Presence Of Restless Legs Syndrome Research Articles

Restless legs syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Association between apnea severity and symptoms of depression, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness

ObjectiveTo determine if the prevalence and severity of restless legs syndrome (RLS) varies with apnea severity and analyze differences between the sexes in terms of comorbid RLS with symptoms of depression, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MethodsSymptoms of depression, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were defined as Patient Health Questionnaire–9 score ≥10, Insomnia Severity Index score ≥15, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score ≥11. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted. ResultsIn 707 adults with OSA (85.1% males), 16.1% (n = 114) had comorbid RLS. The prevalence of RLS was markedly lower in those with moderate and severe OSA than in those with mild OSA. Similarly, the odds of RLS significantly decreased with increasing apnea-hypopnea index. After controlling for age and sex, in patients with comorbid RLS, the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale scores were negatively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index and a nadir peripheral oxygen saturation during sleep. The presence of RLS was more likely to be associated with symptoms of depression, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness after controlling for confounding variables, but only in men. ConclusionsRLS is frequently noted in combination with OSA, with a female preponderance. The severities of OSA and RLS may be negatively associated. In patients with OSA, sex-related differences in terms of comorbid RLS with symptoms of depression, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness warrant further investigations.

Correlates of Restless Legs Syndrome in Older People.

Background: We examined the association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) data in two older European populations. The second goal was to evaluate correlates of their quality of life (QoL). Methods: Diagnostic criteria of the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) and elements of CGA were used in this study. Results: Among the examined 246 participants, 77 (31.3%) suffered from RLS, more often in the UK (39.4%) than in Poland (25.4%) (p = 0.019). In the multivariate logistic regression model, female sex [OR (CI) = 3.29 (1.51-7.21); p = 0.0014], the number of medications per day [OR (CI) = 1.11 (1.02-1.20); p = 0.011] and alcohol consumption [OR (CI) = 5.41 (2.67-10.95); p < 0.001] increased the probability of RLS. Residing in Poland [OR (CI) = 3.06 (1.36-6.88); p = 0.005], the presence of RLS [OR (CI) = 2.90 (1.36-6.17); p = 0.004], chronic heart failure, [OR (CI) = 3.60 (1.75-7.41); p < 0.001], osteoarthritis [OR (CI) = 2.85 (1.47-5.49); p = 0.0016], and urinary incontinence [OR (CI) = 4.74 (1.87-11.9); p < 0.001] were associated with a higher probability of mobility dimension problems in the QoL. Higher physical activity was related to a lower probability of mobility problems [OR (CI) = 0.85 (0.78-0.92); p < 0.001]. Conclusions: female sex, the number of medications and alcohol consumption are independent correlates of RLS in older adults. RLS together with several chronic medical conditions and a low physical activity level were independent correlates of the mobility dimension of the QoL.

Restless leg syndrome as a complication of primary hyperparathyroidism: insights from a retrospective study.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is an invalidating neurological disorder with a complex, largely unknown pathophysiology. While RLS is observed in Parkinson's disease and in renal failure, idiopathic cases are common. Limited reports associate RLS with parathyroid hormone (PTH). This study analyzes a cohort of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and chronic post-surgical hypoparathyroidism (hypo PTH), to investigate RLS prevalence, and associated risk factors. Ninety-five patients (54 PHPT, 41 hypo PTH) were consecutively enrolled at the bone metabolism outpatient clinic. The revised IRLSSG diagnostic criteria were used to diagnose RLS, with assessments conducted through face-to-face interviews and neurological examination. When RLS was confirmed, the RLS severity scale was applied. Retrospective records included calcium-phosphate metabolism-related parameters, surgery details, renal lithiasis, fragility fractures, and densitometric features (T-score). RLS was diagnosed in 22.2% PHPT patients, compared to 4.9% of patients with hypo PTH (p = 0.02). Of RLS diagnosed patients, 91.7% had a history of parathyroidectomy, compared to 47.6% of patients without RLS (p = 0.01). Most of the operated patients reported that surgery determined an improvement of symptoms; however, mean score severity of RLS at our evaluation was 15/40, defined as moderate. PTH and calcium levels were not statistically associated to the presence of RLS. Our study suggests that PHPT may be one of the etiologies of RLS. Parathyroidectomy alleviates symptoms in the vast majority of the cases but does not remove them.

