 15 patients (Surgical treatment alone). Wide local excision was performed in all patients. Concomitant corticosteroids therapy was used in selective group (group-A). Study shows that 22(73.3%) of the patients recovered completely (80.0% versus 66.7% in group-A and group-B respectively). There was a statistically significant difference (pd”0.05). Present study revealed that incidence of complications and recurrence rate was 8(26.7%) patients, among them 3(20.0%) were of group-A, while 5(33.3%) patients were group-B. Conclusions: Present study concluded that treatment outcomes of surgery, followed by corticosteroid therapy can be preferred at Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) in the means of less early or late postoperative complication, resolution of symptoms with high accuracy rate to relief symptoms. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2023; 32(1) : 71-76

Research Trends and Hot Topics of Nursing Studies on Hypertension: A Retrospective Bibliometric Analysis From 1979 to 2024.

This study aimed to evaluate research trends and hot topics in the 45-year history of nursing studies on hypertension (1979-2024). This retrospective bibliometric analysis study was conducted with 2678 data obtained from the WoSCC database on April 1, 2024. Data analysis and graphical presentation were presented using the Bibliometrix Package in R software, VOSviewer, and WoSCC. The study revealed that nursing studies on hypertension were growing rapidly in the scientific world. The most productive journal in the field was the Journal of Clinical Nursing, while the most productive and collaborative country was the United States. "Frailty," "COVID-19," "complications," "Meta-analysis," "vital signs," "systematic review", "self-care," and "chronic disease" were determined as hot topics. "COVID-19" and "mhealth" were global trends. Additionally, the issues of "anxiety, pair, vital signs" and "elderly, nursing home, mortality" needed to be addressed more by nurses. Nursing studies on hypertension have increased to date. This area is likely to continue to be an active area of study for nursing researchers in the coming years. Focusing on the topics "anxiety, pair, vital signs" and "elderly, nursing home, mortality" will contribute to filling the gap in the field.

Research on the Application of Computer Technology in Biostatistics

This paper explores the application of computer technology in biostatistics, focusing on the technological advancements and their impact on data management, data processing and analysis, and data visualization. With the development of computer technology, data storage and management methods have significantly improved, particularly with the introduction of database systems and big data technologies, which have greatly enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of handling biostatistical data. Additionally, the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence has made biostatistical data analysis more intelligent and automated, providing new tools for identifying and predicting complex data patterns. Furthermore, advanced data visualization techniques have enhanced the interpretability of statistical results through clear graphical presentations, promoting the application of biostatistics. Through the analysis of specific case studies, this paper demonstrates the practical effects and challenges of computer technology in improving biostatistical research capabilities. Finally, the paper anticipates the future impact of emerging computing technologies, such as quantum computing, on biostatistics and suggests future research directions and recommendations.

Effects of Electroosmosis on Peristaltic Flow of Eyring-Powell Fluid Through a Non-Uniform channel: An Application to Blood flow

This study examines the electroosmotic effects of a non-uniform passage during the peristaltic phase of an Eyring-Powell model fluid. Understanding how the channel walls affect fluid flow issues in biofluid dynamics is the main goal of the study. Integrating the convective boundary conditions into the series perturbation paradigm is the main focus of the work, assuming low Reynolds number and a long wavelength. For temperature, velocity, stream function and concentration, the governing non-linear equations have their solutions found. MATLAB R2023a software is used to demonstrate a graphical presentation of the study's improvements in accessibility through parametric assessment. The research yields important insights, particularly regarding natural phenomena like blood flow in small arteries, which might be utilized for intervention or management in dysfunctional circumstances. As the analysis demonstrates, different viscosities also have a big role in boosting the temperature profiles, and electroosmotic parameters have a major impact on the fluid properties.

Use of deperturbed and generalized second-order vibrational perturbation theories to study vibrational spectra intensity and the role of cubic force constant and total anharmonic matrix contributions to anharmonicity: [formula omitted]-thujone and S-camphor

Herein, we employ deperturbed second-order vibrational perturbation theory (DVPT2) and generalized VPT2 (GVPT2) methodologies to predict and analyze two distinct spectral regions in the infrared, VCD, and Raman spectra of α-thujone and S-camphor. The first spectral region spans from 3200 to 2900 cm−1, while the second region extends from 1800 to 500 cm−1. We aim to introduce and validate a program for the simultaneous analysis of vibrational spectra intensity in medium-sized molecules using GVPT2 and DVPT2. Furthermore, employing a graphical presentation (heat map) to illustrate the important contribution of cubic force constant and χ-matrix to anharmonicity.

