Presence Of Stereotypes Research Articles

A Human-centered Evaluation of a Toxicity Detection API: Testing Transferability and Unpacking Latent Attributes

Perspective is a publicly available, machine learning API that can score text for toxicity. It is available for use in online platforms and communities to limit toxicity and promote civil dialogue. In this work, we adopt a human-centered approach to evaluating Perspective by investigating if human ratings of toxicity align with Perspective’s toxicity scores. We also test its transferability by making this comparison for comments from three platforms that have different commenting styles and moderation strategies: news websites, YouTube, and Twitter. Apart from toxicity, the main attribute, we collect participant ratings for three additional attributes: respectfulness, formality, and presence of stereotypes. While disrespect is part of how Perspective defines toxicity, formality and presence of stereotypes were included in the study to explore if they could be hidden/latent attributes that affect toxicity scores from Perspective. We analyzed how participant ratings for these additional attributes vary with respect to Perspective’s toxicity score for comments from each platform. We find that for high toxicity scores, Perspective strongly aligns with participant ratings of toxicity and disrespectfulness across all three platforms, providing weak evidence of its transferability. However, our evaluation also surfaced formality and presence of stereotypes as latent attributes that are unrecognized parts of Perspective’s scores. We discuss how and why this evaluation is “human-centered,” the importance of conducting such evaluations, and implications of these results for content moderation in social platforms.

SOCIO-COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF TRUST CONCEPTS AMONG BACHELOR STUDENTS OF MOSCOW UNIVERSITIES

Interest in the analysis of trust in social communications is due to the fact that modern society is subject to a number of global challenges in economics and politics. Young people, as the most susceptible and labile group of the population, may experience the negative impact of these challenges, coupled with a crisis of values and social guidelines. The purpose of the research is to analyze the perceptions of trust among bachelor students from Moscow universities in the context of social communications. Empirical data are presented by the results of a survey of full-time students living in Moscow and the Moscow Region (n = 441, 2021). The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is formed by the theories of trust of Russian and foreign researchers (F. Fukuyama, Yu. Lo, P.M. Doni, V.Yu. Stolyar, P.M. Kozyreva, S.V. Ryzhova, et al.). The scientific novelty of the study is the identified patterns of the phenomenon of trust in the youth environment. The results of the study show the ambiguity of the interpretation of trust by students. In building trusting relationships, honesty, openness and sincerity are most significant for students. Most consider it impossible to have relationships without trust with relatives and friends. In intercultural communications, it is easier for students to trust post-Soviet citizens. For barriers of trust, the most significant was the socio-cultural barrier (difference in mentality, norms, values, the presence of stereotypes, etc.), as well as the language barrier. The conclusions and recommendations presented in the article can be used in further research on student trust, as well as for making managerial decisions to strengthen the value of trust in education.

About the evolution of views on the character of the natives of the Tobol North in the 19th – early 20th centuries

For Russia, studies of outlying lands are among socially significant problems. One of the barriers to obtaining reliable results is informational. Often, external observers arrive on the periphery with previously formed cultural stereotypes. The objective of the publication is to consider the patterns and opinions that guided European travelers when they studied the culture of indigenous peoples in the 19th early 20th centuries. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to resolve a number of tasks: to analyze the temporal representations associated with progress; clarify exactly how observers perceived space and local societies that lived in cyclical time; assess interethnic contacts between civilized peoples and aborigines; briefly describe the social recipes for overcoming the cultural backwardness of indigenous peoples. The methodological basis of the study was the use of an interdisciplinary approach, including the theoretical provisions of anthropology. The results obtained prove the presence of subjective moments when writing ethnographic reviews, travel and fiction essays. Stable clichs were used to reveal the national character of the natives. The existence of such clichs is evidence of the presence of stereotypes about the life of northern peoples in the public mind. The orientation of the observers to predominantly pragmatic grounds turned into a kind of mental "movement" of the natives, the objects of research, beyond the boundaries of the human world, into the beyond, where their life was supposedly close to the animal state. These circumstances are most significant for the understanding of reforms in the peripheral territories, the study of the origin and subsequent historical evolution of ethnic stereotypes. The optimal direction for further developments in this matter is the consistent identification and historical criticism of sources about the life of the indigenous population of the Tobolsk North.

