Presence Of Pus Research Articles

A Post-Traumatic Nasal Septal Abscess about a Case Report

Introduction: Nasal septal abscess is the presence of pus between the nasal septum and its mucosa. It Is a rare condition but there are risks of fatal complications if left untreated, it can occur spontaneously or after trauma of nasal septum. Treatments include antibiotics, surgical drainage of abscess, and treatment of its etiology.Case Report: A case of a post-traumatic septal abscess has observed in a 11-year-old child Who was presented with a 5-day history of nasal obstruction, swelling and pain. We have performed incision and drainage with administration of antibiotic, the patient showed satisfactory recovery without any complication.Conclusion: Nasal septal abscess is rare; it can be accompanied by fatal complications if left untreated.

Early Surgical Management of Appendicular Mass: Evaluation of Surgical Outcome in Selected Private and Government Hospitals, Bangladesh

Background: Appendicular mass, a common occurrence in acute appendicitis (10% of cases), develops within 24-48 hours of symptom onset. Management strategies, including early appendectomy, non-operative management with or without drainage, and interval appendectomy, vary widely. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of early surgical management and compare different surgical approaches. Methodology: This retroospective observational study was performed in different private and government hospital at Jamalpur, Manikgonj for a period of 8 years from January 2015 to December 2022. A total of 288 consecutive patients meeting eligibility criteria underwent open appendectomy within 24 hours of hospital admission due to appendicular lump diagnosis based on clinical or ultrasonographic findings. Two surgical techniques were employed: appendicectomy with generalized peritoneal toileting and appendicectomy with loco-regional peritoneal toileting All data were collected from hospital records. Follow-up records for a period of 2 weeks and at the end of 1 year were reviewed. Results: Patients had a mean age of 30.04 years, mostly male and under 30 years old. Appendicular lump with abscess was predominant (73.96%), along with perforated appendix and presence of pus (71.18% and 75.35% respectively). 68.75% underwent appendicectomy with loco-regional toileting, and 31.25% with generalized peritoneal toileting. Both groups were similar in demographics and perioperative findings, with common difficulties in localization and dissection (76.79% and 88.89% respectively). No bowel injuries occurred in the loco-regional toileting group. Postoperative complications were significantly lower in this group, especially superficial and deep wound infections (11.61% vs 16.67%, 2.53% vs 10%). Fecal fistula and incisional hernia were observed in the generalized peritoneal toileting group (1.11%, 2.22%). Operative time was notably shorter in the loco-regional peritoneal toileting group (92 minutes vs 65 minutes) Conclusion: Early appendicectomy allows for single-admission treatment, serving as an effective alternative to conservative therapy by significantly reducing hospital stays and expenses. Specifically, early appendicectomy with loco-regional peritoneal toileting demonstrates shorter operative times and lower post-operative complications compared to generalized peritoneal toileting, suggesting its favorable utility in managing appendicular mass and warranting further optimization in surgical strategies.

Therapy of parapneumonic empyema in children: a protocol for a scoping review of the literature.

Empyema (the presence of pus in the pleural space) is a severe complication of community-acquired pneumonia and significant cause of morbidity, but, fortunately, not mortality in children. Between 0.6 and 2% of pneumonias are complicated by empyema and the three main pathogens involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus 1,2,3,4. Optimal management in children, especially the choice of antibiotics, method of administration and duration of therapy, pleural dranage or surgery, are still a matter of debate and currently, lack of strong specific recommendations. This paper displays the study protocol for a scoping review that aims to summarize the available literature on the microbiological epidemiology, the medical and surgical treatment options, and the outcomes of pleural empyema in pediatric population. Comprehensive research combining the terms pediatric (children aged 0 to 18 years) and pleural empyema will be performed on PubMed and SCOPUS to identify all eligible studies. At first, two reviewers will screen the abstract and then their full text to determine the articles that meet the inclusion criteria. This work will be carried out independently, everyone on a different Excel spreadsheet and each researcher will be blinded to the decision of the other researcher. When the process is completed, in case of discordance, any disagreement will be identified and resolved through discussion or with help of a third author. The findings of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Enhancing Frontal Sinus Surgery: Assessing the Long-Term Impact of Free Grafts and Flaps in Draf III Procedures.

