Presence Of Turbidity Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Tannery wastewater by Electrocoagulation method

Abstract Treating tannery wastewater poses a significant challenge due to its composition, comprising biogenic materials from hides and a diverse range of organic and inorganic chemicals. Experimental procedures were conducted using an electrochemical reactor employing sacrificial electrodes—mild steel as both anode and cathode—in a unceasing process. Numerous working parameters such as current density and electrolysis duration were examined to achieve optimal reduction in presence of turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, TDS, and Chromium content. Enhanced reductions in COD, BOD, TDS, and chromium content were observed at higher flow rates. The applied current density also notably impacted the reduction efficiency of COD, BOD, TDS, and chromium content. Investigation into the electro coagulation method employing short cell current (1A) and solvable mild steel electrodes revealed their efficacy compared to aluminium electrodes, particularly in chromium removal, achieving over 90% removal efficiency. However, the use of mild steel electrodes resulted in the formation of a black precipitate characteristic of iron (II) sulphides during the treatment, although effectively reducing effluent coloration. The removal efficiency of chloride, however, remained lower, at less than 12%. A comprehensive discussion on the mechanisms involved in the removal of COD, chromium, total dissolved salts, total solids, chloride and coloration using soluble mild steel electrodes was presented. The predominant role of the electrode was highlighted by treating tannery wastewater with mild steel electrodes, followed by filtration, resulting in removal rates of 68.0% for chemical oxygen demand, 43.1% for chromium, 55.1% for total dissolved salts and 84.3% for coloration, considering initial concentrations of 2850 mg/L, 230 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and a 256- fold dilution, respectively.

Optimization of TiO2-natural hydrogels for paracetamol and ibuprofen degradation in wastewaters.

Agarose/micrometer titanium dioxide (TiO2) beads were essayed to test the photocatalytic capacity of two of the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide: paracetamol and ibuprofen. Although the initial tests demonstrated promising degradation rates for both drugs, the presence of turbidity, due to TiO2 leakage, during the photocatalytic essays induced to improve the stability of the photocatalytic composites. Among the different strategies adopted to strengthen such materials, crosslinking with citric acid and the use of alternative gelling agents: gellan, agargel™, and agar were chosen. Composites obtained by merging both strategies were characterized and employed to degrade both drugs under a simulated light that mimics the solar spectrum (indoor). Considering the superior degradation rates obtained when agar and agarose were used to shape the titanium oxide particles (up to 70-75% of drug destruction), such composites were subjected to a more realistic experiment (outdoor): solar illumination, tap water, and higher volumes, that should facilitate its ulterior scale up as a real wastewater depollution procedure. Degradation rates between 80 and 90% are attained under such conditions for both drugs.

Adjuvants and additives for the colloidal stabilization of red wines without the use of cold

The presence of turbidity and precipitates in the bottle causes depreciation of wine by consumers. Colloidal instability is at the basis of these phenomena. The cold treatment is a technique widely used to stabilize wines, as regards both the tartaric and the colloidal precipitations. However, it is an energy-consuming technique. In view of a sustainable management of winery practices, the work aimed at evaluating the possibility of using some enological products for the colloidal stabilization of wines without cold treatment. 8 adjuvants (sodium and calcium bentonite, hot and cold soluble gelatin, chitosan, isinglass, PVI/PVP, carboxymethylcellulose) and 4 additives (kordofan gum, 2 different mannoproteins, a natural polysaccharide polymer) were compared. The trial was performed with a Barbera (2019) and a Montepulcianod'Abruzzo (2020) wines, stabilized against tartaric precipitations without cold, but with colloidal instability. Three days after the treatments the wines were racked, filtered (3 m) and bottled. After bottling and after 6 months of bottle aging, the wines were analyzed. Colloidal stability test (48 hours at 4°C) and shock test (1 and 7 days at 40 °C) were performed. As regards Barbera, the treatment with sodium bentonite (50 g/hL) or the addition of a mannoprotein (15 g/hL) allowed to stabilize the wine. For Montepulciano, having a higher colloidal instability than Barbera, the cold stabilization resulted necessary because no treatment was effective. All treatments had a modest impact on the color.

