Endogenous Antigen Presentation Research Articles

Anti-cancer immune effect of human colorectal cancer neoantigen peptide based on MHC class I molecular affinity screening

BackgroundTumor antigen peptide vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy, safety, and reliability in recent studies. However, the screening process for immunopotent antigenic peptides is cumbersome, limiting their widespread application. Identifying neoantigen peptides that can effectively trigger an immune response is crucial for personalized cancer treatment.MethodsWhole exome sequencing was performed on patient-derived colon cancer cells to predict 9-amino-acid (9aa) neoantigen peptides. In vitro simulation of endogenous antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) to CD8+ T cells was conducted, aiming to activate the CD8+ immune response to the predicted antigens. The immunological effects of each neoantigen were assessed using flow cytometry and ELISpot assays, while the relationship between neoantigen immunogenicity and MHC molecular affinity was examined.Results1. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) predicted 9-amino acid (9aa) neoantigen peptides for subsequent immunological analysis.2. Higher mDC Levels in Experimental Group: CD11c+CD83+ mature dendritic cells (mDCs) were 96.6% in the experimental group, compared to 0.051% in the control group. CD80 fluorescence intensity was also significantly higher in the experimental group, confirming a greater mDC presence.3. Neoantigen Peptides Promote CD4+, CD8+ T, and NK Cell Proliferation: After 14 days, flow cytometry showed higher percentages of CD4+ T (37.41% vs 7.8%), CD8+ T (16.67% vs 14.63%), and NK cells (33.09% vs 7.81%) in the experimental group, indicating that the neoantigen peptides induced proliferation of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells. 4. The results, analyzed using two-way ANOVA, showed that the standardized T-value for HLA molecular affinity variation in the 1-4 range (Group B) was significantly higher than for ≤1 (Group A, p < 0.0001) and >4 (Group C, p < 0.05). Regarding HLA-allele genotypes, HLA-Type 1 had a significantly higher standardized T-value than HLA-Type 2 (p < 0.05) and HLA-Type 3 (p < 0.0001). HLA-Type 1 was identified as the allele associated with the highest T-value.Conclusion1. The most immunogenic neoantigens typically exhibit an MHC molecular affinity variation between 1 and 4, indicating that stronger immunogenicity correlates with higher MHC molecular affinity variation. 2. Each patient's HLA molecules were classified into Types 1, 2, and 3, with Type 1 showing the highest binding capacity for neoantigens. Our findings indicate that the most immunogenic neoantigens were associated with HLA Type 1. 3. Neoantigen peptides were shown to activate the proliferation of both CD8+ T-cells and induce proliferation of CD4+ T-cells and NK cells. 4. Variation in MHC molecular affinity and HLA neoantigen genotype are anticipated to serve as valuable variables for screening highly immunogenic neoantigens, facilitating more efficient preparation of effective polypeptide tumor vaccines.

Machine Learning-Directed Conversion of Glioblastoma Cells to Dendritic Cell-Like Antigen-Presenting Cells as Cancer Immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy has limited efficacy in glioblastoma (GBM) due to the blood-brain barrier and the immunosuppressed or "cold" tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM, which is dominated by immune-inhibitory cells and depleted of CTL and dendritic cells (DC). Here, we report the development and application of a machine learning precision method to identify cell fate determinants (CFD) that specifically reprogram GBM cells into induced antigen-presenting cells with DC-like functions (iDC-APC). In murine GBM models, iDC-APCs acquired DC-like morphology, regulatory gene expression profile, and functions comparable to natural DCs. Among these acquired functions were phagocytosis, direct presentation of endogenous antigens, and cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. The latter endowed the iDC-APCs with the ability to prime naïve CD8+ CTLs, a hallmark DC function critical for antitumor immunity. Intratumor iDC-APCs reduced tumor growth and improved survival only in immunocompetent animals, which coincided with extensive infiltration of CD4+ T cells and activated CD8+ CTLs in the TME. The reactivated TME synergized with an intratumor soluble PD1 decoy immunotherapy and a DC-based GBM vaccine, resulting in robust killing of highly resistant GBM cells by tumor-specific CD8+ CTLs and significantly extended survival. Lastly, we defined a unique CFD combination specifically for the human GBM to iDC-APC conversion of both glioma stem-like cells and non-stem-like cell GBM cells, confirming the clinical utility of a computationally directed, tumor-specific conversion immunotherapy for GBM and potentially other solid tumors.

