Presence Of Symbols Research Articles

O discurso iconográfico como signo das Luzes: o frontispicio da Encyclopédie e a obra de Mestre Ataíde

French Enlightenment thought developed its own iconography. Mestre Ataíde, a prominent Brazilian artist from the colonial period, had engraving manuals in his library, including plates from the Encyclopédie. A comparative analysis of the compositional structure and lines of force of the Frontispiece of the Encyclopédie (Cochin, 1675) and the works Ascension of Christ (1806) and Assumption of the Virgin (1804), both by Mestre Ataíde, suggests the potential presence of Enlightenment symbols in their iconography. Based on this premise, it is expected to contribute to studies that connect French Enlightenment ideals to Brazil in the 19th century.

Portrait of Mary and Manggarai Women in “Dere Serani”: The Encounter of Religion and Culture

Catholics hold Mary, the mother of Jesus, in high esteem. The widespread presence of Marian devotions, teachings, dogmas, symbols, titles, art, and places of pilgrimage in various church regions across the globe demonstrates this phenomenon. This study investigates the portrayal of Mary at the Manggarai Catholic Church, which is situated in the Diocese of Ruteng, Flores. This study aimed to analyze the songs performed by Maria that are featured in the book “Dere Serani.” The central investigation focused on whether the depiction of Mary in songs is impacted by the representation of women in the local culture or not. This study utilized two main approaches, namely text content analysis and cultural studies. This study discovered that the depiction of Mary that is adopted by the local community extends beyond local perspectives and incorporates global viewpoints.

The Presence of Symbols in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Old Man and the Sea” (Comparative-introspective Analysis)

Key words: expressive means, “iceberg theory”, individual style of the author, translation equivalence, fisherman, nature, marlin, shark Ernest Hemingway, a prominent representative of American literature, is one of the distinguished figures of realistic prose, whose language style is characterized by a short, deep content with a minimalistic formulation. The author’s language stands out for its naturalness, directness and compositional clarity. The writer’s subject matter is profound, based on the literary technique he created. It is “The iceberg theory-principle”: a text-context relationship which is completely in harmony with the author’s individual-aesthetic approach. The main purpose of this study is to find out the symbols in the author’s novella “The old man and the sea” through a comparative and introspective analysis, which has been done on the base of the translated examples. The symbols observed as general, individual, emotional expressions, are freely used in the novella. They make the author’s speech more profound and resonant. Each image-symbol chosen in the text has a specific meaning and all of it speaks of the high aesthetic taste and deep philosophical thinking of realist writer Hemingway. All the symbols of the novella also speak of the author’s intense imagination, boundless love for living nature and the greatest human willpower.

Religion to culture: who is the ‘Us’?

ABSTRACT In this paper I focus on designations of ‘our culture and heritage' that defend practices and symbols of religious majorities. I consider the entanglement of nationalist narratives, secularity and the ‘us' in the claims of social actors and public discussions about culture and heritage. What is understood as being religious and what is culture/heritage is dependent on the social actors involved, their position in society and the interpretive frameworks available to them. I consider the following questions: How are culture and heritage used in legal and public discourse to justify the continued presence of such symbols and practices in Christian majority countries in the West? What are the religious histories implicated in this process? Who is imagined to be included when crosses and prayers are staked out as ‘our culture and heritage’? What is the relationship between culture and heritage and national imaginaries? Ultimately, as religious majorities see their numbers dwindle and power relations shift, the attempt to imbricate religious practices and beliefs in public spaces and rituals is quite possibly a translation of the religious to the secular.

Reaction and denial propaganda on social media

Introduction: For political organizations, social media, far from being a space for dialogue with citizens, have become another tool for unidirectional communication. Thus, this paper aims to deepen the propagandistic use of YouTube by political parties, focusing the case study on Andalusia, the Spanish region with the largest population and the first where the far-right party Vox achieved influential parliamentary representation. Methodology: Specifically, a content analysis was applied to 999 videos published throughout 2020 by political parties with representation in the Andalusian Parliament, considering variables such as the presence of the party symbols, the type of propaganda used and the reference to a rival political party. Results: Considering the foregoing, the results are discussed in terms of de-ideologization, populism, and the reduction of programmatic ideas. Conclusions: We find differences in the type of propaganda used (with emphasis on reaction and denial propaganda), pointing to a significant inability of political parties to propose alternatives, which is related to the rise of populism and the pseudo-abandonment of ideology.