A preliminary study on intraparticle diffusion of turbidity through nanomagnetic biocarbon composite (NBC)

The accessibility of safe drinking water is a fundamental element of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). A novel nanomagnetic biocarbon composite (NBC) has been developed utilising coconut shells for purifying raw groundwater. One of the primary concerns associated with groundwater is turbidity, a condition resulting from the presence of clay, dirt, and silt particles. The presence of turbidity in untreated water has a significant effect on both the visual appeal and overall cleanliness of the water. For the purposes of comparison, commercialised activated carbon (CAC) was utilised in this study. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, it was observed that the average pore diameter of NBC was smaller compared to commercially available activated carbon (CAC), despite having a higher BET surface (SBET) value of 916.189 m/g compared to CAC. Based on the results of the kinetic study, it was determined that intraparticle diffusion, specifically external film diffusion, exhibited the most suitable fit as the kinetic model for NBC and CAC. This conclusion was supported by the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) values obtained, which were 0.04 for NBC and 0.13 for CAC, surpassing the performance of alternative models. The diffusion coefficient (Di) values for NBC (7.40 x 10–15 cm2/s) and CAC (7.80 x 10–15 cm2/s) demonstrated the phenomenon of bulk diffusion from high to low concentration. Notably, the diffusion coefficient for NBC was found to be lower than that for CAC. Accordingly, it is suggested that average pore diameter played important roles in intraparticle diffusion of an absorbent.

Biosynthesis of ZnO photocatalyst and its application in photo catalytic degradation of methylene blue dyestuff

In this research, biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) was performed using aqueous extract of the leaves of Cynara scolymus L (CsL, artichoke) plant. The synthesized CsLZnO-NPs were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Production of CsLZnO-NPs was approved by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak localized at 366 nm and the band seen at 417 cm−1 (Zn-O stretching) in the FTIR spectrum. EDS spectrum also confirmed formation of CsLZnO-NPs. The percentage composition by mass of the synthesized CsLZnO-NPs is close to the theoretical mass percentage composition (Zn: 80%, O: 20%) of the ZnO molecule. TEM analysis showed that the particles are of sub-micron size and have no sharp boundaries or morphologies. CsLZnO-NPs with wurtzite structure were characterized by XRD analysis. The average size of CsLZnO-NPs was measured to be 332.5 nm. The band gap energy value of CsLZnO-NPs was found to be 2.9 eV which is lower than the band gap of bulk ZnO (3.37 eV). Produced CsLZnO-NPs were utilized as a photocatalyst for decolorization of Methylene Blue (MB) dyestuff. Under UV-light, 80% decolorization efficiency was achieved in 240 min. In the present study, correct results were obtained by taking first derivative spectra in the presence of turbidity in centrifuged and filtered samples or in samples with high background absorbance in the spectrophotometric measurements of photocatalysis reactions. Decolorization of MB dyestuff follows the pseudo-first order kinetic.

Delineation of water body from Sentinel 2 MSI imagery – A comparative study

Remote sensing gives a synoptic view of the extent of water area and also assists in understanding the spatial and temporal variations in the water surface coverage. Several methods have been adopted for extracting water pixels from an imagery. Delineation of water bodies has been attempted based on threshold values at a single band, band ratios or normalized difference indices. The accuracy of a method depends on the geophysical and spectral characteristics of the area of study. The present study attempts to compare the performance of widely used water extraction indices NDWI, MNDWI, SNN with the water pixels extracted by atmospheric correction processors C2RCC and Acolite. The Sentinel 2 imageries of the northern region of Vembanad Lake has been used for the study. The comparison on these methods indicated that C2RCC could extract even the finer streams that were not identified by most of the other methods. The presence of turbidity may be a reason for these pixels to be unidentified by the other methods. The temporal variations in the water surface coverage was also attempted here, by comparing the water area in March 2019, October 2019, December 2019.