NLRC5 overexpression in ovarian tumors remodels the tumor microenvironment and increases T-cell reactivity toward autologous tumor-associated antigens.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) stands as one of the deadliest gynecologic malignancies, urgently necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Approximately 60% of ovarian tumors exhibit reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I), intensifying immune evasion mechanisms and rendering immunotherapies ineffective. NOD-like receptor CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) transcriptionally regulates MHC I genes and many antigen presentation machinery components. We therefore explored the therapeutic potential of NLRC5 in OC. We generated OC cells overexpressing NLRC5 to rescue MHC I expression and antigen presentation and then assessed their capability to respond to PD-L1 blockade and an infected cell vaccine. Analysis of microarray datasets revealed a correlation between elevated NLRC5 expression and extended survival in OC patients; however, NLRC5 was scarcely detected in the OC tumor microenvironment. OC cells overexpressing NLRC5 exhibited slower tumor growth and resulted in higher recruitment of leukocytes in the TME with lower CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios and increased activation of T cells. Immune cells from peripheral blood, spleen, and ascites from these mice displayed heightened activation and interferon-gamma production when exposed to autologous tumor-associated antigens. Finally, as a proof of concept, NLRC5 overexpression within an infected cell vaccine platform enhanced responses and prolonged survival in comparison with control groups when challenged with parental tumors. These findings provide a compelling rationale for utilizing NLRC5 overexpression in "cold" tumor models to enhance tumor susceptibility to T-cell recognition and elimination by boosting the presentation of endogenous tumor antigens. This approach holds promise for improving antitumoral immune responses in OC.

Molecular Characteristics, Functional Definitions, and Regulatory Mechanisms for Cross-Presentation Mediated by the Major Histocompatibility Complex: A Comprehensive Review.

The major histocompatibility complexes of vertebrates play a key role in the immune response. Antigen-presenting cells are loaded on MHC I molecules, which mainly present endogenous antigens; when MHC I presents exogenous antigens, this is called cross-presentation. The discovery of cross-presentation provides an important theoretical basis for the study of exogenous antigens. Cross-presentation is a complex process in which MHC I molecules present antigens to the cell surface to activate CD8+ T lymphocytes. The process of cross-representation includes many components, and this article briefly outlines the origins and development of MHC molecules, gene structures, functions, and their classical presentation pathways. The cross-presentation pathways of MHC I molecules, the cell lines that support cross-presentation, and the mechanisms of MHC I molecular transporting are all reviewed. After more than 40 years of research, the specific mechanism of cross-presentation is still unclear. In this paper, we summarize cross-presentation and anticipate the research and development prospects for cross-presentation.

Salmonella delivers H9N2 influenza virus antigens via a prokaryotic and eukaryotic dual-expression vector and elicits bivalent protection against avian influenza and fowl typhoid

The H9N2 avian influenza virus significantly affects the health of poultry and humans. We identified a prokaryotic and eukaryotic dual-expression vector system, pJHL270, that can provide simultaneous MHC class I and II stimulation of the host immune system, and we designed vaccine antigens by selecting the consensus HA1 sequence and M2e antigens from H9N2 virus circulating in South Korea from 2000 to 2021. The genes were cloned into the pJHL270 vector, and the cloned plasmid was delivered by a live-attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) strain. The immunity and protective efficacy of the SG-based H9N2 vaccine construct, JOL2922, against avian influenza and fowl typhoid (FT) were evaluated. The Ptrc and CMV promoters conferred antigen expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to induce balanced Th-1/Th-2 immunity. Chickens immunized with JOL2922 yielded high antigen-specific humoral and mucosal immune responses. qRT-PCR revealed that the strain generated polyfunctional IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion in immunized chickens. Furthermore, a FACS analysis showed increased CD3CD4+ and CD3CD8+ T-cell subpopulations following immunization. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) harvested from the immunized chickens significantly increased MHC class I and II expression, 3.5-fold and 2.5-fold increases, respectively. Serum collected from the immunized groups had an evident hemagglutinin inhibition titer of ≥6 log2. Immunization reduced the lung viral titer by 3.8-fold within 5 days post-infection. The strain also generated SG-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The immunized birds all survived a virulent SG wild-type challenge. In addition, the bacterial burden was reduced by 2.7-fold and 2.1-fold in spleen and liver tissue, respectively, collected from immunized chickens. Our data indicate that an attenuated SG strain successfully delivered the dual-expression vector system and co-stimulated MHC class I and II antigen presentation pathways via exogenous and endogenous antigen presentation, thereby triggering a balanced Th-1/Th-2-based immune response and conferring effective protection against avian influenza and FT.