The frontal sinus medial drainage -Draf Type III (modified endoscopic Lothrop) procedure, has become a cornerstone in frontal sinus surgery over the last three decades. Despite its widespread acceptance, challenges such as restenosis and neo-ostium closure persist, prompting the exploration of various preventive techniques. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data from 111 patients who underwent the Draf III procedure between November 2015 and November 2023, with a mean follow-up period of 3 years and 11 months. Approximately two-thirds of patients (64%) had undergone previous sinus surgery and 16% a previous Draf III. Over half of the patients had inflammatory conditions, with the majority being chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (46%), while 15% were diagnosed with malignant sinonasal tumors, and 23% with benign sinonasal tumors, of which the commonest was osteoma, accounting for 14 cases. The mean follow-up period was 3 years and 11 months. We focused on evaluating the efficacy of mucosal flaps and free grafts in preventing neo-ostium closure. Although it appears that there is no statistically significant correlation between flap usage and the need for revision surgery or ostium patency maintenance overall, subgroup analysis highlighted the benefits of flap reconstruction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. In this subgroup, the use of flaps or grafts reduced the rate of neo-ostium stenosis from 20% to 0% (p < 0.05). Overall revision rate was 11.7%-however this was 8% in patients without acute inflammation at the time of surgery and went up to 31% in the presence of pus in the frontal recess (p = 0.02). This study contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into long-term outcomes, the enduring effectiveness of interventions in frontal sinus surgery, and especially the importance of taking into account the underlying pathology when assessing long-term outcomes.

Medical and surgical treatment of parapneumonic effusion

Pleural empyema, defined as the presence of pus in the pleural space, is a serious complication of pleural effusion. Overall incidence of pleural infection is increasing particularly in the elderly. The outcome of this serious condition depends on prompt evaluation and therapeutic intervention. The management comprises antibiotic therapy, evacuation of the effusion with different options and physical therapy. This article defines the natural history of complicated pleural effusion and reviews the range of therapeutic tools in adults whose choice is guided by individual factors.

Impact of diabetes mellitus on dental implants: A cross sectional controlled clinical study.

Background and objective: After osseointegration the long-term success of dental implants is determined by the maintenance of the peri-implant soft tissue and bone level. This study evaluates the impact of Diabetes mellitus on dental implants in diabetic patients and compare it with that of nondiabetic patients. Patients and methods: Thirty diabetic patients and thirty controlled subjects rehabilitated with dental implants were included in this study. The duration of implant treatment is (1-7) years, and dental implant status between both groups was compared using Immunohistochemistry for analyzing Interleukin 6 in peri-implant crevicular fluid, bacteriology, radiology, and clinically by measuring gingival sulcus depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, presence of suppuration and mobility. The statistical package for the social sciences program (SPSS, version 28) was used for data analysis. Results: Diabetic patients show a Statistically significant difference to non diabetic subjects in the level of interleukin 6 with (P value 0.004), Culture and sensitivity with (P value 0.003), Peri -implant bone loss in mesial and distal sides of the implant with P values 0.006 and 0.002 respectively, and also, in gingival recession with (P value 0.017). while the difference was not significant in gingival sulcus depth P value0.220, bleeding on probing P value0.550, implant suppuration P value 0.999, and mobility P value 0.999. Keywords: Bacteriology, Diabetes mellitus, Interleukin 6, Osseointegration, Periimplantitis

Therapy of parapneumonic empyema in children: a protocol for a scoping review of the literature