PERBANDINGAN ANALISA DEBIT BANJIR PADA SUNGAI MENCONGAH KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Many unit hydrograph concepts are used to carry out the transformation from rainfall to flow discharge. The data needed to derive a measured unit hydrograph in the watershed under consideration is automatic rainfall data and discharge recording at certain observation points. A hydrograph can be described as a graphic presentation of one of the elements of flow and time. The purpose of the design flood discharge analysis is to evaluate the magnitude of the design flood discharge at various return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100 years. This research is a case study using rainfall data for 10 years, namely 2014-2023. Next, an analysis of the maximum daily rainfall in the Mencongah watershed (watershed) was carried out, climatological data obtained from the relevant agencies. After analyzing the rainfall data obtained in the field, the maximum annual rainfall in the Mencongah watershed was obtained based on the results of data analysis from the Mencongah station, which was 229 mm, while the average rainfall was 167.9 mm, a large value.PMP (Probable Maximum Precipitation) on the Mencongah river is 85.37 mm, the design flood discharge with return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 years using the Hapers method is obtained respectively: 72.21 m³; 180.525 m³, 361.05 mm, 722.101 m³, 902.626 m³, 1805.252 m³, 3610.504 m³,while the Melchior method discharge is 191,517 m³; 478,793 m³; 957,586 m³; 1915.171 m³; 2393,964 m³; 4787 m³; and 9575.855 m³

Numerical analysis of MHD Casson fluid streaming above a stretching surface with energy transfer

In this study, we have numerically inspected the nature of viscous fluid flow in the Casson fluid with heat and mass transmissions over an elongating sheet. A magnetic field is implemented along the normal direction of the flow. The leading partial differential equations are transmuted into solvable ordinary differential equations using some suitable similarity conversions. Graphical and tabular presentations of the skin friction, the local Sherwood number, the Nusselt number are provided.

Normalising sequence lengths using the relative duration of episodes: an application to doctoral trajectories in Germany.

To address significant variation of sequence lengths of doctoral trajectories, we propose sequence normalisation using the relative duration of episodes. We employ episode data from a panel study of doctorate holders in Germany where doctoral trajectories are measured in single months and differ in length up to several years. Utilising normalised sequences instead of absolute sequences, we are better able to identify typical trajectories. The graphical presentation of the cluster solutions more accurately depicts the underlying processes. Furthermore, it offers the possibility to define reference sequences without a fixed length. Normalising sequences instead of distances thus proves an easily implementable method to compare sequences of different lengths when the identification of patterns is a priority.

Resolving the Paradox: How mobile money drives economic growth through financial inclusion

The primary aim of this study is to identify the most relevant financial inclusion variables influencing gross domestic product (GDP) and to choose the optimal multiple linear regression model to quantify their contribution to economic growth. Finance is essential for every economic activity and financial inclusion is closely related to societal empowerment. It is observed in different nations that financial inclusion variables have a valuable impact on economic growth. For this, secondary data were gathered for this study from the IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2011 to 2020. Graphical presentations were used to visualize the relationship between financial inclusion variables and economic growth. The most eligible variables and the best model among a collection of models based on empirical data were chosen using a stepwise backward elimination technique using multiple linear regression and model selection criteria. From the graph, it is seen that financial inclusion variables are proportionately related to GDP and the results demonstrate that the most eligible variables of financial inclusion that affect GDP are (1) the number of registered mobile money agent outlets, (2) the number of active mobile money accounts, (3) the number of mobile money transactions, and (4) outstanding balances on active mobile money accounts. These variables have a positive impact on economic growth, and the fitted model measures the more significant contribution to economic growth. As a result, it may be summarized that financial enclosure has to be enhanced for the development of rural and border areas of Bangladesh. This study will assist policymakers, development organizations, and scholars and make knowledgeable findings that will guide long-term improvements to minimize the gap between rich and poor, leading to the improvement of the community's wealth and welfare.