Cationic Lipids‐Mediated Dual‐Targeting of Both Dendritic Cells and Tumor Cells for Potent Cancer Immunotherapy

AbstractImpaired antigen presentation either in dendritic cells (DCs) or tumor cells impedes the triggering of antitumor immunity or tumor cell killing, resulting in failures of multiple types of cancer immunotherapy. Herein, the strategy of using dual‐targeting nanomedicines to simultaneously improve the presentation of tumor antigens by both DCs and tumor cells is proposed. It is shown that tuning of surface charge of nanoparticles (NPs) by incorporating different amounts of cationic lipids alters the in vivo NP tissue accumulation and cellular targeting profiles. NPs with moderately positive surface charge (≈20 mV) achieve efficient accumulation in tumors and lymph nodes and dual‐targeting to both DCs and tumor cells. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, siRNA against YTH N6−methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1) is delivered by the dual‐targeting NPs to inhibit excessive antigen degradation in both DCs and tumor cells. For DCs, YTHDF1 downregulation promotes tumor antigen cross‐presentation and cross‐priming of antigen‐specific T cells. For tumor cells, it enhances the presentation of endogenous tumor antigens and hence improves both the recognition and killing of tumor cells by primed antigen‐specific T cells. The dual‐targeting nanomedicines generate efficient antitumor immunity.

Regulation of the endogenous antigen presentation pathway in Rainbow trout after an infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) at suboptimal temperatures

Regulation of the endogenous antigen presentation pathway in Rainbow trout after an infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) at suboptimal temperatures

Restoring tumor immunogenicity with dendritic cell reprogramming.

Decreased antigen presentation contributes to the ability of cancer cells to evade the immune system. We used the minimal gene regulatory network of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to reprogram cancer cells into professional antigen-presenting cells (tumor-APCs). Enforced expression of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF8, and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce the cDC1 phenotype in 36 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. Within 9 days of reprogramming, tumor-APCs acquired transcriptional and epigenetic programs associated with cDC1 cells. Reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes and costimulatory molecules on the surfaces of tumor cells, allowing the presentation of endogenous tumor antigens on MHC-I and facilitating targeted killing by CD8+ T cells. Functionally, tumor-APCs engulfed and processed proteins and dead cells, secreted inflammatory cytokines, and cross-presented antigens to naïve CD8+ T cells. Human primary tumor cells could also be reprogrammed to increase their capability to present antigen and to activate patient-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In addition to acquiring improved antigen presentation, tumor-APCs had impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Injection of in vitro generated melanoma-derived tumor-APCs into subcutaneous melanoma tumors delayed tumor growth and increased survival in mice. Antitumor immunity elicited by tumor-APCs was synergistic with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our approach serves as a platform for the development of immunotherapies that endow cancer cells with the capability to process and present endogenous tumor antigens.

Single cell transcriptomic analysis of Graves’ disease thyroid glands reveals the broad immunoregulatory potential of thyroid follicular and stromal cells and implies a major re-interpretation of the role of aberrant HLA class II expression in autoimmunity