Parental Advocacy for Students with Special Needs: A Systematic Review Study

This systematic survey study explores parental advocacy for students with special needs. Challenges, barriers and advocacy strategies are examined to understand how parents advocate. The SCOPUS and Web of Science (WoS) databases are used to find advocacy-related articles over the past 10 years from 2010 to 2021. A total of 80 articles with 60 studies from SCOPUS and 20 studies from WoS were identified through the PRISMA flow chart process. Findings revealed inadequate information, negative perceptions, language and cultural differences, insufficient knowledge, the presence of stereotypes and discrimination as well as differences in socioeconomic levels as barriers to parental advocacy. Some of the strategies adopted to advocate for the special children are communication with the special schools, the sharing of knowledge and purposes and provision of professional services to support the schools. Collaboration between parents and the school is identified to be the main medium that ensures the educational needs and rights of the students with special needs are met. A more conducive and meaningful learning environment for these students requires the involvement of multiple parties.

Stigmatization by Nurses towards Mentally Ill People

Background:People with mental illness face two major problems at the same time. The first is the disease itself which they must learn to live with and to manage all its symptoms. The second, often more serious problem, is the presence of stereotypes and prejudices which are the result of insufficient knowledge about mental illnesses and their misunderstanding. The aim was to explore the current state of stigmatization by nurses towards mentally ill people. Methods: In this quantitative exploratory research we used an existing questionnaire (the Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers) with randomly selected nurses who treat mentally ill patients. Results:A significant difference in the degree of stigmatization with respect to the age of the nurses was not found. However,in terms of the overall assessment, specifically in the domain of attitudes, the rate of stigmatization was higher among younger respondents. Nurses with shorter professional experience proved a lower degree of stigmatization than nurses with longer professional experience. Conclusion: It is expected that the rate of mental illnesses will increase. Therefore, we recommend continuing to pay increased attention to destigmatization within the education of and developing more destigmatizing initiatives among nurses.

Peculiarities of socialisation of persons with autism spectrum disorders and their families

Introduction. The global statistics shows that the incidence of autism is increasing rapidly. According to the UN data, the current prevalence of people with autism spectrum disorders is 67 million worldwide. Thus, the spread of ASD (autism spectrum disorders) is global. ASD is a complex disorder leading to deformation of the carrier’s personality and disruption of his/her socialisation process. This disorder leads to disability of a person with ASD, prevents him/her from getting a high-grade education and his/her integration into the society. The aim of this article is to explore the socialisation features of persons suffering autism spectrum disorder and those of their family members. Materials and methods. The survey, based on the semi-formalised interview method, involved 21 parents (2 fathers and 19 mothers) of children with ASD. The survey was carried out on the basis of an authorly guide. The interview guide comprised the following blocks: constrained social contacts; attitudes towards people with ASD and their families in the society; financial situation of the family; mental health of the parent. Results. The analysis of the interview texts enabled the authors to identify the factors conditioning the process of socialisation of a person diagnosed with ASD and his/her family members: attitudes to people with ASD and their families in the society, curtailed social contacts, social censure and condemnation, presence of stereotypes about autism in the society, features of daily family life, financial situation of the family, psychological state of relatives of a person suffering ASD. Conclusion. The undertaken analysis of secondary data and semi-formalised interview texts revealed that the Russian society is not concerned to provide sufficient and relevant coverage of ASD diagnosis specifics and the life of its carriers, which leads to the formation of social stereotypes in the public Russian space. The most common stereotype is accusing the parents (as concerns the diagnosis as such, poor parenting, improper lifestyle, apathy, “contrived nature of the problem”). The described phenomena lead to the disruption of the socialisation process, incapacitation of parents and enhanced disablement of ASD carriers, reduced opportunities for getting full-fledged education, curtailment of contacts, formation of communication barriers, decreased social activity, withdrawal to social periphery, employment difficulties, mental health disorders, financial problems, etc.

Griglie di repertorio nel counselling con i genitori adottivi candidat

Parental expectations play an important role in the success of adoption or foster placement. We propose a qualitative approach to explore parental expectations based on repertory grid technique with children’s photos as elements. Its main advantage rests on the ability to assess such interrelated aspects of parental expectations as the elaboration of personally important content, the ability to regulate reactions, the presence of stereotypes about adoption, lack of awareness or evasive thinking and specific attitudes towards family members. The article presents rationale, administration and interpretation procedures, the results of an exploratory study of parents from 48 families in order to define preliminary norms for quantitative indexes and a sample of grid analysis to illustrate how the method can be employed in counselling.

