Presence Of Rotavirus Antigen Research Articles

Detection and analysis of rotavirus in clinical stool samples using silver nanoparticle functionalized paper as SERS substrate

Among the different analytical techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) approach is a widely used technique for the detection and analysis of various chemicals and biological samples. Present study reports a low-cost, sensitive SERS substrate that has an ability to detect rotavirus in clinical stool samples. The proposed SERS substrate has been fabricated through drop-casting of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on a printing-grade paper. Rotavirus particles were extracted from clinical stool samples. The presence of rotavirus antigen in stool samples was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing. The characteristic Raman peaks of rotavirus (RV) particles in solution were found to be significantly enhanced when Raman signals were recorded from the paper-based SERS substrates. Using the proposed SERS substrate, rotavirus samples with concentration as low as 1% could be reliably recorded by the Raman spectrometer. The paper SERS substrate reported herein is an extremely cost-efficient platform and may find applications in other research and clinical laboratories as well.

Prevalence of Rotavirus Diarrhea among Children Up To 2 Years in a Hospital-Based Study

Aim: To determine the prevalence of Rotavirus diarrhea among children up to 2 years of age Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Khairpur Medical College Hospital Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan from June 2019 and December 2020. Methodology: The children's clinical profiles were examined, and the presence of rotavirus antigen in their stool with the ELISA method was detected. Results: The study included a total of 135 children who were suffering from diarrhea, among them 65 (48.14%) were boys, and 70 (51.85%) were girls. It was observed that minimum participation was from zero to 5 months (n=27, 20%), and a maximum number of the patients were in the age group 6 to 12 months (n=41, 30.37%). Rotavirus diarrhea was reported in 48.88% (n=66) of the children. In the age group of 19 to 24 months, 55.88% were Rotavirus positive. No significant association between the age and presence and absence of Rotavirus has been observed. (X2= 1.3241, P=0.723). A significant association has been observed between the feeding habits and the occurrence of Rotavirus diarrhea. (X2= 26.5539, P< 0.00001) Conclusion: Rotavirus infection was found in 48.88 % of these children, and there is a link between rotavirus infection and the method of feeding. Keywords: Infant, Diarrhea, Rotavirus, Breastfeeding

The Detection of Rotavirus Antigenemia by Immunochromatographic Kits: a Case Series.

Acute gastroenteritis is the most common cause of illness and death in infants and young children worldwide. Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in young children, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa. The presence of rotavirus antigens in sera of four unvaccinated pediatric patients, aged between 4 and 6 years with severe diarrhea and dehydration, were detected by using three immunochromatographic (IC) kits. In addition, the presence of anti-rotavirus IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies and their concentrations in patient sera were also determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All three kits could detect rotavirus antigen in patient sera with different intensity of the test lines. When patient sera were pretreated with anti-VP6 rotavirus mouse monoclonal antibody prior to testing, the rotavirus positive test lines disappeared, suggesting that all patient sera contained VP6 protein antigen of rotavirus. Assessment of antibody concentration in these patient sera revealed that all patient sera contained IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against rotavirus antigen at different concentrations. The sensitivity of rotavirus protein detection in the patient sera of one IC kit brand was comparable to those of the EIA, suggesting this IC kit could be an alternative screening method for rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection.

Molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus in two wastewater treatment plants, Iran.

In different countries especially developing countries, treatment of urban wastewater might be ineffective removal of pathogens such as group A rotavirus. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of rotavirus removal in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Isfahan, Iran. To meet the study objectives, 96 sewage samples from influent (n = 48) and final effluents (n = 48) were collected by grab sampling. Two different concentration methods included pellet and two-phase used for concentrating sewage samples. The presence of rotavirus antigens in all concentrated sewage samples was screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. To analyze the study samples, real-time PCR technique with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye and nested multiplex PCR for rotavirus genotyping were utilized respectively. Result indicated positive rotavirus percentage in two methods of ELISA and real-time PCR was equal to 61.45% (59 cases) and 44.79% (43 cases). In addition, analyzing seasonal distribution of rotavirus shows different distributions as below: in spring (18.64%), summer (20.33%), autumn (35.60%), and winter (25.42%). Finally, rotaviruses illustrate significantly higher frequency in cold seasons. G10 and G1 types are considered the most, among common genotypes which identified in 11 (25.58%) and 5 (11.62%), out of the 43 positive samples in WWTPs, followed by non-typeable genotypes (13.95%) and mix genotypes (11.62%); and different genotypes including G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12 were equal to 2.33, 9.30, 9.30, 2.33, 7, and 7% in the WWTPs, respectively. Such high prevalence underlines the significance of environmental surveillance. Also, to eliminate potential pathogens especially enteric viruses from sewage, the improvement of treatment systems is essential.

Epidemiology and economic losses of rotavirus infection associated with hospitalization of Armenian children.

Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Limited data exist on the epidemiology and burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Armenia. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic losses and describe the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus infections in hospitalized children in Armenia. A retrospective chart review was performed of all children (aged < 5 years) with Rotavirus infection admitted to the "Nork" Republican Infection Clinical Hospital in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, between January and July 2014. Criteria of inclusion were age under 5 years old and presence of RV antigen in stool by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The total number of patients was 126; average age was 28.7 ± 13.3 months; 54.8% were male. The highest number of cases (31.8%) was observed in April. Most of the patients (71.4%) were hospitalized in the first three days, demonstrating an acute onset of the disease. In total 19% of the patients had received RV vaccine and, despite this, were infected with RV. Based on bacteriological examination of stool, 18.3% of patients had RV infection combined with pathogenic or conditional pathogenic microflora. All patients spent 817 days in total in the hospital. Economic losses associated with hospitalization were 16340000 AMD (≈ 33346 USD). Rotavirus carries significant morbidity and economic losses. Comprehensive estimates of the disease characteristics and introduction of a national immunization program against RV initiated in 2012 may decrease this burden. Further studies to evaluate the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of such a program are warranted.

THE ROLE OF ROTAVIRUS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN IN UZBEKISTAN

The article presents the results of epidemiological studies of the role of rotavirus in the development of acute diarrheal diseases in children in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Practice of new epidemiological criteria allowed to differentiate the different intensity of the epidemic process and the manifestation of epidemiological patterns of rotavirus infection depending on the region of the republic. The probability of participation of rotaviruses in the formation of the epidemic process in acute diarrheal diseases is proved. The study was conducted in two regions of the republic differing from each other by economic and social conditions. The material for this study was the data obtained as a result of a serological study of feces samples taken from patients with acute diarrheal diseases before the age of 5 years. When examining 1597 children with acute diarrhea in 532 (33.3%) cases, we were able to establish the presence of rotavirus antigens in the feces. Summarizing the above, we can assume that in the Republic of Uzbekistan, rotaviruses occupy one of the leading places in the etiological structure of acute diarrheal diseases, especially in younger age groups.

THE ROLE OF ROTAVIRUS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN IN UZBEKISTAN

The article presents the results of epidemiological studies of the role of rotavirus in the development of acute diarrheal diseases in children in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Practice of new epidemiological criteria allowed to differentiate the different intensity of the epidemic process and the manifestation of epidemiological patterns of rotavirus infection depending on the region of the republic. The probability of participation of rotaviruses in the formation of the epidemic process in acute diarrheal diseases is proved. The study was conducted in two regions of the republic differing from each other by economic and social conditions. The material for this study was the data obtained as a result of a serological study of feces samples taken from patients with acute diarrheal diseases before the age of 5 years. When examining 1597 children with acute diarrhea in 532 (33.3%) cases, we were able to establish the presence of rotavirus antigens in the feces. Summarizing the above, we can assume that in the Republic of Uzbekistan, rotaviruses occupy one of the leading places in the etiological structure of acute diarrheal diseases, especially in younger age groups.

PPARγ Agonists as an Anti-Inflammatory Treatment Inhibiting Rotavirus Infection of Small Intestinal Villi.

Rotavirus infection has been reported to induce an inflammatory response in the host cell accompanied by the increased expression or activation of some cellular molecules including ROS, NF-κB, and COX-2. PPARγ stimulation and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment have been found to interfere with viral infections including rotavirus infection. Small intestinal villi isolated from in vivo infected mice with rotavirus ECwt were analyzed for the percentage of ECwt-infected cells, the presence of rotavirus antigens, and infectious virion yield following treatment with pioglitazone. Isolated villi were also infected in vitro and treated with PPARγ agonists (PGZ, TZD, RGZ, DHA, and ALA), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and NAC. After treatments, the expression of cellular proteins including PPARγ, NF-κB, PDI, Hsc70, and COX-2 was analyzed using immunochemistry, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. The results showed that rotavirus infection led to an increased accumulation of the cellular proteins studied and ROS. The virus infection-induced accumulation of the cellular proteins studied and ROS was reduced upon pioglitazone treatment, causing also a concomitant reduction of the infectious virion yield. We hypothesized that rotavirus infection is benefiting from the induction of a host cell proinflammatory response and that the interference of the inflammatory pathways involved leads to decreased infection.

Age Distribution and Seasonal Pattern of Rotavirus Infection in Children Under 5 Years

tion patterns by season, month and age groups were recorded. Patients and Methods: Rotavirus antigen was detected in 412 out of 1500 fecal specimens; 279 of these cases (66%) were male. The presence of rotavirus antigen in fecal specimens was investigated using the immunochromatographic test (VIKIA® Rota-Adeno, bioMerieux ® sa, Marcy-l’Etoile/France), following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Results: Rotavirus positivity was most common in the 24-36 months age group (n = 104, 25%) (P < 0.001). Positivity was most frequent in January, February and March. The high level determined in January was statistically significant (n = 69, 17%) ( P < 0.001). Most of the cases were found in winter months (n = 179, 43%), and it was also statistically significant ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: Rotavirus was most common in children with gastroenteritis aged between 24 and 36 months. The high numbers of cases were found in winter, with the highest peak in January. Rotavirus gastroenteritis appeared as a significant infection, particularly in winter months in children under 5 years. Vaccination could be helpful in protecting against the disease, since it imposes a significant burden on the health system.