The study of the immune response in thyroid autoimmunity has been mostly focused on the autoantibodies and lymphocytes, but there are indications that intrinsic features of thyroid tissue cells may play a role in disrupting tolerance that needs further investigation. The overexpression of HLA and adhesion molecules by thyroid follicular cells (TFC) and our recent demonstration that PD-L1 is also moderately expressed by TFCs in autoimmune thyroid indicates that TFCs they may activate but also inhibit the autoimmune response. Intriguingly, we have recently found that in vitro cultured TFCs are able to suppress the proliferation of autologous lymphocyte T in a contact-dependent manner which is independent of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.To get a more comprehensive picture of TFC activating and inhibitory molecules/pathways driving the autoimmune response in the thyroid glands, preparations of TFCs and stromal cells from five Graves’ disease (GD) and four control thyroid glands were compared by scRNA-seq. The results confirmed the previously described interferon type I and type II signatures in GD TFCs and showed unequivocally that they express the full array of genes that intervene in the processing and presentation of endogenous and exogeneous antigens. GD TFCs lack however expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 required for priming T cells. A moderate overexpression of CD40 by TFCs was confirmed. GD Fibroblasts showed widespread upregulation of cytokine genes.The results from this first single transcriptomic profiling of TFC and thyroid stromal cells provides a more granular view of the events occurring in GD. The new data point at an important contribution of stromal cells and prompt a major re-interpretation of the role of MHC over-expression by TFC, from deleterious to protective. Most importantly this re-interpretation could also apply to other tissues, like pancreatic beta cells, where MHC over-expression has been detected in diabetic pancreas.

Abstract 6408: Anti-tumor immunity evolved by novel titanium peroxide nanoparticles (TiOxNPs) as a radiosensitizer and PD-1 blockade

Abstract Abstract: Release and presentation of tumor antigens are the preconditions of cellular immune response. Radiotherapy have been reported to release endogenous tumor antigens and enhanced the adjuvanticity from dying cancer cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, known as immunogenic cell death. We developed a novel radiotherapy using radiosensitizer (TiOxNPs) that could drive effective anti-tumor responses. The TiOxNPs were robustly radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This burst therapy could enhance to release and presentation of endogenous tumor antigens, subsequently cross-presentation of antigens by Dendritic cells (DCs) for T-cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). Methods: B16-F10 murine melanoma cells (5 × 105) were subcutaneously injected into the right flank of C57BL/6J respectively. Mice were divided into five treatment groups: 1) untreated; 2) XRT; 3) XRT+ TiOxNPs; 4) XRT+anti-PD-1Ab; and 5) XRT+ TiOxNPs +anti-PD-1Ab. B16-F10 tumors were intratumorally injected with TiOxNPs (8mg/kg) on days 10 and received 5Gy or 10Gy X-ray radiation approximately 1 hour after the injection. Anti-PD-1 antibody (200µg) intraperitoneally administered to the mice on the first day of X-ray irradiation, days 13 and 16. The tumor volume were assessed every 2-3 days after treatment. Mice were sacrificed after days 17 and isolated spleen and tumor. Results: TiOxNPs acted as a potent radiosensitizer, which enhanced cytotoxic ROS-mediated cell death. This combination effect could not only a local treatment that directly kills cancer cells but also could enhance the adjuvanticity from dying cancer cells by DAMPs, and significantly upregulate expression of MHC class I on tumor cells. Treatment of B16-F10 melanoma tumor model with burst therapy resulted in tumor shrinkage and extended overall survival. Burst therapy facilitated the recruitment and maturation of DCs into SLO, and improved antigen presentation to naive T cells. Infiltration into the tumor site of CTL were correlated with increasing of migration DCs into SLO. Conclusion: A novel radiotherapy combining with TiOxNPs played an important role in release of endogenous tumor antigens and DAMPs. The upregulation of MHC class I expression on tumor cells after X-ray irradiation facilitated the recognition of the tumor cells by T cells, leading to significantly enhanced antitumor immune response compared to exisiting immunoradiotherapy. This novel nanoparticles exposed to X-ray irradiation could trigger of antigen-specific immune responses and transform a tumor into a site for activation of antitumor immune response. Citation Format: Yoshiko Fujita, Hikaru Kubota, Chiaki Ogino, Ryohei Sasaki. Anti-tumor immunity evolved by novel titanium peroxide nanoparticles (TiOxNPs) as a radiosensitizer and PD-1 blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6408.

