Presence Of Pyrolysis Products Research Articles

Autofluorescence of experimentally heated bone: Potential archaeological applications and relevance for estimating degree of burning

Assessing the degree of burning in archaeological bone is important for interpreting fire-related activities of humans in the past. Previous studies have explored a range of analytical methods to characterise burned bone, examining heat-induced changes to specific physical- or chemical properties. Autofluorescence is a property of bone tissue that has not received much attention in archaeological research despite its applicability on both hand-specimens and microscopic fragments in sediment thin-sections. In this study epifluorescence microscopy with blue-light excitation (400–440 nm) is applied in combination with fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate autofluorescence of experimentally heated cow bone. The results show that upon heating, a shift in fluorescence colour – from blueish-green to yellowish-green – occurs before combustion or charring, lasting up to the moment of calcination. The associated emission spectra suggest that this shift is caused by either or both the presence of pyrolysis products and changes to the bone mineral structure. These results support the use of epifluorescence microscopy as an analytical method for archaeology and contribute to a growing set of multi-proxy reference data to assess the degree of burning of bone.

Investigation of Flame Structure and Soot Formation in a Single Sector Model Combustor Using Experiments and Numerical Simulations Based on the Large Eddy Simulation/Conditional Moment Closure Approach

In this work, a single sector lean burn model combustor operating in pilot only mode has been investigated using both experiments and computations with the main objective of analyzing the flame structure and soot formation at conditions relevant to aero-engine applications. Numerical simulations were performed using the large eddy simulation (LES) approach and the conditional moment closure (CMC) combustion model with detailed chemistry and a two-equation model for soot. The CMC model is based on the time-resolved solution of the local flame structure and allows to directly take into account the phenomena associated to molecular mixing and turbulent transport, which are of great importance for the prediction of emissions. The rig investigated in this work, called big optical single sector rig, allows to test real scale lean burn injectors. Experiments, performed at elevated pressure and temperature, corresponding to engine conditions at part load, include planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) and have been complemented with new laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements for soot location. The wide range of measurements available allows a comprehensive analysis of the primary combustion region and can be exploited to further assess and validate the LES/CMC approach to capture the flame behavior at engine conditions. It is shown that the LES/CMC approach is able to predict the main characteristics of the flame with a good agreement with the experiment in terms of flame shape, spray characteristics and soot location. Finite-rate chemistry effects appear to be very important in the region close to the injection location leading to the lift-off of the flame. Low levels of soot are observed immediately downstream of the injector exit, where a high amount of vaporized fuel is still present. Further downstream, the fuel vapor disappears quite quickly and an extended region characterized by the presence of pyrolysis products and soot precursors is observed. The strong production of soot precursors together with high soot surface growth rates lead to high values of soot volume fraction in locations consistent with the experiment. Soot oxidation is also very important in the downstream region resulting in a decrease of the soot level at the combustor exit. The results show a very promising capability of the LES/CMC approach to capture the main characteristics of the flame, soot formation, and location at engine relevant conditions. More advanced soot models will be considered in future work in order to improve the quantitative prediction of the soot level.

Immediate Warning of Local Overheating in Electric Machines by the Detection of Pyrolysis Products

A device employing an ion chamber has been developed for the sensitive, reliable, and very rapid detection of local ovetheatingin a gas-cooled electric machine before extensive damage can result. The device detects the presence of pyrolysis products generated by the thermal decomposition of organic materials such as insulations and polymers. The pyrolysis products include particles of the size of condensation nuclei (about 0.001 to 0.1 microns), and smaller, which have such a pronounced effect on the ion current in the ion chamber that a definite signal is obtained from a hot spot as small as one square inch in area in a large hydrogen-cooled generator. A considerable amount of test and operating experience has been acquired.