Parallel Computing Techniques for Solving Large-Scale Partial Differential Equation

Two-layered partial differential equations (PDEs) will be structured in this investigation using a variety of parallel mathematical techniques, such as Red Dull Gauss Seidel and Gauss Seidel. For the solution of this study, the two-layered PDEs of the elliptic and illustrated sorts were selected. Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) is used on the correspondence among all chips of the Parallel Handling System. PVM is well-known for its item system, which enables several diverse computers to be used as flexible and easy-to-use concurrent handling resources. An evaluation of the parallel exhibition assessment including the Gauss Seidel and Red Gauss Seidel techniques in terms of execution time, speed, capability, ampleness, and transient execution will follow the graphical presentation of the mathematical results. Since the goal of this work was to create a successful Two-Dimensional PDE Solver (TDPDES), performance evaluations are simple. Numerous design and mathematical sectors will see an improvement in their examination and investigation systems thanks to this new, effective TDPDES technology..

Adsorption and kinetic studies of dyes onto BaFe12O19 Ferrite Nanoparticles

Abstract In this work, Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles were used for industrial waste water treatment from methylene blue (MB) and congored (CR) dyes. Batch adsorber with mechanical stirring column was used to test various experimental parameters like contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage for the removal of these dyes. For the removal of MB and CR dyes using magnetic nanoparticles, the maximum adsorption capacities were 200 and 124.5 mg/g respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies were 90 % for MB removal onto the nanoparticles and 80% for CR removal. In order to analyze the kinetic data, pseudo first and second order kinetic models have been used. For all studied variables and based on correlation coefficient (R) values and graphical presentation, the results confirm that pseudo second order model fits well the experimental data.

Expected value of generalized trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy number to solve a multi-item marketing planning inventory model with allowable shortages

Decision makers often grapple with the complexity of multi-faceted real-life problems, where uncertainty arises from both positive and negative states of mind. This duality reflects the decision maker’s optimistic and pessimistic perspectives during the decision-making process. To address this, our paper introduces innovative concepts and frameworks for generalized bipolar trapezoidal fuzzy numbers.We propose novel arithmetic operations on these fuzzy numbers, computing the negative α-cut and positive β-cut methods. Furthermore, we uniquely compute the convex combination of expected values from both the positive and negative membership parts.These theoretical advancements are applied to a practical case study: a multi-item marketing planning inventory model with allowable shortages. Our proposed method’s efficacy is highlighted through detailed numerical illustrations, sensitivity analyses and comparative studies complemented by compelling graphical presentations

The Concept of Ideal Lips of Caucasian Female: An Anthropometric Analysis of the Lower Third of the Face.

The demand for lip-redefining procedures has been rising in recent years, thus creating the need for reliable and detailed reference sources on aesthetic female lips. This study investigates the morphology of the lower third of the face, including the lips and jawline, of attractive young Caucasian females. A semi-automatic photogrammetric analysis of the faces of professional female photograph models (n=400) of the Caucasian race aged 18-39 was performed. Angular, linear, and surface area parameters were evaluated. A graphical summarization of the average facial shape of all analyzed attractive females was generated as an average body contours (ABC) image. The height of the lower third of the face equaled 0.32 ± 0.02 of the total facial height. The average lip width was 48.06 ± 3.34mm. The upper vermilion height was found to be significantly lower than the lower vermilion height (6.47 ± 1.36 vs. 11.64 ± 1.46mm, p < 0.01). The lip obliquity angle was found to be 1.05° ± 0.79°. The area surface of the upper lip vermilion was considerably smaller than the vermilion of the lower lip (p < 0.01). This is one of the largest studies on attractive Caucasian females' lips and lower face morphology. The data it provides, including the graphical presentation of the aesthetic lower face as an ABC image, may provide physicians with valuable guidelines for lips rejuvenation and reconstruction procedures. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Socioeconomic disparities in children's posture defects: a comparison between private and public educational institutions