Abstract 3963: Mass spectrometry reveals a downregulation of calreticulin after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer

Abstract Introduction: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are one of the deadliest cancer types with limited response to current therapies. Thus, this study examined changes in the proteome of epithelial cells in pancreatic cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine, to identify new therapeutic targets. Methods: Upon receiving patient consent, fresh pancreatic cancer tissue was received from surgical tumor resections at the University Hospital of Bonn. We mechanically and enzymatically digested and purified the tissue to create single-cell suspensions. After staining the cells against CD45 und CD326, we purified epithelial cells, blood cells, and stroma through FACS. To analyze their proteome, the sorted cells were lysed in TEAB buffer and the protein lysates were measured by the mass spectrometry core facility at the University of Bonn. We then analyzed the data using DAVID and Shiny GO. Results: Gene enrichment analyses showed a significantly reduced expression of calreticulin after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in epithelial cells. A direct comparison between untreated and treated epithelium cancer cells using a heat map showed a decreased expression of actin and enzymes of glycolysis in treated cancer cells. Moreover, untreated epithelial cells showed an increase of proteins related to MHC class Ib protein complex assembly and antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class. In contrast, treated cells showed a higher presence of proteins for nutrient supply from the blood. Furthermore, untreated stroma cells exhibited an increased number of proteins responsible for mesenchymal migration and for actin filament fragmentation. Conclusion: This study shows that neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine leads to distinct changes in the proteome of tumor cells in pancreatic cancers. In particular, a decreased expression of the “eat-me-signal” calreticulin impairs macrophage-mediated cancer cell phagocytosis, thereby indicating a mechanism by which cancer cells protect themselves after chemotherapy. Citation Format: Michael C. Stoffel, Elisabeth BH Dingendorf, Dahlia L. Kittel, Glen Kristiansen, Tristan Lerbs. Mass spectrometry reveals a downregulation of calreticulin after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3963.

IFN-γR/STAT1 signaling in recipient hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells suppresses graft-versus-host disease.

The absence of IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) or STAT1 signaling in donor cells has been shown to result in reduced induction of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In this study, we unexpectedly observed increased activation and expansion of donor lymphocytes in both lymphohematopoietic organs and GVHD target tissues of IFN-γR/STAT1-deficient recipient mice, leading to rapid mortality following the induction of GVHD. LPS-matured, BM-derived Ifngr1-/- Stat1-/- DCs (BMDCs) were more potent allogeneic stimulators and expressed increased levels of MHC II and costimulatory molecules. Similar effects were observed in human antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with knockdown of Stat1 by CRISPR/Cas9 and treatment with a JAK1/2 inhibitor. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the absence of IFN-γR/STAT1 signaling in hematopoietic APCs impaired the presentation of exogenous antigens, while promoting the presentation of endogenous antigens. Thus, the indirect presentation of host antigens to donor lymphocytes was defective in IFN-γR/STAT1-deficient, donor-derived APCs in fully donor chimeric mice. The differential effects of IFN-γR/STAT1 signaling on endogenous and exogenous antigen presentation could provide further insight into the roles of the IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of GVHD, organ rejection, and autoimmune diseases.

Activated autophagy of innate immune cells during the early stages of major trauma.

Trauma-induced immune dysfunction has been a major barrier to achieving reduced mortality, which is poorly understood. Autophagy is a crucial catabolic mechanism of immune cells during times of stress. Few studies have investigated the immune regulatory effects induced by autophagy after trauma. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics analysis in a major trauma cohort to demonstrate the dominant role of autophagy in innate immune cells during the early stages of major trauma. Single-cell transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed, which were sampled from three control participants and five major trauma patients within 6 hours of injury. In detail, after single-cell RNA-sequence data processing, cell type annotation and cluster marker identification were performed. A genetic toolbox with 604 autophagy-related genes was used to monitor the autophagy levels in immune cells. In addition, all transcriptome RNA sequencing data obtained from PBMCs in a cohort of 167 major trauma patients were downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE36809). Key deregulated biological processes and important autophagic hub genes involved in immune cells were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and gene ontology enrichment analysis. A total of 20,445 differentially expressed genes were identified and five co-expression modules were constructed. Enrichment analysis indicated that activated autophagy is the most important biological process during the early stages of major trauma, and JMY (autophagy-related genes) were identified as hub genes. The single-cell transcriptional profiling of PBMCs demonstrated that all components of adaptive immune cells were significantly decreased, whereas components of innate immune cells (monocytes and neutrophils) were significantly increased in major trauma patients compared with control participants. Activated autophagy was detected in monocytes and neutrophils by monitoring the dynamic transcriptional signature of the autophagy-related genetic toolbox. Biological process analysis shows that antigen uptake, processing presentation, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II protein complex assembly pathways were up-regulated in autophagy-positive monocytes, whereas antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen and type I interferon signaling pathways were up-regulated in autophagy-positive neutrophils during the early stages of major trauma. Our study demonstrated that autophagy is a biological process crucial to the development of immune disorders in the early stages of major trauma. Furthermore, the results of our study generated a comprehensive single-cell immune landscape for major trauma patients, in which we determined that autophagy profoundly affects the main functions of innate immune cells and provides insight into the cellular basis of immune dysregulation after major trauma.