Sociology of Totems, Myths, and Tawhid: Exploring the Interplay Between Symbolism and Theology with Critical Analysis of Theological or Mythical Stage of August Comte’s Law of Three Stages

Introduction: Totems and myths, integral components of social, cultural, and religious expression, carry profound symbolic meanings within diverse societies. This paper investigates the interplay between these symbolic elements and Islamic theology, exploring how Islamic communities respond to the presence of symbols and symbolism. The paper presents a critical analysis of theological stage of August Comte’s law of three stages. Objectives: The research objectives of the present paper aim to examine the prevalence of totems and myths in various societies and their negative impact in terms of theology, sociology, and identity formation. It will investigate the theological responses of Islam to the incorporation of totems and myths with a critical analysis of theological stage of August Comte’s law of three stages philosophically known as Positive Philosophy. Explore the implications of the interplay between totems, myths and Islamic theology on religious identity and belief system. Methods: The present work is qualitative in nature and hence uses qualitative methodology. Results and Conclusion: The findings of the paper suggest that Totemic and Mythical thinking must be dealt with a serious and sensitive approach to protect the fabric of Muslim society under the core teachings of Tawhid. Understanding the sociological implications of the symbolic systems, advocated by Islam, provides valuable insights into the intricate diversity of human culture, belief systems, and social organization. As societies continue to evolve, it becomes imperative to navigate the delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage, acknowledging diversity, and upholding the principles of justice and equality. Originality/Value: the research presents a unique and original perspective on the intersection of sociology, symbolism, and theology. In essence, it delves into the intricate relationship between cultural symbols, religious beliefs, and social structures. What sets this paper apart is its innovative approach to studying the role of totems and myths within the framework of Tawhid, the Islamic concept of the oneness of God. By examining how totems and myths function within different cultural contexts and their implications for theological understanding, the paper offers fresh insights into the dynamics of religious symbolism.

Determining the Criteria Related to the Preference of Contemporary Mosques by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method within the Context of User-centered Design

The concept of user-centered design has recently been accepted in contemporary design teachings and has created new perspectives in the design field. This article aims to evaluate the contemporary mosques built in Türkiye from a user-centered perspective. In this context, first of all, the concept of user-centered design was included and the necessity of a pluralistic environment in decision-making processes was emphasized in order to create an ideal publicity phenomenon. In the context of the conceptual framework created, contemporary mosque examples built in the 21st century were selected and presented to the preference of architect and non-architect participant groups. Decision criteria that are thought to affect the choice of participants are aesthetic value, material and workmanship, dimensions of the building, religious symbols in the building, and the brand value of the building. These factors, which may be effective in the choice of contemporary mosques, were evaluated with the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Accordingly, it was observed that the main criteria constituting the contemporary mosque preferences of the architect group were aesthetics, the brand value of the building, material, and workmanship criteria. On the other hand, the main criterion constituting the contemporary mosque preferences of the non-architect group was the presence of religious symbols. Accordingly, it was observed that architectural profession ideologies affected and differentiated the reasons for preference. As a result, it was concluded that the ideology of the architectural profession is effective in the construction process of the contemporary built environment.

Avant-Garde Inspirations in the Art of Ukrainian Monumentalists of the 1960-70s:

The purpose of the research is to introduce into scientific circulation the results of documentary reconstruction and art analysis of the lost monumental panel, which was created by a tandem of talented artists in the Palace of Culture of the BilotserkivMAZ plant in Bila Tserkva. The research methods involve a combination of art analysis with methods of documentary reconstruction and interviews with the author of the studied artifacts. Scientific novelty consists in the introduction into scientific circulation of a previously undescribed and destroyed monument of monumental art – a panel in the Palace of Culture of the BilotserkivMAZ plant in Bila Tserkva. For the first time, the stylistics of the execution of an unexplored object of monumental and decorative art were analyzed. Through a personal interview with Oleg Yerzhikivskyi, a direct participant in the process, the circumstances of the order and execution of the work were recorded. For the first time, a photo from a private family archive was made public, and an attempt was made to reconstruct the panels based on individual photos. Conclusions. As a result of the artistic analysis of the work, the ideological inspirations that manifested themselves during the execution of the large-scale panel were established. Despite the isolation of the Soviet artistic environment from world artistic currents, the dosage of information coming from the West was enough for Ukrainian artists to create their own interpretations of seen foreign or banned domestic samples. Sensing this on an intuitive level rather than being in the full context of theoretical and art history discourse, the best representatives of the process managed to create a work of decent quality, the execution of which was financed by the state of that time. Despite the presence of Soviet symbols in the work (as a tribute to the totalitarian system for the opportunity to work in the field of art at all), the monumental panel is made at a high artistic level and is valuable for its innovative approach. As it follows from the results of the research, the effort to adapt samples of Western European art to the realities of the orders of the Art Fund of the Ukrainian SSR was not the least important in this process. This became possible thanks to the high level of specialized art education in higher educational institutions, as well as the personal self-improvement of each author-performer and his personal giftedness. In addition, the mentioned works were created by Ukrainian artists on Ukrainian territory and they are far from glorifying the regime.