Bullying and Cyberbullying among Italian Adolescents: The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Violent Behaviours.

Background: The study of adolescents’ behaviours and attitudes is crucial to define interventions for the containment of deviance and social discomfort. New ways of social interaction are crystallising violent behaviours which are moving more than ever on a virtual sphere. Bullying and cyberbullying share a common behavioural matrix that has been outlined through specific environmental and individual characteristics. Methods: A survey carried out in Italy in 2019 on a statistical sample of 3273 students highlighted the influence of several social and individual variables on deviant phenomena. Risk and protective factors in relation to the probability of involvement in bullying and cyberbullying have been shown through a bivariate analysis and a binary logistic regression model. Results: The study shows that presence of stereotypes and social prejudices, tolerance to violence and high levels of self-esteem have resulted as the main risk factors. On the other hand, low levels of tolerance related to the consumption of alcohol and drugs, high levels of trust towards family and friends and being female have been identified as protective factors. Conclusions: This research confirms the validity of several theories on bullying and cyberbullying phenomena. Furthermore, it identifies specific risk and protective factors and their influence on deviant behaviours, with a focus on environmental characteristics which appear as the key field of work to enhance adolescents’ well-being.

Liberation and exile: The fate of civilians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in Bulgarian and Turkish historiography

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 is traditionally called as the “Liberation War” by the Bulgarians. The conflict led to gaining freedom from the “Turkish Yoke” and started creation process of the modern Bulgarian state. The Turkish perspective on these events is significantly different. The War of 1877–1878 is remembered through the lens of the tragic experience of refugees (muhajirs) and the suffering of the Muslim civilians linked to the pogroms, emigration and exile. The paper will focus on the depiction of the fate of civilians during the conflict in contemporary Bulgarian and Turkish historiography, in which the topic is marked not only by the reliability of historical research, but also by the presence of stereotypes (as is the whole history of the 19th-century Christian-Muslim relations in Bulgaria).

The problem of understanding and interpretation of African philosophy

This article is devoted to the problem of interpretation and understanding of African philosophy as a phenomenon of intercultural communication. It is a question of the presence of stereotypes in perception and assessments of African philosophy: from the assertion of its interiority and non-philosophical character to the propaganda of its primacy in the whole of world philosophy as the theorized core of spiritual life. The author also indentified the significant obstacle in the study of African philosophy and understanding of its status in the history of world philosophy. Also the article touched the importance of African revival, and the key factors to its revival, the idea of Afrocentrism was also been mentioned as the key solution for the African revival. In this work, ethnophilosophy is further considered as the source of the whole philosophy of Africa. Attention is also paid to the problem of misunderstanding and misinterpretation of African philosophy and culture in the framework of world or universal philosophy and science. Also in the article, issue of searching for African identity is being raised, the ideas and impacts of some African thinkers, also socio-political concepts such as Pan-Africanism, Negritude, African socialism, African humanism, Afrocentrism and others, which had a serious impact on African socio-political life were also identified. The diversity of ethnic cultures, and its roles in the black continent were mentioned, and as well, emphasis on ethical issues, religions representations and superstitions.

Investigating Age and Gender Stereotypes

This research focuses on the presence of stereotypes regarding age and gender, using as case study the book Cities for people, by Jan Gehl. Recognized worldwide as one of the most important supporters for the rapprochement of the public urban space towards its citizens, Jan Gehl dedicated most of his career to the importance of the human factor in the planning of cities. This study represents a content analysis of the ways in which the characters from the Cities for people book are being presented according to gender and age. The research represents a quantitative analysis of all the images in the book, comprising individuals or groups of people (collective characters) involved in different types of actions. The results of the study highlight an a relatively equal presence of both genders (48.8% feminine characters and 51.2% masculine characters). Most of the images present individual characters, which gives us the opportunity to clearly see their general image, socio-demographic characteristics (relative age and gender) or carried actions. However, there is a significant percentage of nearly 21% of the images in which the characters are presented as part of a crowd, as collective characters, which causes an increased degree of un-individualization. Even in these cases, non the less, there can be frequently observed a relatively homogeneous mass of people, most of them male adults. The biggest discrepancy highlighted by the study of the images of this book is with regard to the distribution of the main age categories (children, adolescents, adults and seniors). When it comes to these categories, Cities for people gives a greater attention to the adults, a category of people which is present in nearly 50% of the images. The other 50% is divided between children, adolescents and seniors, the most disadvantaged of them being, surprisingly, the children’s category (present in only 12.1% of the images).