Placental macrophage responses to viral and bacterial ligands and the influence of fetal sex.

Bacterial and viral infections of the placenta are associated with inflammation and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are fetal-origin macrophages in the placenta, proposed to protect the fetus from vertical pathogen transmission. We performed quantitative proteomics on term HBCs under resting conditions and following exposure to bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and investigated the contribution of fetal sex. Resting HBCs expressed proteins pertinent to macrophage function, including chemokines, cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. HBCs mounted divergent responses to bacterial versus viral PAMPs but exhibited protein expression changes suggestive of a more pro-inflammatoryphenotype. A comparison between male and female HBCs showed that the latter mounted a stronger and wider response. Here, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the sex-dependent responses of placental macrophages to infectious triggers, which were primarily associated with lipid metabolism in males and cytoskeleton organization in females.

Engineered red blood cells (activating antigen carriers) drive potent T cell responses and tumor regression in mice.

Activation of T cell responses is essential for effective tumor clearance; however, inducing targeted, potent antigen presentation to stimulate T cell responses remains challenging. We generated Activating Antigen Carriers (AACs) by engineering red blood cells (RBCs) to encapsulate relevant tumor antigens and the adjuvant polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), for use as a tumor-specific cancer vaccine. The processing method and conditions used to create the AACs promote phosphatidylserine exposure on RBCs and thus harness the natural process of aged RBC clearance to enable targeting of the AACs to endogenous professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) without the use of chemicals or viral vectors. AAC uptake, antigen processing, and presentation by APCs drive antigen-specific activation of T cells, both in mouse in vivo and human in vitro systems, promoting polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells and, in a tumor model, driving high levels of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell infiltration and tumor killing. The efficacy of AAC therapy was further enhanced by combination with the chemotherapeutic agent Cisplatin. In summary, these findings support AACs as a potential vector-free immunotherapy strategy to enable potent antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by endogenous APCs with broad therapeutic potential.

Immunization with live influenza virus induces greater polyfunctional CD4+ T cell response compared to inactivated virus

Previous work has shown that infection of dendritic cells with influenza virus results in more diverse and efficient antigen presentation on MHC-II compared to treatment with excess doses of killed influenza virus. Accordingly, immunization of mice with live influenza virus elicits a greater frequency and breadth of CD4+ T cells than killed virus, as determined by interferon (IFN)-gamma ELISpot. Here, we sought to more fully characterize the differences in CD4+ T cell functionality induced by live vs. killed virus vaccines. C57Bl/6 mice were immunized with live influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) or a large excess dose of inactivated PR8. Efforts were made to control for the antigen load and adjuvant effects. Influenza-specific CD4+ T cells were evaluated by peptide/MHC-II tetramer staining, intracellular cytokine staining after peptide restimulation, and flow cytometry. Greater frequencies of PR8-specific CD4+ T cells were elicited by live vs. killed virus, as measured by tetramer staining or expression of the cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF, or IL-2. Of particular note, live virus induced a significantly higher frequency of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells, producing two or more cytokines when stimulated with peptide. This result was evident when polyfunctional CD4+ T cells were expressed as a fraction of all CD4+ T cells or PR8 epitope-specific CD4+ T cells. The difference in polyfunctional CD4+ T cells was maintained when antigenically distinct influenza virus B/Lee/1940 was mixed with killed PR8 as an adjuvant or when killed PR8 was administered in a prime/boost series. The data are consistent with a model whereby endogenous antigen presentation on MHC-II transmits more potent activating signals to CD4+ T cells than exogenous presentation, leading to a greater level of type 1 helper cytokine production and potentially greater antiviral effects.