Fluorometric detection of phages in liquid media: Application to turbid samples

During the last years there has been a growing interest in the development of methods for phage detection and quantification in environmental, public health and industrial sectors. Good methods of phage monitoring contribute to progress in phage therapies, biocontrol and food safety studies. They have also been used to indicate the possible presence of microbiological hazards in drinking and recreational waters, and are an essential tool to prevent failure of microbe-based industrial bioreactors. Many of the sophisticated methods that have emerged to cover these needs are strongly hampered by the presence of turbidity in the samples, that results in decreased sensitivity. To avoid this, time consuming pretreatment steps must often be included that increase the overall complexity of the assays and the time required to perform them. With this in mind, we have explored an alternative method that fulfills the criteria of being simple, rapid and inexpensive and can be used to perform analysis in turbid media without any pretreatment steps. In this paper we develop a method that monitors lysis of an indicator culture when exposed to samples containing the target phage. The method is based on the properties of resazurin, a redox dye that becomes fluorescent when reduced by an active microbial culture. We analyzed the fluorescence kinetics of non-turbid phage-infected bacterial cultures as a function of both, phage abundance and initial cell concentration. For this purpose, different phage/host combinations were used and then, the addition of resazurin at different times (0, 30 and 60 min) was carefully evaluated for each phage/host combination, thus providing data for 168 combinations in total. Next, selected phage/host combinations were tested over 4 different turbidity models: 0, 1000, 2000 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) as well as in milk. The data obtained provided information about the duration of the assay and sensitivity thresholds in matrices with different turbidity grades. The results obtained indicate that the method can detect as few as 10 phage particles per assay volume within 3.5 h. If sensitivity is not an issue and the threshold of detection is increased to 107 phages the assay is considerably shortened, providing reliable results in only 40 min. Overall, the detection approach proposed in this work provides a simple, rapid and inexpensive solution that compares favorably, in terms of performance, with other high-end methods.

Experimental Examinations on Purification of Water by Rice Husk and Its Ash

In this research, an effort has been made to provide solutions to water pollution with the utilisation of Rice Husk (RH) & Rice Husk Ash (RHA). It has been accomplished by making water purification filters with RH & RHA. The filters blocks consisting RH& RH were prepared by mixing up of different percentage of RH, RHA, fine aggregate and cement. The ingredients of filter blocks were mixed up in required composition. Casted filter were set for drying followed by the process of curing. Water quality analysis of Pond water, River water & Kitchen waste water was analysed. Various parameters of water passed through different filter blocks were analysed, hence determining the efficiency of the treatment. The main intention of this research work was to reduce the hardness, chloride concentration, presence of turbidity, sulphates and iron content from water samples collected from various locations by using RH based filters and RHA based filters. To determine the reusability of column filter, different sets of experiments were performed. Through these experimental results obtained, it was noticed that the efficiency of column filter was near about 5% after 5 cycles of process. Thus, this study helps to know how RHA can be effectively utilized as filters and about the various parameters that can be removed from the waste water by using RHA based filters.

Real-Time Monocular Visual Odometry for Turbid and Dynamic Underwater Environments.

In the context of underwater robotics, the visual degradation induced by the medium properties make difficult the exclusive use of cameras for localization purpose. Hence, many underwater localization methods are based on expensive navigation sensors associated with acoustic positioning. On the other hand, pure visual localization methods have shown great potential in underwater localization but the challenging conditions, such as the presence of turbidity and dynamism, remain complex to tackle. In this paper, we propose a new visual odometry method designed to be robust to these visual perturbations. The proposed algorithm has been assessed on both simulated and real underwater datasets and outperforms state-of-the-art terrestrial visual SLAM methods under many of the most challenging conditions. The main application of this work is the localization of Remotely Operated Vehicles used for underwater archaeological missions, but the developed system can be used in any other applications as long as visual information is available.