The topic of risk factors for posture pathology in Polish children is relevant at present, as it is insufficiently studied and reflects the need to investigate the relationship between family socioeconomic status and the occurrence of posture defects, to develop relevant prevention and treatment strategies in the context of current socioeconomic conditions in Poland. The research aims to study posture defects in children depending on their socioeconomic status in the example of private and public schools. A comparison of the prevalence of deformities and posture disorders of participants in private and public educational institutions from 2017 to 2020 is presented. Theoretical research methods (literature analysis, generalisation); empirical methods (study of other researchers' experience), statistical analysis, and graphical presentation of data were used. More than 1300 Polish schoolchildren from private and public schools took part in this cross-sectional study. The most common problems were flat feet (54.73%), calf muscle contracture (44.30%), and valgus deformity (21.22%). The least common problems were funnel chest (0.37%), cavus foot (0.10%), and hammer toe deformity (0.04%). The general trend shows that problems with flat feet and calf muscle contracture were more common among participants in both types of educational institutions. There was a general trend of increasing the number of nosological forms per patient in both private and public institutions over a period of three years. Private institutions had significantly fewer cases of one patient having more than one nosological form as compared to public institutions.

A Multimodal Fuzzy Approach in Evaluating Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Using Kidney Biomarkers.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most important causes of chronic pediatric morbidity and mortality and places an important burden on the medical system. Current diagnosis and progression monitoring techniques have numerous sensitivity and specificity limitations. New biomarkers for monitoring CKD progression have been assessed. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has had some promising results in adults, but in pediatric patients, due to the small number of patients included in the studies, cutoff values are not agreed upon. The small sample size also makes the statistical approach limited. The aim of our study was to develop a fuzzy logic approach to assess the probability of pediatric CKD progression using both NGAL (urinary and plasmatic) and routine blood test parameters (creatinine and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) as input data. In our study, we describe in detail how to configure a fuzzy model that can simulate the correlations between the input variables ESR, NGAL-P, NGAL-U, creatinine, and the output variable Prob regarding the prognosis of the patient's evolution. The results of the simulations on the model, i.e., the correlations between the input and output variables (3D graphic presentations) are explained in detail. We propose this model as a tool for physicians which will allow them to improve diagnosis, follow-up, and interventional decisions relative to the CKD stage. We believe this innovative approach can be a great tool for the clinician and validates the feasibility of using a fuzzy logic approach in interpreting NGAL biomarker results for CKD progression.

Optimization of BOFS high-gravity carbonation technology: Consideration of theoretical guidance for up-scaling applications

This study investigated the high-gravity (higee) carbonation reaction of a basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS)-water-CO2 three-phase system via a rotating packed bed (RPB). The effect of different carbonation conditions on the higee carbonation process was explored. To achieve enhanced mass transfer, energy savings, and cost-effectiveness, this study aimed to optimize parameters such as BOFS component, acceleration, gas-liquid velocity ratio, and gas flow rate. Comparative analysis revealed that portlandite-rich BOFS exhibited a significantly higher Ca conversion ratio (2.1 times) and mass transfer coefficient values (KGαe) (5.5 times) than calcium silicate-rich BOFS. Systematic graphical presentation identified an acceleration of 430 m/s2, a gas-liquid velocity ratio of 25–30, and a gas velocity to RPB volume range of 4.7–6.6 min−1 as the optimal operating conditions for high KGαe (>0.2 s−1) and low energy consumption (144–151 kWh/t-CO2). Furthermore, prolonged RPB operation led to a 1.5-fold reduction in mass transfer performance, but reducing the liquid-to-solid ratio was a cost-effective measure to compensate for efficiency losses. The estimated cost for the higee carbonation process ranged from 106 to 111 CNY/t-CO2. These findings can provide valuable insights and practical recommendations for the industrial application of the higee carbonation technology in steel-making plants.

On Ramsey’s Rejection of Keynes’s Mathematical Lattice Structure and Interval Valued Probabilities in the A Treatise on Probability

