Presence Of Ribonucleic Acid Research Articles

Chronic Liver Diseases and COVID-19: Database of General Hospital

Patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) are at high risk of infection and severe COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease).Aim: to create a database of patients with CLD, including an analysis of the frequency of detection of SARS-CoV-2 markers, the causes of hospitalization, an assessment of 30-day mortality in the presence of COVID-19 markers and in the absence of infection.Materials and methods. A one-time retrospective observational comparative study was conducted, the result of which was the creation of a database. 693 electronic case hystories of patients with CLD of various etiologies hospitalized in the V.M. Buyanov State Clinical Hospital for the period 01.04.2020–01.10.2021 were analyzed. Th e analysis included the following parameters: gender, age, etiology of the disease, reasons for hospitalization, the presence of ribonucleic acid (RNA) SARS-CoV-2 in a smear of the nasal mucosa and oropharynx, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins of classes M, G (IgM, IgG), the outcome of the disease (30-day mortality).Results. Markers of past new coronavirus infection (IgG) were detected in 268 (38,7 %), SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 67 (9,7 %). Th e analysis of the causes of hospitalization revealed the predominance of edematous ascitic syndrome (64,5 %), an increase in hepatic encephalopathy (31,6 %) and an increase in the number of cases of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) (8,9 %). When assessing the 30-day mortality, signifi cant diff erences were found in patients with Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), chronic viral hepatitis in the presence of COVID-19 markers and in cases of their absence.Conclusion. SARSCoV-2 markers were found in 335 (48,3 %) of patients with CLD. Th e main reason for hospitalization is the appearance /increase of edematous ascitic syndrome, including due to PVT. 30-day mortality in the postcovid period is signifi cantly higher (р = 0,0246) in ARLD compared with patients without COVID-19 (218 (34,9 %) и 300 (25,3 %), respectively, р = 0,0246).

Facile nucleation of gold nanoparticles on graphene-based thin films from Au144 molecular precursors

We demonstrate a facile and cost effective method to obtain gold nanoparticles on graphene by dispersing Au144 molecular nanoclusters by spin coating them in thin layers on graphene-based films and subsequent annealing in a controlled atmosphere. The graphene-based thin films used for these experiments are prepared by solvent-assisted exfoliation of graphite in water in the presence of ribonucleic acid as a surfactant and by subsequent vacuum filtration of the resulting graphene-containing suspensions. Not only is this method easily reproducible, but it leads to gold nanoparticles that are not dependent in size on the number of graphene layers beneath them. This is a distinct advantage over other methods. Plasmonic effects have been detected in our gold nanoparticle-decorated graphene layers, indicating that these thin films may be useful in applications such as plasmonic solar cells and optical memory devices.

Presence of ribonucleic acid in human spermatozoa: Differences in content between normal and abnormal spermatozoa

Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether there are any differences in total ribonucleic acid content between normal and abnormal human spermatozoa. Study Design: Spermatozoa were obtained from men undergoing routine semen analysis at a university-based reproductive genetics laboratory. Specimens were classified as normal or abnormal according to World Health Organization criteria. Total ribonucleic acid was removed by acid-phenol extraction, and ribonucleic acid expression levels were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Abnormal spermatozoa were found to have significantly more ribonucleic acid (0.14 ± 0.02 mg/10 6 spermatozoa) than normal spermatozoa (0.05 ± 0.01 mg/10 6 spermatozoa; P < .001). Conclusion: Ribonucleic acid content is significantly altered in abnormal spermatozoa, and this alteration may be the result of some defect in the posttranscriptional pathway. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1011-2.)

Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate by the System Ribonucleic Acid–Water in the Presence of Carbon Tetrachloride and Copper(11) Ion

Abstract Polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out in the presence of ribonucleic acid (RNA), water, carbon tetrachloride, and copper(II) ion. The overall activation energy for the polymerization is proportional to the square root of the amount of RNA. The rate increased at first with the amount of MMA, but then became independent of the amount of MMA. Polymerization was inhibited by the presence of air. Carbon tetrachloride and copper(II) ion are able to give RNA the ability to initiate polymerization. Conversion of MMA is accelerated by the addition of tertiary amine derivatives instead of carbon tetrachloride.