Effect of Lower Limb Strengthening Exercises on Severity of Restless Leg Syndrome among Diabetic Patients: A Time Series Study

A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep. Objective: To evaluate the effect of lower limb strengthening exercises on the severity of restless leg syndrome (RLS) symptoms among diabetic patients. Methods: The time series Quasi experimental study design was conducted in the government sector (Services hospital) of Lahore for a sample size of 77 diabetic patients who were also suffering from RLS. In order to compensate dropout’s data were collected from 150 patients, from March 2018 to September 2019. IRRLSG Criterion was used to screen out presence of RLS in diabetic patients. After taking written informed consent, baseline data were collected through a questionnaire of close ended questions and proformas with pictures of lower limb muscle strengthening exercises was given to all patients. Follow-ups were taken twice through phone calls after every four weeks and the difference in the scores was noted down in both groups. Results: Patients who performed strengthening exercises reported reduced symptoms of RLS whereas those who didn’t perform exercises were excluded from the study. 96% patients reported reduced symptoms. While 4 patients did not have any improvement in their symptoms. At the end of 8 weeks majority had a significant improvement in the severity of their symptoms. Conclusions: It is concluded that an exercise program consisting of different strengthening exercises was effective in improving symptoms of RLS. No effort was made to discontinue medications that may aggravate RLS symptoms.

The relationship of the prevalence and severity of restless legs syndrome in primary Sjögren syndrome with insomnia status, anxiety, depression, and neuropathic pain

Background and aimsIn this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) between primary Sjögren syndrome (PSS) patients and the healthy population and investigate the relationships between RLS and insomnia status, anxiety, depression, neuropathic pain, and lower extremity pain. Our case-control study, included 55 patients aged 18–65 who were diagnosed with PSS based on the 2016 ACR/EULAR criteria and 60 healthy controls aged 18–65. The pain levels of the participants were evaluated using the pain DETECT Questionnaire, the lower-extremity visual analog scale, and an algometer, all participants were screened for fibromyalgia syndrome, and their psychiatric parameters were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Insomnia status was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index. The cases in the PSS group with and without restless legs syndrome were compared.ResultsWhile the rate of RLS in the PSS group was 26.7%, that in the control group was found as 9%, and the difference between the two groups was significant (p < 0.05). The severity of RLS in the PSS group was found to be significantly higher in comparison to that in the control group (p < 0.05). The PSS group had significantly higher lower-extremity pain, fibromyalgia, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and pain scores, as well as a significantly higher mean number of painful points, than the control group (p > 0.05). In the results of the multivariate regression analysis, depression and insomnia scores were identified as independent predictors for the presence of RLS in PSS cases (p < 0.05).ConclusionsWe found the prevalence and severity of restless legs syndrome higher in the primary Sjögren syndrome patients compared to the healthy participants in the control group. We identified depression and insomnia as independent predictors of the presence of restless legs syndrome in primary Sjögren syndrome cases.

Genetic hemochromatosis is not a risk factor for Restless Legs Syndrome

BackgroundIron dysmetabolism has long been identified as a primary key factor involved in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) pathophysiology and may account for the high prevalence of RLS observed in chronic liver diseases (CLD). Prevalence of RLS was also reported to be high in genetic hemochromatosis (GH) but whether this is due to the unique iron metabolism disorder and to treatment procedure in GH remains unknown. If this assumption is true, then one would hypothesize that RLS prevalence is higher in GH than in another CLD such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Materials and methodsWe conducted a prospective questionnaire-based survey to assess the prevalence of RLS symptoms in consecutive patients with either GH or CHB. Patients who were screened positive for RLS based on the criteria of the International RLS Study Group were further interviewed by telephone and if needed by face to face assessment to confirm RLS diagnosis. ResultsSymptoms of confirmed RLS were confirmed in 8.9% of the 101 participants with CHB and in 10% of the 105 patients with GH. Low ferritin levels were not associated with the presence of RLS in both groups nor were the severity of the liver disease. ConclusionGH is not a risk factor for RLS occurrence as any other cause of CLD, as RLS prevalence in both GH and CHB is within the range of RLS prevalence in the general Caucasian population.

Restless legs syndrome in patients with psoriasis: association with inflammation and sleep quality.

