Presence Of Thyroid Dysfunction Research Articles

Pathophysiological features of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (a literature review and own observations)

Background. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic di­sease that causes disorders of all types of metabolism. Currently, there is an increasing prevalence of not only DM, but also its serious complications. One of the common chronic complications of DM is diabetic kidney disease (DKD). As of today, it is also known about the effect of DM on other endocrine organs, in particular thyroid gland. Thyroid dysfunction in combination with type 2 DM and DKD are interrelated conditions. In the literature review, the causes, theories of development, stages, course, and criteria for making a diagnosis of DKD are highlighted, probable mechanisms for the development of phenotypes are described. The impact of pathophysio­logical mechanisms of metabolic and secretory disorders on thyroid function has been demonstrated. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to search for literature data. The purpose of the study is to investigate the frequency and prevalence of phenoty­pic forms of DKD and the thyroid functional state. Materials and methods. We have analyzed the data of 1,874 patients with type 2 DM who were receiving inpatient treatment at the Lviv Regional Clinical Diagnostic Center, branch of the Center for Endocrinolo­gical Population Health, in 2022 and the first three quarters of 2023. Among them, 56 % were women, 44 % were men. The average age of the patients was 56.1 ± 8.2 years. The frequency and prevalence of phenotypic forms of DKD, the thyroid functional state in such patients were studied. Results. The share of patients with confirmed DKD was 26 % (n = 487). According to the results of the studies, DKD develops by a phenotype of non-albuminuric renal dysfunction in 288 patients (59 %), by an albuminuric phenotype — in 192 cases (39.6 %), and as a progressive decrease in kidney function — in 7 patients (1.4 %). Non-albuminuric renal dysfunction phenotype was 1.5 times more frequent than albuminuric one. Thyroid dysfunction was diagnosed in 166 patients with DKD (34 %). The obtained data confirm the greater prevalence of hypothyroidism as compared to hyperthyroidism in patients with DKD. This allows us to suspect that the structural and functional changes in the kidneys in type 2 DM, which lead to a decrease in the filtration capacity of the kidneys, may be independent of albuminuria. Conclusions. The presence of DKD, regardless of the stage of DM and phenotype, has a direct and indirect effect on the regulation and functioning of the thyroid gland. In turn, adequate production of thyroid hormones is necessary for a balanced metabolism, energy homeostasis and renoprotection. The presence of thyroid dysfunction can be a cause of unsatisfactory control of diabetes and lead to the development of complications.

Thyroid dysfunction in patients with psoriasis: A case-control study from a tertiary care centre in South India

Psoriasis is an immune-arbitrated cutaneous disorder in which both genetic and habitational factors play a decisive role. Certain endocrinological disturbances like thyroid dysfunction can exacerbate the disease. This research aspires in knowing the prevalence of thyroid disease in psoriatic patients and the severity of psoriasis in those with thyroid disease with age and gender-evened controls. This was a case-referent study encompassing 100 adult psoriasis patients and 100 age and gender-evened healthy controls. The statistical differences between proportions were determined by chi-square analysis. A P-value of <0.05 was regarded as significant.In the current study, thyroid dysfunction was present in 20 % of cases and 8% of controls and serum TSH levels were significant among cases, with a p-value of 0.046. There was a clear association betwixt the psoriasis area severity index (PASI) and presence of thyroid dysfunction with a significant P-value of < 0.001. There was also a positive correlation between familial incidence of psoriasis and the presence of thyroid dysfunction in conjunction with span of psoriasis and the presence of thyroid dysfunction providing significant P-values of <0.001 and <0.002, correspondingly. Observations from our study provide compelling evidence that psoriasis is associated with thyroid dysfunction, which may affect the quality of life, as we documented higher PASI scores in psoriatics with thyroid dysfunction than those with normal thyroid function. It also highlights the importance of adopting a multidimensional approach for the management of psoriasis.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN PATIENTS HAVING THYROID DYSFUNCTIONS WITH THE EUTHYROIDS IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN NEPAL