El estudio del cambio climático en la Educación Primaria: una exploración a partir de los manuales escolares de Ciencias Sociales de la Comunidad Valenciana

El cambio climático constituye uno de los principales desafíos socio-ambientales del actual siglo XXI. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los contenidos sobre el cambio climático que proponen los manuales escolares de Educación Primaria de Ciencias Sociales (3er ciclo) en la Comunidad Valenciana (España) atendiendo a: 1) la explicación del fenómeno (causas y consecuencias); y 2) la descripción de los principales gases de efecto invernadero. Los resultados indican que actualmente estos recursos proyectan una imagen excesivamente catastrófica sobre el cambio climático, especialmente por las consecuencias que se aluden (incremento de los fenómenos extremos atmosféricos) y citando como error el dióxido de carbono (CO2) como principal gas de efecto invernadero. Como conclusión, los libros de texto analizados no aportan contenidos e información todo lo rigurosa que sería necesaria procedente de trabajos científicos y fuentes académicas y se abusa de la presencia de estereotipos sobre el cambio climático (catástrofes climáticas).

Spolno občutljiv jezik v govorjenem diskurzu

The article presents gender sensitive use of language, addressing and stereotypes in live television shows. From this point of view, we will determine how the gender sensitive use of language and the possible presence of stereotypes can be seen in spontaneous formal public discourse. We assume that the shows demonstrate gender differences. The findings are presented as differences between the treatment of men and women.

Hair-Snakes. To the Issue of the Semantics of Byzantine Phylacteries with “Hystera”

Introduction. The article is devoted to analyzing the specific type of Byzantine phylacteries (amulets), which are a vivid manifestation of folk beliefs that combine pagan, magical and Christian components. The author talks about the so-called “coils” – pendants with the image of a head with reptiles instead of hair or simply in combination with snakes. Many of them have a magical inscription mentioning “hysteria” (uterus), which can be understood as this particular organ, as well as various harmful entities. For this reason, there is a problem of correlation of the image and the magic inscription. But the article attempts to interpret the serpentine composition in the context of its functional purpose. Methods. In historiography, there are many opinions about what the images could represent on this type of monuments. At different times, researchers saw in the image of a head with snakes Medusa Gorgon, the dragon-Satan, Russian Aphrodite – goddess Lada, Abrasax, Sophia of Ophites, Moses’ brazen serpent, Eve and the devil, the seven-headed serpent and seven deadly sins, sisters-Likhoradkas, the dragon from the Apocalypse, the serpent of Aesculapius transformed into Satan. In addition, the composition was recognized as a “portrait” of the demon and his machinations elevated to the image of Khnubis and was considered the personification of the hysterical uterus itself. Analysis. In the article, the meaning of the serpentine composition is considered in the comparative analysis with other images on amulets. This is possible due to the presence of stereotypes and general principles in the construction of magical drawings applied to the amulets, as well as the general meaning that is associated with the functional purpose of the phylacteries. In different types of the images on amulets, semantic emphasis is placed on reproducing the desired action. For this, phylacteries were made and used, and magical texts, signs, images of saints, the Mother of God and even Christ himself were applied to the amulet. Results. The symbolism of the serpentine composition is revealed within the same sign system. The drawing combining a head (face) and wriggling snakes clearly represents the desired effect – the outcome, the flight of illnesses or the forces of the evil symbolized by reptiles from a person.

Overcoming Stereotypes to “Master Our Dreams”: The Salience of Ethnic Climate and Racial Diversity Among Students of Color in Middle School

Ethnic-racial climate is a salient dimension of school context, especially amid the current sociopolitical climate. This study examined perceptions of school ethnic-racial climate among adolescent students of color, and the significance they place on being part of a diverse student population, in two urban middle schools, using interviews and focus groups. Qualitative analyses revealed that students’ perceptions were contradictory. Students characterized their school interactions in meritocratic terms, where opportunities were grounded in equality and individual effort. However, their reports of racialized treatment were frequent, whereby ethnically segregated peer groups and the presence of stereotypes were prominent. Despite this, students articulated the benefits of school diversity, most notably, because it supported them in “mastering their dreams.” Findings suggest that early adolescents are challenged with navigating the racialized context of the school environment. As such, schools must interrogate the promotion of colorblindness, in favor of practices that are more culturally affirming.