IRE1α activation in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Modulates Innate Recognition of Melanoma Cells and Favors CD8+ T cell Priming

The IRE1α/XBP1s signaling pathway is an arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that safe guards the fidelity of the cellular proteome during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. IRE1α has also emerged as a key regulator of dendritic cell (DC) homeostasis where it controls key features including the cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens. This aspect is highly applicable to the field of antitumor immunity, as representative tumor antigens are likely to be contained within dying cancer cells. Thus, the aim of this work is to elucidate the role of IRE1α signaling in innate recognition and antigen-presentation of melanoma-associated antigens to CD8+ T cells. We found that melanoma cell lysates (MEL) were potent activators of the IRE1α/ XBP1s pathway and additional members of the UPR including CHOP and BiP, in various cultures of bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs). To assess the role of IRE1α in the recognition of MEL by BMDCs we used the aldehydes 4µ8C and STF-083010, two pharmacological inhibitors of the IRE1α RNAse domain. BMDCs stimulated with MEL in presence of 4µ8C produced lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and showed curtailed abilities to cross-present MEL-associated antigens to CD8+ T cells. Remarkably, IRE1α blockade specifically decreased cross-presentation of MEL-associated antigens without interfering with the phagocytic capacity of DCs, endogenous MHC-I antigen presentation or presentation of tumor antigens via MHC-II. Furthermore, BMDCs expressing a mutant isoform IRE1α that lacks the RNase domain were less efficient at inducing CD8+ T cell proliferation to a melanoma-as-sociated antigen in vivo. Our data indicates that activation of the IRE1α/XBP1s axis in BMDCs promotes CD8+ T cell priming to melanoma antigens. Knowledge derived from this study may be considered in the design of DC-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.

Maintenance of Hypoimmunogenic Features via Regulation of Endogenous Antigen Processing and Presentation Machinery.

Universally acceptable donor cells have been developed to address the unmet need for immunotypically matched materials for regenerative medicine. Since forced expression of hypoimmunogenic genes represses the immune response, we established universal pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by replacing endogenous β2-microglobulin (β2m) with β2m directly conjugated to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, thereby simultaneously suppressing HLA-I expression and the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response. These modified human PSCs retained their pluripotency and differentiation capacity; however, surface presentation of HLA-G was absent from subsequently differentiated cells, particularly cells of neural lineages, due to the downregulation of antigen processing and presentation machinery (APM) genes. Induction of APM genes by overexpression of NLR-family CARD domain-containing 5 (NLRC5) or activator subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) heterodimer (RelA) recovered the surface expression of HLA-G and the hypoimmunogenicity of neural cells. Our findings enhance the utility of hypoimmunogenic cells as universal donors and will contribute to the development of off-the-shelf stem-cell therapeutics.

Expression Profiles and Interaction of MicroRNA and Transcripts in Response to Bovine Leukemia Virus Exposure.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in cattle is omnipresent, which causes significantly economical losses worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine microRNA (miRNA) and transcript profiles and to establish their relationship in response to exposure to the virus. Small noncoding and messenger RNA were extracted and sequenced from serum and white blood cells (WBCs) derived from seven BLV seropositive and seven seronegative cows. Transcriptomic profiles were generated by sequencing RNA libraries from WBC. Bta-miR-206 and bta-miR-133a-3p were differentially expressed in serum (P < 0.05). In WBC, bta-miR-335-3p, bta-miR-375, and bta-novel-miR76-3p were differentially expressed (P < 0.03). There were 64 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs). Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the DETs overexpressed in the seropositive group with GOs of response to stimulus and immune system process predicted that the DETs could potentially negatively regulate viral life cycle and viral entry or release from host cells. In addition, the DETs depleted in the seropositive group could play a role in the downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I. The differentially expressed miRNAs targeted 17 DETs, among which the expressions of bta-miR-133a-3p and bta-miR-335-3p were significantly negatively correlated with the expressions of ENSBTAT00000079143 and ENSBTAT00000066733, respectively. Under high prediction criteria, 90 targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs were all non-DETs. The most enriched biological process GO term of the targets was the RNA-dependent DNA biosynthetic process, which could be associated with virus replication. These results suggested that the differentially expressed miRNAs fine-tune most of the target genes in responding to BLV exposure. In addition, Bta-miR-206 interacted with BLV regulatory genes rex and tax by targeting their coding regions. A further study of the miRNAs and the genes may reveal the molecular mechanisms of BLV infection and uncover possible ways to prevent the infection.