We aimed to evaluate if psoriasis associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) due to its close relationship with metabolic disorders. This was a cross-sectional study in which the relationship between RLS and psoriasis was evaluated. Seventy consecutive psoriasis patients and 70 controls without any skin disorder were included in this study. Data including age, gender, body weight, height, and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were recorded. Diagnosis of RLS was established using International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria. International RLS Rating Scale (IRLSRS) was used to evaluate the severity of symptoms. Each participant completed forms of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The RLS frequency in patients with psoriasis was 18.6% vs. 5.7% in the control group (P=0.018). In psoriasis patients, BMI, DLQI, IRLSRS, hemoglobin, ferritin, CRP, and uric acid levels were significantly higher than those of the controls. In psoriasis patients with RLS, PASI, DLQI, PSQI, IRLSRS scores, CRP level, and BMI were significantly higher, and hemoglobin level was significantly lower relative to the psoriasis patients without RLS. PASI score was the sole independent associate of RLS presence in psoriasis patients. Restless legs syndrome was significantly more common in psoriasis patients, and the presence of RLS was associated with significantly more severe psoriasis, more severe systemic inflammation, lower serum hemoglobin values, worse quality of life, and sleep quality.

Sleep disturbances and restless legs syndrome in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer given adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy

IntroductionWhether adjuvant therapy with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) causes sleep disturbances or not in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer (EBC) is still a controversial issue. MethodsBetween March 2014 and November 2017, validated questionnaires for assessing insomnia, anxiety, depression, quality of life (QoL) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) were administered to 160 EBC patients at baseline and after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of AI therapy. ResultsAI therapy significantly decreased the patients’ QoL, but did not influence insomnia, anxiety or depression. However, it significantly increased the frequency and severity of RLS. Patients with RLS at baseline (19%) or who developed RLS during AI therapy (26.3%) reported statistically lower quality of sleep, higher anxiety and depression, and worse QoL compared to patients who never reported RLS (54.7%). ConclusionAlthough AI therapy does not affect sleep quality, it may increase RLS frequency. The presence of RLS could identify a group of EBC patients who may benefit from psychological support.

The Impact of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease

IntroductionThe study aimed at evaluating the effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS-STN) on restless legs syndrome (RLS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Materials and MethodsWe assessed the presence of RLS before and 6 and 12 months after surgery in 36 patients. Differences between patients with RLS, without RLS, and with remission of RLS in terms of sleep measures (interview and validated questionnaires) and nonmotor symptoms (NMS). Polysomnography (PSG) was performed in 24 patients. Simple and multiple regression models were used to identify potential predictors of RLS outcome after DBS-STN. ResultsBefore DBS-STN 14 of the 36 patients (39%) were diagnosed with RLS. DBS-STN resulted in the resolution of RLS in 43% (n = 6) and the emergence of RLS in 2 (9%) patients. During the study, 20 patients remained without RLS and the patients with unremitting RLS (n = 8) experienced alleviation of symptoms. At baseline patients with RLS had higher Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) total and sleep domain, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part IV and lower Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) scores. There were no differences between the groups without and with RLS in terms of PSG recordings. ConclusionDBS-STN provided relief of symptoms in most of the patients with PD and RLS. We found that RLS was associated with worse subjective sleep quality, more severe NMS, and complications of levodopa therapy. DBS-STN may have direct impact on RLS rather than related indirectly through post-surgery change in medications.

The relationship between restless legs syndrome and motor subtype in patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sleep-related complication in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics associated with the occurrence of RLS in patients with de novo PD. Methods: Our study included 346 patients with de novo PD. The motor and non-motor status of each patient was assessed using the appropriate scales, and RLS was diagnosed through face-to-face interviews. Results: The incidence of RLS in patients with PD was 12.7% (44/346), while relative proportion of different motor subtypes was significantly different between PD patients with and without RLS. PD patients with RLS had lower rates of tremor-dominant subtype (25.0% vs. 36.4%) and higher rates of akinetic-rigid subtype (59.0% vs. 54.6%) (P&lt;0.001) than those without RLS. PD patients with the akinetic-rigid subtype had a higher prevalence of RLS (13.6%) than those with tremor-dominant subtype (9.0%) (P=0.020). The significant factors associated with the presence of RLS were modified Hoehn-Yahr stage, motor subtype, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index total scores. Conclusion: Our findings indicated a significant relationship between RLS and motor subtype in patients with PD and revealed that the motor subtype is a significant predictor of RLS in patients with PD.