Background: Thyroid hormone influences almost all metabolisms in the body and maintains body homeostasis. Since electrolytes homeostasis is also maintained by the thyroid hormone, we conducted this study to access the level of serum electrolytes in the presence of thyroid dysfunction. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 120 patients with any form of thyroid dysfunction and 120 euthyroids conducted in the department of biochemistry and medicine at Dhulikhel Hospital, Kavre, Nepal for six months (May-October 2021). Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review committee- KUSMS. Venous blood was collected and serum free T3, free T4, TSH, sodium and potassium were measured. Data were analysed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) version 16.0. Independent t-test, Man Whitney U test, one way ANOVA with ad hoc Dunnet t test and Spearman correlation were performed. Results: The mean level of sodium in subclinical hypothyroid, overt hypothyroid, euthyroid, subclinical hyperthyroid and overt hyperthyroid were 140.72±2.38, 141.24 ±4.60, 141.04±2.35, 141.89±3.38 and145.44±2.74, respectively. There was negative statistically significant correlation of the level of Na with TSH (rs=-0.144, p<0.05) and positive with fT3(rs=0.241, p<0.01). Conclusions: The level of serum sodium increased with the increase in the level of TSH and decreased with the increase in the level of fT3 in our population.

Thyroid Dysfunction Among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Saudi Arabia

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that may be associated with other autoimmune disorders. To date, limited data are available on thyroid dysfunction and SLE in Saudi Arabia. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the cases of 151 patients with SLE. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 17.2%: 4% in the hyperthyroid group and 11.9% in the hypothyroid group. Euthyroid sick syndrome was found in 1.3% of patients. Moreover, 57% of patients with hypothyroidism were positive for antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. No correlation was found between the presence of thyroid dysfunction and higher SLE disease activity, according to the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment–Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score.

Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Metabolic Syndrome and Correlation with Its Components

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in the patientswith Metabolic syndrome.To find the correlation of Subclinical hypothyroidism with the variouscomponents of metabolic syndrome.Methodology: Cross sectional study- a single centre observational study over 100 patients and 50controls of the age group of 20 to 75 years.Results: Observations for metabolic syndrome patients (cases) versus Healthy controls.Observationsof thyroid function tests in Metabolic syndrome Vs Healthy controls.Observations for SubclinicalHypothyroidism in Metabolic syndrome Vs Healthy controls.Corelation of various components ofMetS with Subclinical Hypothyroidism.Conclusions: study clearly indicates and emphasizes a diehard need for investigating the presence ofthyroid dysfunction while managing patients with MetS.

IDF21-0216 Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Diabetes and its association with comorbidities

Background: The prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) appears to be more than in the general population. In addition, there appears to be a relationship between the presence of thyroid dysfunction and comorbidities of diabetes.

COVID-19 and thyroid disease: clinical course and prognosis

The aim is to analyze current scientific data on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 and to evaluate the relationship between possible complications of COVID-19 and vaccination.
 Materials and methods. Open digital archive of journal articles on biomedical and biological sciences of the National Institutes of Health (USA), developed by the National Center for Biotechnological Information of the National Medical Library (USA) – PubMed, Google Academy and Academic Journals.
 Results. The development of thyroid diseases in SARS-CoV-2 may be associated with various mechanisms of its damage, including an excessive immune response, infection-induced immunodeficiency, or direct cell damage due to significant tissue tropism and high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 to thyroid tissue. Possible mechanisms of formation of post-vaccination dysfunction of the thyroid gland are proposed.
 Conclusions. Thyroid hormone deficiency is associated with an increased risk of adverse events and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 and depended on the age of the patient. The severe course of Covid-19 is characterized by an increase in the prevalence of TT secondary to destructive or inflammatory thyroiditis. Thyroid-related thyrotoxicosis exacerbates the clinical course of comorbidities and long-term consequences, such as autoimmune hypothyroidism, which occurs in patients of all ages and with any severity of COVID-19.
 The prevalence of TD in patients with COVID-19 varies from 13 to 64 %. 2. The presence of thyroid dysfunction is positively correlated with the clinical severity of COVID-19. Patients with confirmed thyroid disease should receive COVID-19 vaccine to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 infection

Short- and medium-term cost effects of non-indicated thyroid diagnostics: empirical evidence from German claims data