Variasi Konsentrasi Alfa Siklodekstrin dan Waktu Sentrifugasi Dalam Preparasi Serum Lipemik Pada Pemeriksaan Glukosa Metode GOD-PAP

Pemeriksaan kadar glukosa metode GOD-PAP di dalam serum dapat terganggu dengan adanya kekeruhan disebabkan oleh serum lipemik yang menyebabkan hasil kadar glukosa dalam serum tinggi palsu. Penambahan alfa-siklodekstrin (α-CD) dapat mengikat lipemik di dalam serum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dari alfa-siklodekstrin dan waktu sentrifugasi yang optimal dengan penambahan alfa-siklodekstrin. Menambahkan variasi konsentrasi alfa-siklodekstrin 0.5%, 1%, dan 1.5% pada pooled serum dengan variasi kadar trigliserida ±1000 mg/dL, ±1500 mg/dL dan ±2000 mg/dL lalu inkubasi selama 30 menit pada suhu 4oC. Sentrifugasi dengan kecepatan 3000 rpm pada variasi waktu sentrifugasi selama 5 menit, 10 menit dan 15 menit pada suhu 4oC sampai terbentuk endapan dan supernatan. Supernatan yang terbentuk diukur kadar glukosa metode GOD-PAP dan trigliserida metode GPO-PAP menggunakan alat fotometer. Hasil yang didapatkan, tidak terdapat perbedaan pada suatu nilai secara signifikan dari variasi waktu sentrifugasi dan variasi konsentrasi alfa-siklodekstrin setelah dibandingkan dengan kadar glukosa pooled serum awal (base line) pada uji ANOVA, uji Kruskall Wallis dan uji Mann Whitney. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan terhadap pooled serum awal (base line) pada waktu sentrifugasi dengan kadar trigliserida ± 1000 mg/dL dengan kadar alfa-siklodekstrin 0.5% pada waktu sentrifugasi selama 10 menit, kadar trigliserida ± 1500 mg/dL dan ± 2000 mg/dL dengan kadar alfa-siklodekstrin 1%, dengan waktu sentrifugasi selama 5 menit.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Neem and Ginger, To Prove Its Effectiveness in Decontaminating “Gutta Percha Cones” - An In Vitro Study

Aim: To compare and evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of neem, ginger, neem plus ginger and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and to determine its effectiveness in decontaminating ”gutta percha cones” Materials and Methods: A concentrated extract of neem, ginger and neem plus ginger are used to check for the antimicrobial efficacy using the agar well diffusion method. Presence of zones of diffusion were identified against 3 common gutta-percha contaminants namely E.coli, E.faecalis and Staph aureus. New gutta-percha cones, freshly taken out of the packet using sterile tweezers were then decontaminated for 1minute using 6%neem, 6%ginger and 6% neem plus ginger and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite separately. Then, it was placed in a nutrient broth to check for the presence of turbidity. Results: The zones of inhibition were formed around both neem and ginger natural extract, in which neem plus ginger group showed almost equivalent antimicrobial efficacy in comparison to 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite. The broth remained clear even after 24 hours of incubation. Conclusion: We observed in this study that neem plus ginger extract is indeed effective as a GP decontaminant and it holds a promising future as a medium for storage of GP cones.

Analysis of Demineralized Chemical Substances for Disinfecting Gutta-percha Cones.

Introduction:The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5% malic acid, 17% EDTA and 10% citric acid solutions used to disinfect gutta-percha cones contaminated by Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). Methods and Materials:Two hundred and ten previously sterilized gutta-percha cones were contaminated with E. faecalis at concentration of 1.5×108 CFU/mL. The cones were immersed in 5% malic acid, 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid, 1% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl for 1, 5 and 10 min. Then each cone was kept in Eppendorf tubes containing BHI sterile solution at 37°C for 48 h. The presence of turbidity in BHI solution was analyzed. The results were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and 5% Dunn comparisons. P-value was considered statistically significant when P<0.05. Results: Regardless of exposure time, 1% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl were the most effective agents for rapid disinfection of gutta-percha cones (P<0.001). All specimens immersed in experimental demineralized solutions presented bacterial growth (P>0.05). Conclusion:Demineralized solutions tested were not effective for elimination of Enterococcus faecalis on the surface of gutta-percha cones.

