Presence Of Sporopollenin Research Articles

Morphology-based identification and classification of Pediastrum through AlexNet Convolution Neural Network

In general solutions and outcomes to an issue in image processing, a ton of trail and examination with an enormous assortment of test photographs is incorporated. Pediastrum, which comprises of pigments like carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophylls, and other nourishing elements like complex sugars, major and minor minerals, and protein, enzymes, fiber, is a minute coccal shaped colony forming green algae. In this research, an attempt was made to solve the problem of identifying and classifying different species of Pediastrum with the aid of CNN based deep learning model. The informational collection comprising of 12,000 algal pictures was being utilized by, AlexNet CNN (Convolution Neural Network) model for the training and validating purposes. The features like the presence of sporopollenin in the cell wall, the structures and the functions of the cells, and the structural properties of coenobia make the basis for automated classification by AlexNet deep learning model. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by an experimental outcome of 99.54 percent classification accuracy with precision and Fl-score more than 0.98.

Nutritional and techno-functional properties of monofloral bee-collected sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) pollen

The aim of this study was to examine nutritional (total lipid, carbohydrate, protein and ash content, fatty acids and protein profile) and techno-functional properties of monofloral bee-collected sunflower pollen (Helianthus annuus L.). The content of water, total protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash was 24.99, 14.36, 82.01, 1.62 and 2.01 g/100g DW, respectively, with the total energy value of 400.06 kcal/100 g DW. The fatty acid profile revealed the presence of five fatty acids with the stearic acid as dominant one (31.4%) followed by α-linoleic (20.7%), pentadecanoic (18.2%), heneicosanoic (17.1%) and palmitic (12.5%) acids. FTIR analysis of bee pollen grains confirmed the presence of the main pollen chemical constituents such as proteins, water, carbohydrates and lipids, but also the presence of sporopollenin and polyphenols. Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that the surface of pollen grains was rich in carotenoids. Low protein (3.64 g/100g DW) but high carbohydrate (77.09 g/100 g DW) solubility of bee pollen was observed. The good emulsifying properties (ESI, 19.98 min; EAI, 80.54 m2/g) and excellent oil (2.43 g/g DW) but poor water (0.87 g/g DW) absorption capacities were also registered. On the other hand, the sunflower bee pollen did not show foaming properties. These findings indicate to its applicability as useful nutritional, lipophilic and anti-foaming food ingredients.

Enantioselective hydrolysis of rasemic naproxen methyl ester with sol–gel encapsulated lipase in the presence of sporopollenin

Sporopollenin is a natural polymer obtained from Lycopodium clavatum, which is highly stable with constant chemical structure and has high resistant capacity to chemical attack. In this study, the Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was encapsulated within a chemically inert sol–gel support prepared by polycondensation with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) in the presence and absence of sporopollenin and activated sporopollenin as additive. The catalytic properties of the immobilized lipases were evaluated into model reactions, i.e. the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylpalmitate ( p-NPP), and the enantioselective hydrolysis of rasemic Naproxen methyl ester that was studied in aqueous buffer solution/isooctane reaction system. The results indicated that the sporopollenin based encapsulated lipase particularly had higher conversion and enantioselectivity compared to the sol–gel free lipase. In this study, excellent enantioselectivity ( E > 400) has been noticed for most lipase preparations ( E = 166 for the free enzyme) with an ee value ∼98% for S-Naproxen. Moreover, ( S)-Naproxen was recovered from the reaction mixture with 98% optical purity.

Sporopollenin in the composition of cell walls of Dunaliella salina Teod. (Chlorophyta) zygotes

Zygotes were produced in a laboratory culture of Dunaliella salina Teod. (Chlorophyta). The presence of sporopollenin, a biopolymer resistant to acetolysis, was established in the composition of their cell walls. The function of β-carotene, accumulating in the lipid-carotenoid globules in cells of these microalgae, is discussed as a possible precursor of the zygote cell wall material.

Development of fern sporangia: a fluorescence microscopy study.

The utility of fluorescence microscopy for studying development of fern spores is investigated. Changes in the fluorescence characteristics during the developmental stages of fern sporangia can be attributed to the changes in the chemical composition of the cell wall. Bright blue autofluorescence of the spores indicated the presence of sporopollenin. The sporangial walls and the spores autofluoresced yellow under blue light excitation. Fluorescence microscopy is a useful addition to light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy because living specimens can be studied owing to their fluorescence properties.