This paper contributes to the discussion of whether non-indicated ultrasound examinations of the thyroid gland contribute to overtreatment and excess health care expenditures. Using two sources of claims data from Germany, we analyzed data from patients who underwent a TSH blood test which is the initial diagnostic measure to check for possible presence of thyroid dysfunction. In a matching analysis, we compared health costs of two groups of patients. One consisted of patients who underwent an early thyroid ultrasound that according to medical guidelines—at this point—was probably not indicated. The other group consisted of patients, who underwent no ultrasound examination at all or later in the course of the disease, making probable a correct indication. Both groups were made comparable by the means of a matching procedure. Average thyroid-specific health costs were substantially higher for the first group in the quarter in which the ultrasound examination took place. Some deviation in these specific costs persisted over a substantial period of time, with drug expenditures exhibiting the biggest difference. If, however, total health costs were considered, difference in costs was only found in the initial quarter. We conclude that non-indicated ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland may have some moderate effects on thyroid-specific costs. Yet the data do not suggest that long-lasting overtreatment and excess health expenditures are initiated by non-indicated ultrasound in Germany.

PREVALENCE OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

Introduction: Chronic Liver Disease affects most of the organs in the human body. Various studies have been done regarding chronic liver disease, but not many studies are done on the assessment of thyroid function in chronic liver disease. Present study thus aimed at assessing the thyroid functions in chronic liver disease patients. Materials & Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital Study included 52 patients presenting with Chronic liver disease fullling the study criteria using purposive conservative sampling. Detailed examination was done for all cases including thyroid function tests. All analysis was carried out by using SPSS software version 21. Overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among chronic liver disease patients was 36.5%. A Results: signicant positive correlation was observed between severity of chronic liver disease and TSH levels (r-0.60) while an inverse correlation was observed with T3 and T4 levels (p<0.01). A signicant association was observed between presence of thyroid dysfunction among chronic liver disease patients who had hepatic encephalopathy (66.7% vs 32.6%; p<0.05). Also, a signicant association was observed with severity of chronic liver disease. Present study observed Conclusion: that derangement in thyroid prole is common in patients with cirrhosis of liver. A statistically signicant change was observed in serum T3 and T4 levels that tend to fall with progressive severity of chronic liver disease irrespective of aetiology. Thus all cirrhotic patients should undergo thyroid function evaluation as these patients are denitely associated with development of thyroid dysfunction.

Association between glycemic status and thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BackgroundThyroid dysfunction has been widely reported to be more common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in various parts of the world; however, there is paucity of data on this in our environment.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the possible relationship between glycemic status and thyroid dysfunction.MethodologyA total of 354 T2DM patients and 118 non-diabetic persons (controls) were recruited for the study. A pretested questionnaire was filled for each subject after due explanations. Their blood samples were tested for HbA1c, fT3, fT4, and TSH. Information retrieved from patient's medical records included age at diagnosis of diabetes (DM) and duration of DM. Testing statistics done included Student's t-test, chi square test, and regression analysis. P-value of less than 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant.ResultsThe results show that 43.5% and 37.3% of T2DM and control subjects, respectively, were males. Mean HbA1c was significantly higher in T2DM patients than in the controls (7.8±2.0% vs 5.8±1.2%, p=0.001), while mean fT3 was significantly lower in T2DM patients than in the controls (2.3±1.5 pg/mL vs 2.7±2.2 pg/mL, p=0.03). Mean HbA1c was significantly higher in T2DM patients with thyroid dysfunction compared to their euthyroid counterparts (8.1±1.9% vs 5.1±1.2%, p=0.001). HbA1c had a positive linear relationship with the presence of thyroid dysfunction (regression coefficient=1.89, p=0.001).ConclusionThere was a positive linear relationship between HbA1c and the presence of thyroid dysfunction in the T2DM patients in this study. There was an inverse relationship between HbA1c and serum fT3.

Prevalence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies in a multiethnic Brazilian population: The ELSA-Brasil Study.