DYNAMIC CONTACT PROBLEMS FOR COMPOSITE MEDIA WITH ANISOTROPIC STRUCTURE

The paper for the first time develops a method for solving dynamic contact problems on the effect of a rigid die in the form of a strip of finite width on a layered anisotropic composite. By applying Mandelstam's principle of marginal absorption, the initial boundary value problem is reduced to a boundary value problem with absorption having a single solution. The symbol of the integral equation has no singularities on the real axis. The contact problem is reduced to solving a two-dimensional integral equation with a difference kernel. The application of the Fourier transform along the coordinate along the strip reduces the integral equation to a one-dimensional one containing a free real parameter of the Fourier transform. Integral equations with an exact solution are introduced, with symbols majoring above and below the symbol of the integral equation. Using the factorization method, the initial integral equation is reduced to two integral equations of the second type, the operator of which turns out to be compressive with a sufficiently large bandwidth. By applying the Newton–Kantorovich method to this integral equation, an exact solution of the integral equation is constructed in an operator form. The presence of the majorant symbol of the integral equation allows us to obtain an upper and lower estimate of the constructed exact solution of the integral equation containing the parameter of the Maldenstam limit absorption principle. After that, in the constructed solution, this parameter rushes to zero from above. The solution of the integral equation is obtained in an analytical form and allows us to identify all its singular features. The result is important when searching for harbingers of an increase in seismicity in mountainous areas. The method is applicable in all cases when it is possible to construct a Green function for a non-mixed boundary value problem in a layered anisotropic composite.

THE EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS ELAGABALUS AND THE TRIAD OF EMESA: AZIZOS AND MONIMOS, COMPA-NIONS OF SOL INVICTUS ELAGABAL

Through the analysis of the structure of the religious pantheon of the city of Emesa and of several coins specific to the emperor Elagabalus, in this paper we shall try to check whether the individual stars present in these coins could be identified as concrete astronomical facts with a religious significance, applying the parameters established for these studies. In Roman coins, the presence of sym bols of an astronomical nature is very common and has received different interpre tations. More precisely, the symbol of the star appears in the coins of different em perors, individually or in greater or lesser numbers. In light of the religious policy of Elagabalus, we might conclude that these stars, depending on their position on the reverses of the studied coins, could be identified with the god Azizos – the mor ning star – or with the god Monimos – the evening star –, gods accompanying the Sun Invictus Elagabal in the triad of Emesa.

Religious symbols in the public sphere and development of the third sector: Some evidence from rural Poland

In this paper we examine to what extent civic engagement might emerge from a deep and organic link, which exists between religion and culture. We rely on a novel approach which approximates the deep embodiment of religious institutions in culture by the presence of religious symbols in the public sphere. Drawing on data for rural Poland, we show that municipalities in which we observe a growing number of street names associated with the Catholic Church display a higher level of civic engagement (measured by the number of NGOs) than municipalities in which, over the last years, such streets were not created.

Semiotic Analysis of Humanity Contained in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice

This study focuses on how to open the allegory about the values of Humanism contained in the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. According to Saul Mcleod, the value of Humanism used in this research is Humanism with its Hierarchy of Needs. This research is interesting because Humanism is an ideology about how to be a human being who has human nature. The things reviewed are always about the shift in the meaning of Humanism from time to time. The shift in Humanism is interpreted by the presence of signs or symbols that appear in the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. This study aims to determine the meaning of the myth of humanism values implied in the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. This study also uses the Semiotic Analysis research method from Roland Barthes as a research method for reading films. The researcher intends to reveal the meaning behind the signs in the research object. The object used in this study is the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The paradigm used in this research is the constructivism paradigm. The results of this study found three conditions which are the value of Humanism, the attitude of needing parental guidance as a manifestation of the myth of parental love throughout time, this myth is a manifestation of the need for recognition and affection of Maslow's hierarchy and the last is self-sacrifice as an allegory of heroism and attitude. Patriotism is a manifestation of the need for self-actualization in Maslow's hierarchy.
 Keywords: Semiotic, Humanity, Film, Superman, Hierarchy