Além das “Mães de Bragança”: a estereotipização da mulher brasileira no jornalismo português

Utilizando como mote o caso “Mães de Bragança”, conhecido em 2003 por meio de uma representação mediática sensacionalista, em que se identificou a presença de estereótipos acerca das brasileiras (Correia, 2014), este artigo busca demonstrar, a partir de uma análise crítica a quatro textos não relacionados com a temática da prostituição, que a estereotipia do discurso jornalístico sobre as brasileiras não se identifica apenas em textos referentes à prostituição de imigrantes. Evidencia‑se, também, o caráter ubíquo desta exaltação mediática do exotismo, conjugado com uma sensualidade que seria inata, não apenas das brasileiras, mas também do Brasil. Para compreender as razões deste fenómeno, contextualizamos as origens das representações sociais sobre as brasileiras, destacando o peso do luso‑tropicalismo, teoria desenvolvida por Gilberto Freyre em meados do séc. xx, para esta construção.

Стереотипы национальной культуры и проблема идентичности в условиях глобализации

The article deals with the categories of stereotype and that make up the core of the national culture. The authors proceed from the assumption that the stereotypes that have arisen in the course of historical development create a cliche for the perception of both one's and another's ethnos, its features and culture. The other side of stereotypes is also noted: at the same time they contribute to the formation of one's identity. The article shows the features of the formation of cultural stereotypes, their influence on the formation of various aspects of one's identity in the process of ethnic diversification through the system own / foreign). It is justified that the presence of stereotypes can both hamper, and under certain conditions, contribute to the perception of culture as external to this ethnos. The possibility of the existence of multiple identities, formed on different base grounds (territorial, ethnic, confessional, etc.) is proved. It was revealed that during the study of a foreign language it is advisable both to use and to break stereotypes. In the course of the study, it is justified that stereotypes in many respects impede the formation of new identities, especially in the case when the new identity is supranational in nature (as it is assumed in the course of the formation, in particular, of a new European identity.

Estereotipación de la mujer en la publicidad política. Análisis de los estereotipos de género presentes en los spots electorales de la campaña 2015 en Nuevo León

Los retratos de los grupos sociales en los mensajes mediáticos están caracterizados en gran medida por la presencia de estereotipos. Con el objetivo de determinar la imagen de la mujer en la publicidad política, se realizó un análisis de contenido de los spots de la campaña electoral a gobernador de Nuevo León de 2015. El estudio muestra cómo se fomentan y difunden estereotipos de género en los spots.

Wirklichkeitsnah oder stereotyp? Das Bild von Dänemark und den Dänen in ausgewählten deutschen Lehrbüchern für Dänisch als Fremdsprache

Abstract The contemporary teaching of foreign languages assumes the development of the ability to use a foreign language in different communication situations. Apart from language competence, also the cultural competence is developed as it is a necessary component of communication. A successful transfer of knowledge and language skills in the process of foreign language learning is determined by a textbook (in addition to other factors). The goal of this article is to analyze the content and assess three Danish textbooks, which were published in Germany in the years 2008-2010. The textbooks are examined in terms of knowledge about Danish life and institutions, the transfer of intercultural competence and the presence of stereotypes. The textbooks were studied based on the list of criteria and it resulted in stating that the textbooks fulfill the objective of providing the knowledge about the country to a great degree. The intercultural component and the issue of stereotypes are dealt with in a different manner.

POLITICAL ISLAM AND EAST – WESTS RELATIONS

The historical expe-rience of relations between East and West is characterized by the apparent instability, confl ict and the presence of stereotypes. Successful standoff with the West by some Muslim polities, embarked in the early XXth century on its own path of nationalism and Islamic socialism, in the following years witnessed a dramatic transformation. The instability of the non-Muslim West, is the secret of the instability of the Islamic East. It is exposed to modernization impacts on the one hand and challenges of racial and religious discrimination, ethnic strife, social and political unrest on the other. Their interweaving creates destabilization in Eastern societies and at the same time strengthens the position of political Islam. Western attempts to ignore these processes underlie the formation of extremist ideological aspirations, which are used by the West in their irresponsible adventurous interests..