Abstract CT241: ENVOY-001: A phase 1, multicenter, open-label study of SQZ-AAC-HPV as monotherapy and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in HLA-A*02+ patients with HPV16+ recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic solid tumors

Abstract Background: AAC-HPV consists of autologous RBCs engineered using Cell Squeeze® technology to deliver synthetic long peptides (SLP) of HPV16 E6, E7 and the adjuvant, poly I:C. After intravenous (IV) administration, the AACs are designed to be phagocytosed by endogenous antigen presenting cells (APCs) and the E6 and E7 antigens presented on the APC’s major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). The concurrent delivery of antigen and adjuvant to the APCs is designed to elicit a potent antitumor T cell response to drive HPV16+ tumor killing. Preclinical experiments demonstrated that post IV administration of mouse AAC-HPV in a HPV16 E7-expressing TC-1 mouse model, E7 specific CD8+ T cells are recruited to the tumor, inhibiting tumor growth, prolonging survival, and forming immunological memory. Murine AAC-HPV treatment was also shown to be synergistic with cisplatin combinations. In vitro studies with human volunteer derived SQZ-AAC-HPV demonstrated to be endocytosed by dendritic cells and drive IFN-gamma production by T cell clones specific to human E7. The Phase 1/2 study’s biomarker program investigates whether pharmacodynamic effects observed in nonclinical studies correlate with potential clinical benefit. Immunogenic and pharmacodynamic endpoints include quantification and characterization of TILs and tumor microenvironment, changes in numbers and functions of circulating blood cells. In addition, cytokine responses and cell-free HPV16 DNA will be measured. Methods: ENVOY-001 (NCT04892043) is open for enrollment to HLA A*02+ patients with HPV16+ recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic solid tumors and includes escalation cohorts for monotherapy and in combination with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitors. The study is divided in two parts, the first will assess the safety in monotherapy dose-escalation following a Bayesian Optimal Interval approach. The second part of the study will assess the safety of SQZ-AAC-HPV when combined with nivolumab 360 mg q3w and/or ipilimumab 3 mg/kg q3w x4 or 1 mg/kg q6w when combined with nivolumab. The cycle length is 3 weeks, and patients will receive SQZ-AAC-HPV for up to 1 year or until available autologous drug product is exhausted. Eligible patients including but not limited to anal, cervical and head and neck tumors will undergo a 200 mL whole blood collection at the study site. The manufacturing process takes less than 24 hours to produce multiple cryopreserve patient doses and this therapy does not necessitate pre-conditioning. The vein-to-vein time for the 1st administration is approximately one week. Patients must have a lesion that can be biopsied with acceptable clinical risk and agree to have a fresh biopsy at Screening and on study. A Data Monitoring Committee is in place. No formal statistical hypothesis testing will be performed. Results: N/A Conclusions: N/A Citation Format: Victoria Villaflor, Rajwanth Veluswamy, Elena Garralda, Richard Maziarz, Emese Zsiros, Anthony Shields, Mariano Ponz-Sarvise, Martijn Lolkema, Mehdi Brahmi, Julia Jennings, Nathan Miselis, Lindsay Moore, Katarina Blagovic, Rui-Ru Ji, Scott Loughhead, Ricardo Zwirtes, Sandip Patel. ENVOY-001: A phase 1, multicenter, open-label study of SQZ-AAC-HPV as monotherapy and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in HLA-A*02+ patients with HPV16+ recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT241.