Destructive social movements “Maniacs. Killing cult” and the “World of maniacs and serial killers”: forming a criminal ideology

Objective: analysis of the semantic field of Internet publics of destructive social groups “Maniacs. The cult of murder” and “The world of maniacs and serial killers”, the reasons for the interest of teenagers and young people in these groups, the techniques used by moderators of social network pages to attract supporters and form a cult of violence among them and stimulate the commission of murders based on the research results (multidimensional content analysis of the social network pages content).Methods: general scientific (analysis, system-structural, comparative-legal) and specific scientific methods (multidimensional content analysis of the social network pages content).Results: based on the analysis of more than 17 thousand fragments of correspondence of participants of the movement “Maniacs. The cult of murder” and more than 34 thousand fragments of correspondence of participants of the movement “The world of maniacs and serial killers”, a semantic field was constructed, including the main topics discussed on the pages of the above-mentioned destructive social groups, methods of involving teenagers in a destructive total ideology modeling the most important spheres of life of the movements’ supporters, leveling the value of human life and turning someone else’s death into an ordinary phenomenon. It is concluded that within the framework of the destructive radical nationalist social movement “Maniacs. The cult of murder” an ideology was formed that has the following features: teleology, scientific appearance, wide audience coverage, presence of symbols and attributes, discussion of topics that have a socially negative character, using the language means that are understandable only to the community members.Scientific novelty: the main topics discussed by participants of destructive social movements “Maniacs. The cult of murder” and “The world of maniacs and serial killers” are described and analyzed. It is proved that as a result of immersion into such content, violence and murder cease to cause natural negative emotions, feelings of disgust and empathy for the victim in teenagers. The study showed that the formation and distribution of content in publics currently takes place on behalf of the users, which, on the one hand, allows removing part of the responsibility from the moderators, and on the other hand, turns the pages of movements into a so-called self-reproducing (by terminology of Niklas Luhmann – autopoietic) system capable of self-production, i.e. its existence is ensured by the activity of the users.Practical significance: the article materials can be useful to federal and regional authorities in implementing various aspects of youth policy, preventing sociopathic behavior of young people, ensuring the safety of educational institutions; to parents and family members of problem adolescents; and to scientists researching destructive youth network movements.

Lethal brands: Terrorist groups’ logos and violence

Terrorist organizations are often described as brands. However, the most important visual representations of these brands – terrorist groups’ logos – have remained unexplored. In this article, we demonstrate that logos are signalling devices that provide vital cues on the propensity to use violence. To this end, we code and analyse 562 terrorist logos (2000–16). After providing a descriptive overview of the main colours and symbols used by terrorist groups worldwide, we rely on a zero-inflated negative binomial model to analyse the relationship between these organizations’ visual choices and their deadly activities. Our results show that the presence of violent, religious, and extremist symbols in terrorist organizations’ logos, as well as the use of black as the main colour, correlates with more frequent and deadlier attacks. These findings have important policy implications, demonstrating that logos serve as behavioural cues predicting the threat posed by terrorist groups not less effectively than their ideology. By highlighting the importance of visual artifacts like logos and their amenability to quantitative research, our article also provides a novel methodological contribution to international relations, helping bridge the gap between explanatory and critical security studies.