0554 Proteomic Approach for Understanding the Mechanisms of Periodic Limb Movements and Restless Legs Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Periodic limb movements (PLMs) are episodes of involuntary, repetitive muscle movements that are highly associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS). Although PLMs and RLS are reportedly two separate phenomena, both are tightly correlated and may result from a similar pathology. The present study profiled plasma protein biomarkers of PLMs and RLS to contribute to the identification of mechanisms associated with each disorder/trait. Methods The SomaScan highly multiplexed aptamer assay was used to profile 5,000 proteins in 24–48-hour old EDTA plasma samples from the Stanford Technology Analytics and Genomics in Sleep (STAGES) study. PLMs per hour (PLMI) were derived from overnight polysomnography and RLS was classified based on affirmative responses to questions of the Alliance Sleep Questionnaire. Three linear regression models were conducted to examine significant protein markers of 1) PLMI in the sample as a whole; 2) PLMI controlling for the presence of RLS; and 3) RLS without PLMs (i.e.,PLMI&amp;lt;5). All models included log2-normalized relative protein expression as the dependent variable and important covariates such as age, gender, BMI, sample storage time, and blood draw period. False discovery rate (FDR) to control for multiple testing was applied with an a-priori p-value of 0.05 for identifying significant associations. Results PLMI was significantly associated with 253 proteins (219 positive,34 negative). The inclusion of RLS in the model mitigated the significance of most proteins, and only 8 proteins remained significant. Negatively associated proteins (LEAP-1, Ferritin, SELH, Caspase-8) included functions related to iron storage, absorption, and delivery and negative regulation of inflammatory/immune responses. Positively associated proteins (SFRP4, RANTES, CathepsinA, DKK1) included proteins with functions related to immune response, inflammatory response, bone formation, and protein stability. RLS without PLMs was associated with 7 upregulated proteins (megalin, RUFY1, TADBP, ANGL7, LRTM2, SNAPN, STOM) with functions related to vitamin D metabolism, calcium and zinc binding, circadian rhythm regulation, and calcium-dependent neurotransmitter secretion. Conclusion These large proteomic analyses identified independent differential protein expressions for PLMs and RLS that suggest different pathophysiological contributions. Support (If Any) This work was supported, in part, by the National Heart, lung, and Blood institute [T32HL110952] and the Klarman Family Foundation.

The Prevalence and Predictors of Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

Introduction and aim. Sleep disorders are highly prevalent in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS), as well as its risk factors and possible predictors, in a cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and methods. We performed a cross-sectional prospective study over a period of 14 months and enrolled 69 patients with liver cirrhosis, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The cases of RLS were assessed according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) criteria and severity scale. Results. Out of the total number of patients, 55% fulfilled the criteria for RLS. Age, diabetes, severity of cirrhosis, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and mean hemoglobin were associated with the presence of RLS. Moreover, there was a significantly higher prevalence of RLS among patients with decompensated cirrhosis. From all the risk factors introduced into the multivariate analysis, only the GFR could predict the presence of RLS. Conclusions. This research shows that patients with liver cirrhosis have a high risk of RLS. Even though there are multiple risk factors associated with RLS, only the GFR could predict its occurrence in our cohort.

Relationship between Restless legs syndrome associated symptoms and presence of depression during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is associated with depression in the general population. Although depression can lead to adverse events during the perinatal period, the association between RLS and depression remains under debate. Thus, we examined the association between depression and RLS, including RLS-associated symptoms, in pregnant women. We evaluated the presence of RLS and RLS-associated symptoms in 135 pregnant women using questionnaires on RLS symptoms based on Allen’s symptoms and the International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS), respectively. We defined RLS as 4/4 on Allen’s symptoms. Depressive status was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The mean±SD of age was 31.8 ± 4.3 years, and none of the participants had a family history of RLS. Ten percent of women had depression during their pregnancy and demonstrated higher IRLS scores than those without depression (6.1 ± 10.5 vs. 0.7 ± 3.8 points, P = 0.001). A significant association between IRLS score, including its subscales, and depression was observed, even after adjusting for confounders. It was concluded that RLS-associated symptoms may be indicators of depression during pregnancy. Comprehensive sleep evaluations and examinations of RLS-associated symptoms are needed to improve psychiatric health during pregnancy.