In this study, we aimed to describe the prevalence and distribution of positive antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) according to sex, age strata, and presence of thyroid dysfunction using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Thyroid hormone tests were obtained from each study participant at baseline. Levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured using a third-generation immunoenzymatic assay. Antithyroperoxidase antibodies were measured by electrochemiluminescence and were considered to be positive when ≥ 34 IU/mL. The prevalence of TPOAb among 13,503 study participants was 12%. Of participants with positive TPOAb, 69% were women. Almost 60% of the individuals with positive TPOAb were white. The presence of positive TPOAb was associated with the entire spectrum of thyroid diseases among women, but only with overt hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism in men. The distribution of positive TPOAb across sex, race, age, and thyroid function in the ELSA-Brasil study is aligned with the worldwide prevalence of positive TPOAb reported in iodine-sufficient areas. In women, the presence of TPOAb was related to the entire spectrum of thyroid dysfunction, while in men, it was only related to the occurrence of overt thyroid disease.

Real-time oxidative stress biomarkers measured in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis—an electron paramagnetic resonance study

Although the role of presence of thyroid dysfunction for overproduction of free radicals has been elucidated, the data about the role of autoimmunity in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) to sustain the presence of oxidative stress despite the normal serum thyroid hormone levels are scarce. The present study aimed by using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) methods to elucidate the radical mechanisms included in the pathogenesis of HT by following out the sera levels of some “real-time” oxidative stress biomarkers. We investigated 14 newly diagnosed patients with euthyroid HT and 35 subjects with HT treated with levothyroxine. Twenty-three healthy subjects were included as controls. All samples were measured in triplicate and presented as arbitrary units. We found statistically significant elevated levels of ascorbate radical (Asc•) in euthyroid HT patients and in HT patients treated with levothyroxine compared to controls. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) products were statistically higher in both studied patient groups compared to controls. Our study showed also statistically significant increases in the levels of registered nitric oxide radical (NO•) in both groups of HT patients compared to controls. Oxidative stress is increased similarly in both euthyroid HT and HT patients under treatment with LT4 and these data reinforce the idea that this is consequence of autoimmunity per se. Our results determine that the addition of antioxidants that includes vitamin C and vitamin E in the treatment plan of HT patients in all stages of disease will normalize the disbalance in oxidative stress biomarkers.

THYROID DYSFUNCTION AS A PREDICTOR OF ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN HEART FAILURE: A META-ANALYSIS

Heart failure (HF) patients have worse clinical outcomes in the presence of thyroid dysfunction. We aimed to study the magnitude of the effect of multiple thyroid pathologies in cardiovascular endpoints. Pubmed, Embase and Scopus were searched for trials and cohorts in patients with HF and reported

Thyroid dysfunction among patients with diabetes mellitus in Kathmandu

Background: This study was conducted with the objective of studying thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials & Methods: A total 100 patients consisting of 40males and60females diagnosed as diabeteswere included in the study. Laboratory values of different thyroid parameters were taken. Results: Among the participants 60% were female and 40% were male.Age ranged from 17to 88 years with mean being 55.73 ± 1.62years. Presence of thyroid dysfunction was found in35% of the cases. Subclinical hypothyroidism was found in20%of participants, frank hypothyroidism in10%, subclinical hyperthyroidism in 3% and frank hyperthyroidism in2%. Conclusion: This study showed the high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early testing for thyroid function is very useful to detectdysthyroidism in all diabetic patients
 Keywords: diabetes; thyroid dysfunction; subclinical hypothyroidism.

Heart failure, micronutrient profile, and its connection with thyroid dysfunction and nutritional status

Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health issue; its risk factors include inappropriate dietary intake of microelements such as iodine, selenium, zinc and iron, which may lead to thyroid dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the correlation among the functional class stages of patients with HF, iodine, selenium, iron and zinc levels with the presence of thyroid dysfunction. One hundred nine patients from the HF outpatient clinic of the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto whose blood and urine were collected for micronutrient analysis and laboratory tests were selected. The subjects' weight and height were also measured to calculate their BMI. First, a descriptive analysis of the data was made into tables, and then statistical analyses were done at a 5% significance level (p<0.05). Most patients whose data was analysed were elderly and overweight. Excess ioduria, serum selenium and zinc, erythrocyte zinc and deficiency in serum iron and erythrocyte selenium were observed. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 8.3%. Multivariate logistic regression verified that thyroid dysfunction increases the chance of classification in functional class III or IV (p=0.015; OR=8.72) by 8.7 times; each year of age increases the chance by 4.6% of classification in functional class III or IV (p=0.008; odds ratio [OR]=1.05), and each unit of BMI increases the chance of classification in functional class III or IV by 9.2% (p=0.028; OR=1.09). Patients with HF were deficient in serum iron and erythrocyte selenium. No connection was found between hypothyroidism and mineral deficiency, which seems to be related more to the severity of the disease than to the micronutrient nutritional profile.