Engraved images of the Shulgan-Tash (Kapova) cave, Bashkortostan, South Ural

The cave of Shulgan-Tash (Kapova) with wall drawings of the Upper Paleolithic is located in the mountain course of the River Belaya in the Southern Urals, nearby the village of Gadelgareevo, Burzyansky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the process of more than 50 years of studying the cave sanctuary, the search for engraved images has been carried out. Two compositions with engraved images were discovered in 2008. Com-position No. 1 is located in the Main Gallery, 100 m from the entrance, in a niche on the western wall at a height of about 2 m above the floor level. It consists of the elements located on two levels. At the lower level, a number of elements are confined to the natural fracture and a chain of caverns. Parallel to the horizontal crack, five lines were drawn. The lines connect to a quadrangular shape filled with vertical and horizontal lines. Behind it, the crack merges into a chain of caverns. The upper tier consists of four oval artificial recesses. The fourth groove is located under the engraved anthropomorphic figure, between the legs. This indicates that this is a vulva-shaped symbol. The grooves are connected by deeply incised lines to the quadrangular figure and caverns of the lower tier. Lines also run from the chain of the caverns downwards. Thus, these groups of artificial and natural elements were combined into a single composition. Composition No. 2 is located in the Dome Hall, 150 m from the entrance, above the Chapel of Skulls in the western wall, nearby the colorful wall images in the shape of splashes. It was made on a 16 cm × 14 cm rock surface leveled and cleaned of calcite deposits. The composition consists of three pictorial ele-ments made in three different ways. The first element is represented by two parallel arcuate bands of comb lines of 4 cm wide and about 30 cm long made with a serrated stone tool of 4 cm wide in the soft mondmilch. Under them, with finger impressions in the mondmilch, a circle of about 6 cm in diameter was made of round dimples; rows of en-graved straight lines and zigzags were applied to the right of the circle. At present, the composition is held together by calcite incrustation and has completely hardened. The use of stone tools to create the engravings and grooves, the calcite crust inside the engraved lines, the use of the natural forms of the wall relief in the pictorial ensemble, the similarity of the quadrangular figure with the quadrangular symbols painted with ochre in the same cave, and the presence of a vulva-shaped symbol — all this indicates the Upper Paleolithic Age of these compositions.

GNSS Data/Pilot Combining with Extended Integrations for Carrier Tracking.

Modern Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are usually made of two components: a pilot and a data channel. The former is adopted to extend the integration time and improve receiver sensitivity, whereas the latter is used for data dissemination. Combining the two channels allows one to fully exploit the transmitted power and further improve receiver performance. The presence of data symbols in the data channel, however, limits the integration time in the combining process. When a pure data channel is considered, the integration time can be extended using a squaring operation, which removes the data symbols without affecting phase information. In this paper, Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation is used to derive the optimal data-pilot combining strategy and extend the integration time beyond the data symbol duration. In this way, a generalized correlator is obtained as the linear combination of the pilot and data components. The data component is multiplied by a non-linear term, which compensates for the presence of data bits. Under weak signal conditions, this multiplication leads to a form of squaring, which generalizes the squaring correlator used in data-only processing. The weights of the combination depend on the signal amplitude and noise variance that need to be estimated. The ML solution is integrated into a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) and used to process GNSS signals with data and pilot components. The proposed algorithm and its performance are characterized from a theoretical point of view, using semi-analytic simulations and through the processing of GNSS signals generated using a hardware simulator. The derived method is compared with other data/pilot combining strategies with extended integrations showing the advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches.

Faith-based education in Polish public schools – From battleground to common ground

In Poland, which is a predominantly Catholic Christian country and still perceived as one of the most religious countries in Europe, not only is religious education reserved for private denominational institutions, but it can be also organized in public schools at all levels of compulsory education. However, in a changing cultural and educational climate the relevance of faith-based education in public schools is more often undermined in the name of neutrality and inclusivity. The main goal of the paper is to present current challenges for religious education for children offered in Polish public schools, and try to find answers to the fundamental question of how the right to religious education can be protected and promoted in the public education system. Thus, in the first part of the paper the authors present a brief legal framework of a confessional model of religious education adopted in Polish public schools, understood as the expression of religious freedom which plays an important role in managing the religious needs of students. The authors analyze the legal provisions that regulate faith-based education seen from three different perspectives — the child’s, parental and teachers’ rights. This legal background serves to delineate, in the second part, current conflicts over the presence of religious practices, symbols and references in public schools that are now perceived as a common battleground of ideological wars. With religion being increasingly privatized and public spaces largely emptied of religious references in many Western European countries, the authors emphasize a unique and enriching role of faith-based education present in Polish public schools that should not be considered a threat, but an opportunity to maintain religious and cultural diversity in modern societies. At the same time they discern an urgent need to find a reliable compass to direct both state and church actors along the way of peaceful cooperation and integrity in the public education system that cannot be stripped of religion.