Properties of Maedi Nucleic Acid and the Presence of Ribonucleic Acid- and Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Dependent Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase in the Virions

Maedi virus contains a ribonucleic acid (RNA) which can be resolved into three major components, namely, 62S, 33S, and 13S, by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The presence of RNA- and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of maedi virus was demonstrated. The enzyme product could be converted into acid-soluble form by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, but was resistant to digestion by pancreatic ribonuclease and to hydrolysis by NaOH.

Electrophoresis of human leukocytes

The peripheral regions of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and erythrocytes contain at least two types of ionogenic group, a neuraminate ion and unidentified groups of respectively p K a ∼- 4.0 for the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and p K a ∼- 3.4 for erythrocytes. These p K a values suggest β or γ-carboxyl groups and α-carboxyl groups of acidic amino acids in the membrane-protein for the polymorphonuclear leuckocytes and red blood cells respectively. The presence of ribonucleic acids could not be demonstrated in the peripheral regions of these cell types by electrophoretic methods. Both the intact polymorphonuclear leukocyte and erythrocyte lacked significant numbers of cationic groups at their surfaces.

The presence of ribonucleic acid in the cell walls of higher plants.

A method for isolating extensively purified cell walls from higher plants is described; the preparations contain no detectable chloroplast or nuclear material and the protein content (2-5% of the dry wt. of walls) indicates that there is little contamination with cytoplasm. Incubation of purified cell walls with 0.3n-potassium hydroxide for 17hr. at 37 degrees liberates ribonucleotides, which can be purified by adsorption on charcoal and by ion-exchange chromatography. Ribonucleotides are also liberated by incubating the walls with ribonuclease, but not with deoxyribonuclease. The RNA content varies from 0.5 to 6mg./g. dry wt. of walls, depending on the nature and age of the tissue, and at 3mg./g. dry wt. of walls accounts for about 7% of the total RNA of the tissue. Less than 0.2% of the RNA of the walls is due to the presence of bacteria in the preparation. The base composition of the cell-wall RNA is identical with that of ribosomal RNA.

Structure and leukemogenic activity of a murine leukemia virus.

Purified Friend viruses obtained from chronically infected tissue cultures were studied under the electron microscope in an effort to correlate the fine structure of the particles to their leukemogenic activity under varied experimental conditions, i.e., temperature treatments and exposure to Tween 80, amyl acetate, or ether. It was observed that an intact viral envelope was a prerequisite to leukemogenic activity as tested by intraperitoneal inoculation of newborn mice. It was also noted that the percentage of C particles was not increased after heating for 1 hr at 45 C (treatment which, however, completely inactivated the viruses). Digestion with ribonuclease indicated the presence of ribonucleic acid within the nucleoids of "enveloped A particles," which shows that these are not immature particles. The significance of the simultaneous presence of "enveloped A" and C particles is discussed.

The presence of ribonucleic acid within the peripheral zones of two types of mammalian cell

AbstractAn attempt has been made to locate RNA as a structural component of the peripheries of cultured cells derived from a human osteogenic sarcoma, and L1210 mouse leukaemia cells. In the case of cells derived from the osteogenic sarcoma, their detachment from glass was facilitated by incubation with ribonuclease; on removal from glass, they left cellular “footprints” behind, which were visulized in radioautographs of cells previously labeled with tritiated uridine, and removable with ribonuclease. The electrophoretic data show loss of charge by both types of cell following incubation with ribonuclease.These results are interpreted to indicate that RNA is a structural component of the peripheries of these cells. No attempt is made to speculate on the obvious biological improtance of these observations if they are applicable to cells in general.

Effect of 8-azaguanine on enzyme formation.