Spore wall development in the liverwort, Haplomitrium hookeri

Spore wall development in Haplomitrium hookeri (Calobryales) is initiated while the sporocyte is in meiotic prophase. Extracellular exine precursor material is preferentially deposited within the sporocyte wall in a highly specific pattern that is predictive of the pilate – retiplilate ornamentation of the mature exine. Tripartite structures characteristic of hepatic exine are polymerized in exine precursors that become elevated on stalks of projecting cytoplasm. Plasma membranes of the cytoplasmic projections become extremely contorted and membrane displacement eventually isolates stalks from cytoplasm. An inner multilaminar layer is formed by apposition of tripartite lamellae. By the late tetrad stage the distinctive wall layers of the mature spore are present; capitula of heavily coated lamellae that cap projections of the continuous foveolate layer, a multilaminar inner exine layer of approximately 20 alternating light and dark bands, and a fibrillar intine. All but the intine become acetolysis resistant indicating the presence of sporopollenin. During maturation the sporopollenin framework of the capitula and foveolate layer become obscured by the addition of electron-dense, non-acetolysis-resistant materials. Based on spore wall micromorphology, Haplomitrium hookeri appears most closely allied to certain of the Metzgeriales, e.g., Pallavicinia.

Basis for the Resistance of Several Algae to Microbial Decomposition

The basis for the resistance of certain algae to microbial decomposition in natural waters was investigated using Pediastrum duplex, Staurastrum sp., and Fischerella muscicola as test organisms. Enzyme preparations previously found to convert susceptible algae into spheroplasts had no such effect on the resistant species, although glucose and galacturonic acid was released from P. duplex walls. Little protein or lipid but considerable carbohydrate was found in the walls of the refractory organisms, but resistance was not correlated with the presence of a unique sugar monomer. A substance present in Staurastrum sp. walls was characterized as lignin or lignin-like on the basis of its extraction characteristics, infrared spectrum, pyrolysis pattern, and content of an aromatic building block. Sporopollenin was found in P. duplex, and cellulose in Staurastrum sp. Cell walls of the algae were fractionated, and the fractions least susceptible to microbial degradation were the sporopollenin of P. duplex, the polyaromatic component of Staurastrum sp., and two F. muscicola fractions containing several sugar monomers. The sporopollenin content of P. duplex, the content of lignin or a related constituent of Staurastrum sp., and the resistance of the algae to microbial attack increased with age. It is suggested that resistance results from the presence of sporopollenin in P. duplex, a lignin-like material in Staurastrum sp., and possibly heteropolysaccharides in F. muscicola.

Sporopollenin in the cell wall of Chlorella and other algae: Ultrastructure, chemistry, and incorporation of 14C-acetate, studied in synchronous cultures

Cells of Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata (Cambridge 211/8p) resisted efforts aimed at producing naked protoplasts by enzymatic degradation of the cell wall, and a study of the development and composition of the wall was therefore undertaken. 1. After cytokinesis has produced naked autospores within the mother cell wall, cell wall formation commences outside the autospore plasma membrane with the appearance of small trilaminar plaques. These enlarge while inter-autospore granular material diminishes in quantity, and they eventually fuse to produce a complete trilaminar sheath around each autospore. 2. A microfibrillar, cellulase digestible, layer is deposited between the trilaminar component and the plasma membrane. Meanwhile the corresponding microfibrillar component of the mother cell wall is digested leaving only its resistant trilaminar component. 3. The trilaminar component includes a substance considered to be the polymerized carotenoid, sporopollenin, on the basis of its resistance to extreme extraction procedures including acetolysis, and its infra red absorption spectrum. 4. Two phases of sporopollenin biosynthesis were detected by means of pulse and pulse-chase treatments with (14)C-acetate at intervals during the cell cycle in synchronous cultures. One coincides with the formation of the sporopollenin-containing trilaminar wall component, and the other is 6-8 hours earlier while the cells are in karyokinesis. The former yields labelled sporopollenin directly and the latter probably represents formation of a precursor. 5. Of five other strains of Chlorella tested, only one possesses sporopollenin, and so does one Scenedesmus and two out of three strains of Prototheca. 6. Examination of the wall structure of the above algae suggest a relationship between the presence of sporopollenin and the development of an outer, trilaminar wall component. 7. A survey of the literature gives support to this hypothesis and further suggests that the ability to synthesise sporopollenin is related to the ability to produce secondary carotenoids. 8. The significance of the findings is discussed.