Microstructural changes of basal ganglia in migraine with restless legs syndrome: findings from a neuroimaging study.

In this study, it is planned to investigate the integrity of the basal ganglia structures in migraineurs with restless legs syndrome (RLS) to explore this relationship. In this study, 58 patients who were diagnosed migraine and 51 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Patients diagnosed with migraine were divided into two groups: Group I (migraine without RLS) and Group II (migraine with RLS). The integrity of basal ganglia was evaluated with region of interest diffusion tensor imaging method which allows us to assess microstructural changes of the tissue. The mean age of thepatients was 35.98 ± 7.92years, and the mean age of the HCs was 33.84 ± 11.06. 84.5% (n = 49) of the patients were female and 15.5% (n = 9) were male. 82.4% (n = 42) of the HCs were female, 17.6% (n = 9) were male. The number of thepatients without RLS was 41 (Group I), and the number of thepatients with RLS was 17 (Group II). When basal ganglia structures were compared between groups of thepatients with and without RLS, the fractional anisotropy (FA) value of the left putamen differed (Group I: 0.30 ± 0.06 vs. Group II: 0.25 ± 0.7, p = 0.01). The significant relationship was found attack frequency and presence of RLS with left putamen FA values according to multiple regression analysis. It was determined in this study that the changes in the microstructure of putamen, one of the basal ganglia structures, may be associated with the presence of RLS in migraineurs.

Coexistence of restless legs syndrome and multiple sclerosis aggravates anxiety and depression.

Among the comorbidities that accompany multiple sclerosis (MS), restless legs syndrome (RLS) is one of the most common. Anxiety and depression are common psychological comorbidities that impact the quality of life of patients with MS (PwMS), as well as patients with RLS. To investigate the psychiatric burden of MS and RLS coexistence, we conducted a nationwide, multicenter and cross-sectional survey. Participants were assessed by using demographic and clinical parameters along with the Hamilton Anxiety and Hamilton Depression Scales (HAM-A and HAM-D). Out of the 1,068 participants, 173 (16.2%) were found to have RLS [RLS(+)] and 895 (83.8%) did not [RLS(-)]. The mean scores for HAM-A and HAM-D were significantly higher among RLS(+) subjects than among RLS(-) subjects (p<0.001 for all variables). According to our data, the presence of RLS in PwMS may increase the occurrence of both anxiety and depression symptoms. Awareness and treatment of RLS in PwMS could possibly reduce the symptoms of psychiatric comorbidities originating from RLS.

Relationship between presence of spinal cord lesion and restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis

Background Even though the prevalence of restless leg syndrome in multiple sclerosis (MS) is known to vary between 12.5% and 60%, the underlying pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Aim This study aims to investigate the relationship between spinal cord lesions and restless leg syndrome in MS. Materials and Methods In total, 959 persons with MS were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data of persons with MS were recorded by interviewing and medical records. Neurologists blind to the presence of restless leg syndrome evaluated MRI scans for the presence of demyelinating lesions in the brainstem and spinal cord. Results The restless leg syndrome was detected in 222 participants (23.15%). Restless leg syndrome was not significantly linked to mean age, body mass index, gender, and MS duration, but persons with MS with restless leg syndrome have a higher disability level (p = 0.044). In addition, no difference in the brainstem and thoracic cord was found between persons with MS with and without restless leg syndrome, while there is a significant relationship between the presence of cervical cord lesion and restless leg syndrome. Conclusion Higher disability scores and characteristics of lesion patterns in the spinal cord could explain higher rates of restless leg syndrome in persons with MS. Considering the negative effects of restless leg syndrome, the increased awareness and treatment of restless leg syndrome among persons with MS is essential for better managing.