Upbringing type and marital interaction during the period of divorce proceedings in families with different numbers of children

Introduction. The research relevance is determined by the need to stabilize and harmonize the family and find ways to improve family education. The aim of the paper is to identify the types of upbringing and marital interaction during the divorce process in families with a different number of children. Research methodology. The assessment of the components of marital communication and child-parent interaction was carried out on a sample of the Simferopol Family Assistance Service Center’s clients. The research involved spouses who are in the process of divorce and have a different number of children. A total of 46 people: 23 nuclear families. The following diagnostic methods were used: the questionnaire "Analysis of family relationships" (E.G. Eidemiller and V.V. Yustitskis) and the questionnaire "Communication in the family" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya). The empirical results of the research were analyzed using a combination of mathematical and statistical methods (descriptive statistics methods, Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman's rank correlation test). Research results. The identified violations in all areas of interaction between family members in a pre-divorce situation are gender-sensitive. The predominant type of upbringing is “hyperprotection”, the level of which is higher among mothers raising 1-2 children than among mothers with many children (Ue = 179, p≤0.01); for fathers of small families, it is more common to bring marital conflict into the sphere of education compared to fathers with many children (Ue = 169, p≤0.05); There is an insufficiency of requirements and prohibitions for the child, minimal sanctions, and the transfer of conflict between spouses to the sphere of education. The identified violations of marital interaction are reflected in the type of upbringing: the more the spouses have similarities in their views, the less they will be characterized by 1) transfer of conflict into the sphere of upbringing (for families with 1-2 children r=-0.585**, p≤0.01, for families with three or more children re =-0.458*, p≤0.05), 2) instability of the upbringing process (re =-0.422, p≤0.05 and re = 0.481, p≤0, 05 respectively). The presence and preservation of family symbols leads to a lower likelihood of redundancy of demands and responsibilities for the child (re =-0.492*, p≤0.05) Conclusion. Violations of the family’s upbringing type with different numbers of children during the period of the divorce process are manifested in hyperprotection, bringing the conflict between spouses into the sphere of upbringing, ambivalence of upbringing, uneven requirements and prohibitions. There is a relationship between the specifics of marital relations in families (trust, mutual understanding, the presence of common family symbols, similarities in views) and the type of upbringing during the divorce process. The results obtained will be useful in the work of specialists with families.

Музыкальные идеи и образы в творчестве К. С. Петрова-Водкина

K. S. Petrov-Vodkin (1878–1939) is an outstanding Russian painter, graphic artist, book illustrator, theater artist. He is also known as the author of literary works, works of a theoretical nature on issues of art, and a person with a keen sense of music. Comparisons and images that carry musical semantics appear in the literary works of Petrov-Vodkin. He shares with his family and friends in letters about his experiences with music; from the memoirs of his contemporaries, we know about his successful experiences playing the violin and piano. It is not surprising that music on a symbolic level is organically present in a number of his paintings. First, this is the artist’s early symbolist work, where images appear that carry musical meaning or motifs of dance. However, already at the initial stage of post-revolutionary creativity, musical plasticity and rhythm in his works became less and less. However, it is possible to highlight a number of still life compositions that include the image of a violin, the artist’s favorite musical instrument. We can conclude that Petrov-Vodkin’s “musical” works are attractive, filled with expression and expressive color. Music at the associative level is present in each of them, which is achieved through the rhythmic organization of the composition and the presence of certain symbols, such as notes, musical instruments, dance movements of figures. All this enhances the artistic imagery of the paintings and deepens their ideological and semantic meaning. To date, no major research works have been devoted to the study of musical motifs and images in the work of Petrov-Vodkin, however, this aspect of studying the artist’s work seems relevant. This article attempts to systematize images with musical significance in the works of this artist, analyze them and outline new directions for studying the creative heritage of Petrov-Vodkin.

Потехе – время, делу – час. О карнавальном коде современной телевизионной коммуникации

Media sphere carnivalization today is becoming not only one of the key signs of the development of modern media, but also a phenomenon that describes the most essential features of media. This is most clearly manifested in audiovisual media in general and television in particular. Based on the method of content analysis, the historical-functional method, as well as taking into account the theory of carnival proposed by M.M. Bakhtin, examined various aspects of the manifestation of carnival in modern screen media. The obvious presence of such essential qualities of carnival as equality (democracy of the “golden age”), inverted hierarchy, the presence of special symbols, the removal of restrictions (taboos), fun, laughter, deception is noted. The conclusion is made about the totality of carnivalization characteristic of mass media today. Along with this, a characteristic is also noted that essentially distinguishes the modern media carnival from the carnival of the past: if previously carnival came into a person’s life according to the principle “business is time, fun is an hour,” then today television carnival is present in a person’s life in exactly the opposite way – according to the principle of “fun.” “It’s time, it’s an hour.” This changes the essence of screen communication and has a significant impact on human life and society as a whole.