Association of prothrombotic adipokine (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) with TSH in metabolic syndrome: a case control study.

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) involves a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including abnormal lipids, insulin resistance and hypertension. The aim of the present study is to investigate associations between thyroid profile and the pro-thrombotic mediator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in MetS and identify associated biochemical markers. Materials and methods The present study was a case control study and consisted of 50 diagnosed cases of MetS and 50 healthy volunteers as controls. MetS cases were further divided into two groups based on the presence and absence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Data collected included demographic profile, clinical history and routine lab investigation. Special investigations included the thyroid function test and serum PAI-1 levels. Results The mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were significantly higher in MetS cases as compared to controls (5.7 ± 1.2 mIU/L vs. 2.3 ± 1.6 mIU/L, p < 0.0001), although the mean triiodothyronine (T3) andthyroxine (T4) levels were comparable in two groups. The mean levels of serum PAI-1 were significantly higher in MetS cases as compared to controls(231 ± 87 ng/mL vs. 185 ± 96 ng/mL, p = 0.013). TSH and PAI-1 levels were positively correlated with various markers of MetS and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Conclusion The present study points towards the presence of thyroid dysfunction, in the form of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), in cases of MetS. In the presence of thyroid dysfunction, abnormal adipocytes may release adipokines, such as PAI-1, which lead to increased risk of thrombotic episodes in these patients. Hence, SCH should be appropriately managed.

Study of copeptin and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with thyroid dysfunction: relation to cardiovascular performance

Background Thyroid disorders are the second most common endocrine disorders after type 2 diabetes mellitus. Copeptin, the C-terminal part of pre-pro arginine vasopressin, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are new markers of cardiac and endothelial diseases. The relationship between thyroid status and copeptin has not been studied yet. Serum BNP levels are also affected by thyroid function status; however, its value in the presence of thyroid dysfunction has been recently questioned. Aim of the work The aim of this work was to assess the alteration of serum copeptin and BNP in patients with thyroid dysfunction and the relationship between this alteration and cardiovascular performance in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods This study included 60 patients who were divided into two groups: group 1 included 30 patients with hyperthyroidism and group 2 included 30 patients with primary hypothyroidism. A total of 20 healthy euthyroid individuals served as the control group (group 3). All patients and controls were subjected to estimation of serum and urine osmolarity and electrolyte study and evaluation of T3, T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum copeptin, and serum BNP using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Echocardiographic study was conducted to assess left ventricle (LV) systolic and diastolic functions. In addition, endothelial function was assessed by measuring flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. Results In patients with hyperthyroidism, serum copeptin was significantly lower than that in controls (mean = 2.24 ± 1.68 vs. 3.34 ± 2.93 pmol/l, P = 0.03). However, it was significantly higher in hypothyroid patients in comparison with controls (mean = 18.78 ± 11.29 vs. 3.34 ± 2.93 pmol/l, P = 0.0001). Serum BNP in the hypothyroid group was significantly higher than that in the control group (mean = 15.02 ± 6.9 vs. 3.60 ± 1.38 ng/l, P = 0.028). E ′/ A ′ was significantly lower in hypothyroid patients in comparison with the control group (mean = 1.15 ± 0.72 vs. 1.48 ± 0.48, P = 0.03), and more than half of the patients (53%) had E ′/ A ′ less than 1, suggesting the presence of diastolic dysfunction in hypothyroid patients. There was a significant negative correlation between ejection fraction ( P = 0.002), fractional shortening ( P = 0.01), and copeptin in the hypothyroid group. There was a significant positive correlation between copeptin and flow-mediated dilatation ( P = 0.01) in the hyperthyroid group. Conclusion Serum copeptin and BNP were significantly increased in hypothyroid patients, whereas serum copeptin was significantly decreased in hyperthyroid patients. In hyperthyroid patients, LV systolic function was increased. More than half of the hypothyroid patients with high serum copeptin levels had impaired LV filling.