A Clinical Outcome of Dexamethasone therapy of Patients with Pyogenic Meningitis

Objective: Observation of hastening effect of dexamethasone on recovery time and reductions of case fatality and neurological complications of pyogenic meningitis. Methodology: A total of 39 patients with pyogenic meningitis were considered on the basis of short clinical history and laboratory findings like, fever, headache, projectile vomiting, confusion/delirium, unconsciousness and neck rigidity and kerning’s sign, raised CSF pressure, presence of turbidity or purulent CSF with identification of bacteria on gram staining or culture of CSF, High CSF cell count (> 10 to 50mg/dl). Results: Data was analyzed by using MS-Office software. Conclusions: Adjunctive dexamethasone therapy may improve the outcome of pyogenic meningitis in adolescent and adult patients. And the intensity of headache, vomiting and fever were also relieved by using dexamethasone therapy.

OPTO-ACOUSTIC DATA FUSION FOR SUPPORTING THE GUIDANCE OF REMOTELY OPERATED UNDERWATER VEHICLES (ROVs)

Abstract. Remotely Operated underwater Vehicles (ROVs) play an important role in a number of operations conducted in shallow and deep water (e.g.: exploration, survey, intervention, etc.), in several application fields like marine science, offshore construction, and underwater archeology. ROVs are usually equipped with different imaging devices, both optical and acoustic. Optical sensors are able to generate better images in close range and clear water conditions, while acoustic systems are usually employed in long range acquisitions and do not suffer from the presence of turbidity, a well-known cause of coarser resolution and harder data extraction. In this work we describe the preliminary steps in the development of an opto-acoustic camera able to provide an on-line 3D reconstruction of the acquired scene. Taking full advantage of the benefits arising from the opto-acoustic data fusion techniques, the system was conceived as a support tool for ROV operators during the navigation in turbid waters, or in operations conducted by means of mechanical manipulators. The paper presents an overview of the device, an ad-hoc methodology for the extrinsic calibration of the system and a custom software developed to control the opto-acoustic camera and supply the operator with visual information.

Simultaneous application of iron and aluminum anodes for nitrate removal: a comprehensive parametric study

Exposure to high concentration of nitrate through drinking water poses a threat to human health and environment. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an alternative water treatment process that involves electrogeneration of coagulant agents. In the present study, EC was exerted for the nitrate removal in a batch reactor using aluminum and iron anodes simultaneously. The effects of the main parameters including electrical current, initial pH, NaCl dosage, initial nitrate concentration and presence of turbidity on NO3 − removal were investigated. NO2 − as a by-product was monitored during electrolysis, and nitrate–nitrite index was calculated. The results indicated that optimum condition was pH of 5, 300 mA electrical current, 100 mg/L NaCl and electrolysis time of 40 min, under which removal efficiency was 81.5 %. Nitrite anion was generated during electrolysis of nitrate solution which increases nitrate–nitrite index at the first reaction time, and it was eliminated after 20-min electrolysis time. Reaction kinetic of nitrate removal in the absence and presence of turbidity was first-order and zero-order, respectively.

Coronal microleakage of endodontically treated teeth with intracanal post exposed to fresh human saliva

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the coronal microleakage of endodontically treated teeth prepared to receive an intracanal post and teeth with an intracanal post but without a prosthetic crown and exposed to contamination by fresh human saliva.Material and MethodsA mechanical-chemical preparation following the step-back technique was carried out in 35 extracted single-rooted human teeth. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups: G1=root canals instrumented, obturated, and prepared to receive an intracanal post (N=10); G2=root canals with cemented posts but without coronal sealing (N=10); PC1=positive control root canals instrumented and open (N=5); PC2=positive control 2 root canals without instrumentation and open (N=5); and NC=negative control healthy teeth (N=5). The crowns were removed except for the control group of intact teeth. The root canals were obturated and sterilized with cobalt 60 gamma irradiation and were then adapted in an apparatus using a Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium and fresh human saliva for contamination. Microbial growth was indicated by the presence of turbidity in the BHI liquid medium.ResultsData were submitted to the Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis and the Holm-Sidak statistic method, which observed an index of 90% of microleakage in root canals after 24 hours for G1 and 70% of microleakage in samples at the end of 40 days for G2.ConclusionThe results show that root canals with an intracanal post but without a prosthetic crown can be recontaminated when exposed to fresh human saliva in a short period.