PO14 FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN INFANTS AND NEONATAL PERIOD: WHICH CORRELATION?

acute diarrhea. The initial clinical evaluation of the patients should focus on identifying likely causes on the basis of history and clinical findings. Blood routine analyses were performed upon admission in the hospital. Stool samples were obtained from all the children affected by gastroenteritis. All the specimens were tested for the presence of rotavirus antigens using validated ELISA test. Rectal swabs were cultured for Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella. We used Bayes’ theorem to establish ESR threshold level that could distinguish the two group of different causative agents of acute diarrhea. Results: Salmonella spp. grew in 27 samples, Rotavirus antigens were detected in 31 specimens. All the Children were culture-negative for Shigella and Campylobacter. 53% of patients with ID had ESR levels greater than mm. 29, 46% had levels lower. Only 5% of patients with NID had ESR values greater than mm 29. Using Bayes’ theorem, if ESR level is greater than mm 29, the probability that a patient with acute diarrhea has salmonellosis is 0.88. Conclusions: In our country the children admitted in hospital for AD with ESR levels higher than mm 29 have likely contracted salmonellosis.

Genotypes of rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea

Acute viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common infectious diseases in infants and young children. Rotavirus is mainly important in childhood. The present study determined the detection rate, seasonality and G and P genotypes of rotaviruses in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea in 2009. A total of 1,423 stool specimens were screened by ELISA for the presence of rotavirus antigens and the rotavirus-positive stools genotyped by RT-PCR. The G genotype was determined for 90% of samples (242/269) and the P genotype for 93.3% (251/269). During the study, 25 G-P combinations were detected with G1P[8] in 38.3% (n= 103) and G4P[6] in 5.9% (n= 16) cases. These data provided information on rotavirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea and provided baseline data to motivate for the implementation of control measures for rotavirus disease.

Rotavirus Serotypes and Electrophoretypes among Children Attending Three Paediatric Hospitals in Belem, Brazil

From March to September 1988 stool specimens of 101 hospitalized diarrhoeic infants and children, aged 1-24 months were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of rotavirus antigen. This agent was found in 40 (40 per cent) of the 101 episodes of acute diarrhoea, and strains were both characterized by analysis of RNA in polyacrilamide gel and serotyped by ELISA using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies. The highest frequency of rotavirus positivity was 80 per cent in the 16-18 month age group. All 11 (28 per cent) serotyped strains belonged to serotype 3 whereas absence of Vp7, the major outer capsid glycoprotein, did not allow serotyping in 29 (73 per cent) of the 40 rotavirus-positive specimens. Four distinct electrophoretypes were detected and the predominant one had the IbIIbIIIgIV a profile, accounting for 62 per cent of the classified strains. Unclear patterns did not allow us to determine the electrophoretype of six rotavirus strains. The clinical picture in study children was in general of moderate/severe nature.

Rotavirus antigen detection in patients with HIV infection and diarrhea.

A wide variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens can cause severe diarrhea in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The role of enteric viruses, especially rotaviruses, in HIV-related diarrhea is still unclear. One hundred and six stool samples from 66 HIV-infected patients with otherwise unexplained diarrhea and 35 samples from 35 patients with advanced HIV infection but without diarrhea were tested for the presence of rotavirus antigen. Rotavirus was detected in 13 samples from 9 patients with diarrhea and in none of the samples from patients without diarrhea. Two patients had recurrence of rotavirus infection more than 6 months after the first episode. Rotavirus was associated with prolonged diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal cramping. Symptoms were readily controlled with anti-diarrheal and pain-relieving measures. Illness was self-limited and did not require hospitalization. A seasonal variation, typical of infantile rotavirus infection, was not observed in this setting. While rotavirus infection has been infrequently detected in American HIV-infected patients, the prevalence in Australia and Europe appears to be considerably higher.

Detection of Rotavirus Infection in Calves Employing Immunofluorescence

Abstract The rotavirus fluoresceing antigen (FA) was demonstrated in mucosal cells of the intestinal smears of proximal, mid and distal segments of small intestine in experimentally infected calves examined on day 2 and 4 post infection. However, on day 6 post infection, the FA could be detected only in the distal segment of small intestine. The intestinal cells from all the control calves and those sacrificed on day 8 and 10 post infection and from colon of all the calves were found negative for the presence of rotavirus antigen.