THE dependence of enzyme formation on nucleic acids has now been established by studies with disrupted Staphylococci 1. It is not yet clear whether the presence of ribonucleic acid as such or the process of synthesis of ribonucleic acid is essential for enzyme synthesis. Gale and Folkes1 found that the development of certain enzyme systems was enhanced by the presence of ribonucleic acid extracted from the cells, whereas such extracts were without effect in promoting the synthesis of β-galactosidase, which required the presence of a mixture of purines and pyrimidines and was abolished by ribonuclease. Pardee2, studying the formation of β-galactosidase in mutants of Escherichia coli requiring uracil, found that enzyme formation only took place in the presence of added uracil and, if the supply of uracil was limiting, enzyme synthesis ceased as soon as the supply of uracil was exhausted. He concluded that ribonucleic acid synthesis was essential for enzyme formation, the finished nucleic acid being metabolically inert. Similar conclusions have been drawn by Spiegelman, Halvorson and Ben-Ishai3 as a result of investigations on inducible enzyme synthesis in Escherichia coli and in yeasts.

Chromosomal control of nuclear composition in maize.

1. The composition of microsporocyte nucleoli of maize with different chromosomal constitutions was studied by the analysis of absorption spectra obtained from an ultraviolet microspectrophotometer. 2. The presence of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins in the nucleolus was confirmed by the presence of two broad and overlapping absorption peaks around 2637 A and 2800 A. The former peak was removable by treatment of the tissue sections with cold perchloric acid. 3. The amount of RNA per nucleolus was determined by measuring the absorbance and the diameter and thickness of nucleolus sections at 2637 A. Non-specific light loss and absorption due to proteins were corrected for by the use of blank slides which were subjected to cold perchloric acid extraction. 4. By means of the above technique, the amount of RNA per nucleolus was found to be significantly different in the various strains of maize studied. 5. The size of and amount of RNA in the nucleolus were found to increase until mid-pachynema and then diminish and finally disappear at late diakinesis. The increase in volume was found to lag behind that in the RNA content. This observation, together with the observation that the RNA/protein ratio went down during the same period, was interpreted as indicating that during the growth of the nucleolus the RNA content increases faster than does the protein content, and that the synthesis or incorporation of proteins into the nucleolus is dependent upon RNA. The RNA content of the nucleolus was found to have doubled at some time between mid-leptonema and zygonema, an increase which was thought to be the result of the reduplication of the nucleolar, organizer during leptonema. 6. A linear relation was established between the RNA content of the nucleolus and the number of extra nucleolar organizers present on supernumerary B6 chromosomes. The extra organizers did not change the RNA/protein ratio of the nucleolus. Extra heterochromatin in the supernumerary B chromosomes was found to increase the RNA content of the nucleolus only very slightly. 7. Extra euchromatin was believed to have no appreciable effect on nucleolar composition since the RNA content of nucleoli from triploid plants, like that of nucleoli from plants trisomic for the nucleolar chromosome, was only three-halves as much as in their respective normal diploid siblings. 8. The entire nucleolar chromosome is probably involved in nucleolus formation since changes in the RNA content, though not in the RNA/protein ratio, were found in plants carrying a translocation involving the nucleolar chromosome.

THE CYTOLOGY OF RICKETTSIAE

Internal structures of rickettsiae seen with phase contrast microscopy and in the electron microscope contain desoxyribonucleic acid and are therefore nuclear structures similar to those found in bacteria. They are minute spherical bodies, either single as in spherical rickettsiae or varying in number from 2 to 4 in rod-shaped forms. Occasional dumbbell-shaped chromatinic bodies are thought to represent these structures in the process of division. The presence of ribonucleic acid in the cytoplasm of rickettsiae was demonstrated with the use of ribonuclease and basic dyes. Rickettsiae therefore have a cellular organization similar to that of certain bacteria, with a clear differentiation into nuclear structure and cytoplasm.