A Comparative Analysis between Active and Passive Techniques for Underwater 3D Reconstruction of Close-Range Objects

In some application fields, such as underwater archaeology or marine biology, there is the need to collect three-dimensional, close-range data from objects that cannot be removed from their site. In particular, 3D imaging techniques are widely employed for close-range acquisitions in underwater environment. In this work we have compared in water two 3D imaging techniques based on active and passive approaches, respectively, and whole-field acquisition. The comparison is performed under poor visibility conditions, produced in the laboratory by suspending different quantities of clay in a water tank. For a fair comparison, a stereo configuration has been adopted for both the techniques, using the same setup, working distance, calibration, and objects. At the moment, the proposed setup is not suitable for real world applications, but it allowed us to conduct a preliminary analysis on the performances of the two techniques and to understand their capability to acquire 3D points in presence of turbidity. The performances have been evaluated in terms of accuracy and density of the acquired 3D points. Our results can be used as a reference for further comparisons in the analysis of other 3D techniques and algorithms.

Clay- and algae-induced effects on biomass, cell size and toxin concentration of a brackish-water cyanobacterium

We studied if biomass, cell dimensions and microcystin concentration of the cyanobacterium Ana- baena sp. (strain BIR 257; recently also referred to as Dolichospermum) change in the presence of turbidity caused by clay and a eukaryotic green algal species. Anabaena sp. was incubated in experimental lab bioassays, with added clay and the chlorophyte Bra- chiomonas submarina. A control was established con- taining a single species of Anabaena sp. Biomass of Anabaena, given as carbon concentration increased in response to clay addition, suggesting that Anabaena was stimulated by lower light conditions whereas B. subm- arina was not. Cell lengths increased most likely as a response to lower light conditions. Dissolved toxin concentration decreased in treatments containing clay. Increased clay turbidity may favour the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. over its eukaryotic competitors in the future Baltic Sea, especially in low-salinity estuaries.

Ex vivo microbial leakage after using different final irrigation regimens with chlorhexidine

Objective:To assess the influence of final irrigation protocols with chlorhexidine in the coronal leakage of Enterococcus faecalis in filled root canals.Material and Methods:Seventy single-root canals from extracted teeth were prepared using ProTaper instruments. The irrigation protocol accomplished an alternating irrigation with 5 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA between each file. The teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=15) according to the final irrigation regimen: group 1, without final irrigation; group 2, irrigation with 10 mL 2.0% chlorhexidine (CHX); group 3, with a final application of EC40TM; and group 4, irrigation with the combination (1:1) of 0.2% CHX + 0.1% cetrimide (CTR). All the teeth were mounted in a two-chamber apparatus and the coronal access was exposed to E. faecalis. The presence of turbidity in the BHI broth over a period of 180 days was observed. The Friedman test was used for statistical analysis.Results:EC40TM varnish showed the least leakage at 180 days, and was statistically similar to 2% CHX. No significant differences were observed between the group without final irrigation and the 2% CHX group or 0.2% CHX + 0.1% CTR.Conclusions:In this ex vivo study, EC40TM showed the longest delayed coronal leakage of E. faecalis, although without significant differences from 2% CHX.

Continuous monitoring of enzymatic activity within native electrophoresis gels: Application to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes

Native gel electrophoresis allows the separation of very small amounts of protein complexes while retaining aspects of their activity. In-gel enzymatic assays are usually performed by using reaction-dependent deposition of chromophores or light-scattering precipitates quantified at fixed time points after gel removal and fixation, limiting the ability to analyze the enzyme reaction kinetics. Herein, we describe a custom reaction chamber with reaction medium recirculation and filtering and an imaging system that permits the continuous monitoring of in-gel enzymatic activity even in the presence of turbidity. Images were continuously collected using time-lapse high-resolution digital imaging, and processing routines were developed to obtain kinetic traces of the in-gel activities and analyze reaction time courses. This system also permitted the evaluation of enzymatic activity topology within the protein bands of the gel. This approach was used to analyze the reaction kinetics of two mitochondrial complexes in native gels. Complex IV kinetics showed a short initial linear phase in which catalytic rates could be calculated, whereas Complex V activity revealed a significant lag phase followed by two linear phases. The utility of monitoring the entire kinetic behavior of these reactions in native gels, as well as the general application of this approach, is discussed.