Effect of thyroid dysfunction on hemoglobin A1c in polycystic ovary patients during ovulation induction trials.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common female endocrine disorders leading to infertility. Majority of women with PCOS have insulin resistance and elevated hemoglobin A1c.The presence of thyroid dysfunction may affect the levels of HbA1c and the results of ovulation induction programs. &#x0D; Objectives: To evaluate the level of serum hemoglobin A1c according to the type of thyroid dysfunction in polycystic ovary patients during ovarian stimulation trials. &#x0D; Patients and Methods: Eighty three polycystic ovary patients were enrolled in this study, attending the infertility clinic in Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, in the period between November 2012 and May 2013. After thorough history and examination blood samples were withdrawn for the estimation of LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin, TSH, T3, T4 and A1C in day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle, Progesterone was determined in day 21 of the cycle. Ultrasound was done also at cycle day 3 for antral follicles measurements. After diagnosing PCOS the patients were divided into 3 groups, euthyroid group (control), hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups. Ovulation induction treatment was given and ultrasound was done at the day of hCG injection. &#x0D; Results: There was no significant difference between control and patients groups regarding age (26.31 ± 5.04 Vs 27.17 ± 5.76) and BMI (31.7 ± 5.69Vs 29.25 ± 6.28).HbA1c level was significantly different between the control and patients group with a significant positive correlation between HbA1c and TSH. In clomiphene citrate treated groups, Hb A1c level, the number of antral follicles and the size of follicles at day of hCG injection were not significantly different between the patients and control groups. &#x0D; Conclusions: HbA1c level is significantly affected by thyroid dysfunction in PCOS patients as it is higher in the Hypothyroid group and lower in the Hyperthyroid group. Using Clomiphene citrate in PCOS does not significantly increase the mean size of follicles after ovarian stimulation in patients with thyroid dysfunction from that in Euthyroid ones.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Segovia (Spain). A screening program for thyroid dysfunction including all patients with T2D attending the diabetes clinic at the Hospital General de Segovia was performed from 2003 to 2005. 318 patients (191 women, aged 29-89 yr, median duration of diabetes 8 yr) attended the diabetes clinic. The number of patients with thyroid dysfunction and their respective prevalences were: overt hyperthyroidism, 11 (3.5%); subclinical hyperthyroidism, 10 (3.1%); overt hypothyroidism, 48 (15.1%), and subclinical hypothyroidism, 34 patients (10.7%). The screening program detected the following cases of newly diagnosed thyroid dysfunction: subclinical hyperthyroidism, 5 (1.6%); overt hypothyroidism, 6 (1.9%), and subclinical hypothyroidism, 20 patients (6.3%). Therefore, total thyroid dysfunction was present in 32.4% (95% CI, 27.3-37.5%), and newly diagnosed thyroid dysfunction was present 9.7% (95% CI, 6.5-13.0%) of the patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that there were no significant relationships between the presence of thyroid dysfunction and duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c levels, and the presence of diabetic complications. This screening program detected new cases of thyroid dysfunction in ∼10% of diabetic subjects. However, we could not identify any diabetes-related clinical parameter with predictive value on the presence of thyroid dysfunction.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Greek Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending an Outpatient Clinic

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) attending an outpatient clinic.MethodsWe examined thyroid dysfunction in a total of 1,092 patients with T2D.ResultsPrevalence rate of thyroid dysfunction was 12.3%. In the group with thyroid dysfunction there was an excess of females in comparison with the group without thyroid dysfunction (P < 0.001). In addition, patients with thyroid dysfunction had higher values of body mass index (P = 0.03) and HDL-cholesterol levels (P = 0.01), and lower values of LDL-cholesterol levels (P = 0.001) in comparison with patients without thyroid dysfunction. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that presence of thyroid dysfunction was related with gender (OR: 0.220, 95% CI: 0.141 - 0.352) and LDL-cholesterol levels (OR: 0.990, 95% CI: 0.985 - 0.995). ConclusionsThe prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among Greek diabetic patients is 12.3%. Diabetic women were more frequently affected than men. Presence of thyroid dysfunction was associated with lower levels of LDL-cholesterol concentrations.KeywordsType 2 diabetes mellitus; Thyroid dysfunction; Hypothyroidism; Gender; LDL-cholesterol; Greece