Henry E. Kyburg was able to demonstrate that Keynes had a qualitative, graphical understanding of interval probability based on his careful analysis of Keynes’s diagram on page 39 of the A Treatise on Probability. Kyburg showed in four different papers, published in 1995,1999,2003 and 2010, that Keynes’s diagram on page 39 is a mathematical lattice structure encompassing interval valued probability. However, Kyburg rejected any conclusion that Keynes had provided a mathematical, quantitative theory of interval valued probability. Kyburg did recognize that Keynes had an intuitive understanding about the nature of interval valued probability, but that the best that Keynes had been able to accomplish in this regard in his A Treatise on Probability was to offer some hints, ideas, or suggestions. This is the same conclusion put forth by all members of ISIPTA since 1999. Of course, Keynes had provided a complete mathematical, quantitative theory, in Parts II and III of the A Treatise on Probability, of interval valued probability in chapters XV, XVI, XVII, XX, and XXII. Keynes’s interval valued theory was based on Boole’s original theory of interval valued probability that Kyburg and all members of ISIPTA have overlooked. Kyburg makes a very interesting point about the deficiencies of Ramsey, as regards Keynes’s graphical presentation (see Keynes, 1921, p.161, ft.2) that were based on Boole’s approach. Boole’s mathematical, lattice structure of upper and lower probabilities, that Boole demonstrated had least and greatest limits, narrowest limit, maximum limit, highest, inferior numerical limit, highest minor limit, greatest minor numerical limit, etc. (Boole,1854,pp.288,293,305- 313,317-324)all involve a mathematical lattice structure .All of these terms mean that Boole is solving for a greatest lower bound and/or a least upper bound with his solutions methods, which involved using second order, quadratic equations and third order ,cubic equations. Such greatest lower bounds and least upper bounds automatically specify a mathematical lattice structure to Boole’s partial orderings of probabilities: “What is curious is that the mathematician -philosopher, Frank Ramsey, paid no attention to this structure in his review of the Treatise (Ramsey, 1922) …” (Kyburg,2010, p.26). Actually, Kyburg must have known that Ramsey had never made any comment on Keynes’s graphical demonstration on page 39 of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability in any publication in his life. The reason is very simple. Ramsey knew that the mathematical lattice demonstration on p.39 showed that his theory of exact and precise, additive probability, illustrated by Keynes with the linear line OAI, is a very, very special case of Keynes’s general theory. Therefore, Ramsey had to reject the foundation for the construction of any type of mathematical lattice structure, which was Keynes’s Boolean relational, propositional logic. Kyburg recognized that Ramsey’s criticism was directed at this foundation: “That there is an out-and-out conflict between Keynes and Ramsey ….becomes clear in the fourth part of Ramsey’s essay…Now it is all very well for Ramsey modestly to admit that he sees no logical relation of probability such as the one that Keynes seeks to draw our attention to[author’s note-Kyburg has completely overlooked that such an objective , logical probability relation was first specified by Boole, not Keynes],but wants to go further than that. It is clear that Ramsey wants to claim that there is no such relation.” (Kyburg, 2010, p.29; italics is Kyburg’s). Ramsey, in fact, did claim this. I have noted many, many times in the papers that I have written on this topic over the last 15 years that are available at SSRN, Researchgate and Academia, that Keynes, if he had actually ever thought himself threatened by Ramsey’s claims, could have, either with or without Bertrand Russell’s assistance ,completely and totally crushed Ramsey intellectually by simply making the following hypothetical one sentence statement at any Apostles meeting from 1922 to 1929: “My objective, logical probability relations are identical to Boole’s logical, probability relations as discussed in chapter I and XVI of his The Laws of Thought (1854).” That, of course, would have been the beginning of the end of Ramsey’s academic career

Enhancing Visual Comfort in Commercial Spaces the Application of Graphic Language on Walls

Abstract: Graphic presentation is very important in modern Interior spaces and becoming one of the main means of building spatial experiences. Visual comfort plays a critical role in creating a positive atmosphere for customers, manipulating their overall experience and the engagement with space. While various elements contribute to visual comfort, the use of graphic language on the walls gained attention as a powerful tool for creating visually appealing and engaging environments. Through an extensive review of literature, this research examines the impact of graphic language, including patterns, texture, and imagery, on visual comfort in Commercial spaces. This research analyzes the use of graphic language on the walls of various types of fast-food restaurants in the Sultanate of Oman to understand the efficiency of different graphic elements in enhancing visual comfort. Furthermore, the research investigates the psychological and perceptual factors underlying the positive effects of graphic language, including the influence on mood, attention, and cognitive processing. The findings suggest that well designed graphic language on walls can considerably contribute to the visual comfort of customers, advancing a sense of relaxation, stimulation, and emotional connection. The paper concludes by highlighting the practical implication for designers, architects, and business owners, stressing the significance of thoughtfully integrating graphic language on the walls to craft visually pleasing and comfortable commercial environments. Employing the power of graphic language facilitates businesses to enhance their customers’ visual journey, resulting in enhanced satisfaction, stronger brand commitment, and overall success in the competitive market.