Restless legs syndrome and related factors in people with multiple sclerosis in Turkey

ABSTRACT Objective Restless legs syndrome is one of the most reported sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS). The study aims to investigate the possible factors related to the occurrence and severity of restless legs syndrome in persons with MS (pwMS) comparing with healthy controls. Methods This is a case-control study that included 447 pwMS and 57 healthy controls. Demographic and clinical data such as gender, age, duration of education, body mass index, marital status, disease duration, and MS type were recorded. Neurological disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale. The Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of restless legs syndrome. Results The prevalence of restless legs syndrome in pwMS was 133 (29.8%) and 3 (4.9%) in healthy controls (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gender, body mass index, and MS type (p > 0.05). Patients with restless legs syndrome have more advanced age, longer disease duration, and higher Expanded Disability Status Scale scores than patients without restless legs syndrome (p < 0.05). The correlation between restless legs syndrome severity and age, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, disease duration was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions This study has shown that the presence of restless legs syndrome is high in persons with MS compared to healthy controls. Advanced age, disease duration, and higher disability level could be related to the increased rate of restless legs syndrome in persons with MS, especially those with high-frequency symptoms.

Restless Legs Syndrome among patients receiving antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs.

Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) experience psychological distress and diminished quality of life. Antipsychotics and antidepressants are known to be linked to RLS. This study aims to investigate the presence of RLS in psychiatric patients who receive antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs and to determine potential risk factors for its occurrence. Two hundred patients who received antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs for more than 1 month were recruited from two tertiary psychiatric centers in Cairo, Egypt. One hundred apparently healthy volunteers were also included. All patients and controls were screened using the four-items questionnaire (Arabic version) for RLS. RLS severity was scored according to the validated Arabic version of International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale (IRLS). Mimicking conditions were carefully investigated and excluded. Forty-one percent of the patients who receive antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs were found to have RLS. Family history, past history and smoking are potential risk factors. Trazodone and haloperidol were less associated with RLS. Although limited by its cross-sectional design, these findings suggest that patients who receive antipsychotic and antidepressant are susceptible to RLS. However, these results need to be replicated on a wider scale.

Contribution of sleep disturbances to fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study using clinical and polysomnographic parameters.

Background and purposeFatigue is amongst the most frequent and disabling symptoms of multiple sclerosis and a close relation between fatigue and sleep quality has been hypothesized. In this study the contribution of sleep disturbances measured by clinical and polysomnographic parameters to fatigue in multiple sclerosis was investigated.MethodsThis was a prospective instrumental study performed at the Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland. Demographic data and clinical characteristics including fatigue (as measured by the modified fatigue impact scale [MFIS]), neurological disability, psychiatric symptoms, medications and sleep‐related variables were collected at baseline visit and by a home full‐night polysomnography. The associations between sleep‐related variables and the MFIS were tested using partial correlations adjusted by demographic and sleep‐unrelated clinical factors.ResultsSeventy‐six patients were included in the study, of whom 53 (69.7%) had an MFIS ≥38 points (median 49.5, interquartile range 31.0–62.0). MFIS scores were positively associated with age, neurological disability, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and use of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. When adjusting for these variables, the presence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) (r = 0.37, p = 0.005) and periodic leg movements index (r = −0.33, p = 0.014) were associated with MFIS. Excessive daytime sleepiness, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, respiratory disturbances, and percentage of time spent in the different sleep stages (N1, N2, N3 and rapid eye movement) were not associated with fatigue.ConclusionsMultiple sclerosis patients with a diagnosis of RLS had significantly higher global fatigue scores compared to those without RLS. Future studies should investigate whether medical treatment of RLS can ameliorate fatigue.

Restless legs syndrome and perceived olfactory and taste dysfunction: A community-based study.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been suggested as a prodromal symptom of Parkinson disease (PD). Olfactory or taste dysfunction can also occur preceding PD diagnosis. However, whether RLS is associated with chemosensory dysfunction remains unknown. We thus aim to investigate the association between RLS and perceived olfactory and taste dysfunction. We performed a cross-sectional analysis including 90,337 Chinese adults free of neurodegenerative diseases in the Kailuan study in 2016. Presence of RLS was defined using revised RLS diagnostic criteria or the Cambridge-Hopkins questionnaire for RLS. Perceived olfactory and taste dysfunction was collected via a questionnaire. The association between RLS and perceived olfactory and taste dysfunction was assessed using logistic regression model, adjusting for potential cofounders such as age, sex, and medical history. RLS was associated with high odds of having perceived olfactory and/or taste dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio=5.92, 95% confidence interval = 3.11-11.3). The significant association persisted when using the Cambridge-Hopkins questionnaire (adjusted odds ratio=5.55, 95% confidence interval = 2.37-13.0) or when excluding participants with major chronic diseases. RLS was associated with increased odds of perceived olfactory and taste dysfunction.