Background: Empyema (the presence of pus in the pleural space) is a severe complication of community-acquired pneumonia and significant cause of morbidity, but, fortunately, not mortality in children. Between 0.6 and 2% of pneumonias are complicated by empyema and the three main pathogens involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus 1,2,3,4. Optimal management in children, especially the choice of antibiotics, method of administration and duration of therapy, are still matter of debate and currently, lack of strong specific recommendations. This paper displays the study protocol for a scoping review that aims to summarize the available literature on the microbiological epidemiology, the treatment options, and the outcomes of pleural empyema in pediatric population. Methods: Comprehensive research combining the terms pediatric (children aged 0 to 18 years) and pleural empyema will be performed on PubMed and SCOPUS to identify all eligible studies. At first, two reviewers will screen their abstract and then their full text to detecting the articles that meet the inclusion criteria. This work will be carried out independently, everyone on a different Excel spreadsheet and each researcher will be blinded to the decision of the other researcher. When the process will be completed, in case of discordance, any disagreement will be identified and resolved through discussion or with the help, when needed, of a third author. Dissemination: The findings of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Cystitis: significant associations between pathology, histology, and quantitative bacteriology in sows, a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe importance of cystitis in pig production is controversial and sparse information is available on its frequency and etiology in sows. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacteriuria, macroscopical and histological lesions of the urinary bladder in culled sows. Urinary bladders and urine samples were obtained from 176 culled sows at slaughter. The urine samples collected by cystocentesis were analyzed to determine bacterial content and pathological findings, macroscopic as well as microscopic, of the bladder were recorded for each sow.ResultsThe prevalence of bacteriuria, defined by bacterial concentrations ≥ 103 colony forming units per mL of urine, was 34%. Escherichia coli was isolated from 69% of the samples with bacteriuria. Redness of the mucosa was the most frequently observed macroscopic change of the bladder. Intense redness and presence of pus was considered significant pathological changes and occurred in 27% of the urinary bladders. The histopathological examination showed that mononuclear cells were the predominant type of cell infiltration in the bladder mucosa, while neutrophils occurred in very few samples. The criteria for cystitis determined by histopathology were met in 46% of the samples. The criteria were based on presence of hyperemia, edema, and inflammatory cell reaction defined as 40 or more neutrophils or mononuclear cells per high power field. All three indicators of cystitis were significantly associated with each other (p < 0.05) at sow level.ConclusionThis study shows that signs of cystitis are common in culled sows. The prevalence of cystitis was 34% based on bacteriological examination, 27% based on macroscopic examination and 46% based on histological examination. Significant associations were found between the three indicators of cystitis: bacteriuria, pathological and histological lesions of the bladder. Based on macroscopic changes and histopathology of the bladder, the cut-off of ≥ 103 colony forming units per mL of urine seems to be appropriate for assessing urine cultures obtained by cystocentesis.

Liver Abscess: A Case Report

A liver abscess is a form of infection in the liver, which is characterized by the presence of pus covered by fibrous tissue in the liver parenchyma. The two most common types of liver abscesses are pyogenic and amebic abscesses, which are usually found in the right lobe of the liver. This study aimed to report cases of liver abscesses that occurred in the left lobe of the liver, with non-specific complaints. The patient came with complaints of a swollen abdomen, pain in the upper right abdomen, and intermittent fever. Radiological examination in the form of a CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of a left lobe hepatic abscess. The patient was treated with an abscess drainase per laparotomy. No complications were found during and after surgery. Open abscess drainase by laparotomy combined with antibiotic therapy is a safe and effective therapeutic approach in such cases.

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for IoT System

This paper it mainly writes how to make better use of spectrum and propose different algorithms to reduce excess spectrum waste in the case of spectrum shortage. Using Randomly distribute PU and SU’s location in certain area, with the help of graphs mark the PU and SU’s, we calculate the SNR considering channel fading, using formula to find the path loss. To perform energy detection, we generated an observation period of H1 signals and run simulations and evaluated it based on the graph of probability of detection (Pd) vs probability of false alarm (Pf). We also made some improvement on the algorithm to deal with sudden impulsive change in the environment variables. We subsequently used OR rule to decide presence of PUs. To get good performance and affordable work, we divided PU sensors into groups to detect energy of different PUs. When grouping according to SNR between PU and SU pairs, we achieved stable performance and less burden.

The additive value of diffusion tensor imaging in the determination of perianal fistula activity

BackgroundAlthough the activity of the perianal fistula has been evaluated before by MRI in the literature, limited diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) studies are reported to date. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of DT-MRI in evaluating the activity state of the perianal fistula and the prediction of postoperative complications. We reviewed the data of 30 patients diagnosed with perianal fistula and referred them for an MRI diffusion study before the surgical intervention. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated for the fistulous area and the normal surrounding puborectalis as a control area.ResultsAccording to the presence of pus intraoperatively, patients were allocated into two groups: the active group (10 patients) and the inactive group (20 patients). FA and ADC measurements showed a significant decrease in association with the active disease when measured at the fistula site, and this was not observed in the normal surrounding tissues. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.985 and 0.730 for the ADC and FA, respectively, when cutoff values of 1 × 10–3 mm2/s and 0.621 were applied, respectively. Adding the FA to the ADC increased the DT-MRI specificity to 95% in the determination of the active fistula. The combination between both FA and ADC increased the AUC to 0.785 with a sensitivity of 73.7% and specificity of 63.6% in the detection of postoperative complications.ConclusionsDT-MRI could be used as a reliable diagnostic tool to differentiate patients with active perianal fistula disease from inactive ones and to predict the postoperative outcome.

Diagnosis of fracture-related infection in patients without clinical confirmatory criteria: an international retrospective cohort study.

Background: fracture-related infection (FRI) remains a serious complication in orthopedic trauma. To standardize daily clinical practice, a consensus definition was established, based on confirmatory and suggestive criteria. In the presence of clinical confirmatory criteria, the diagnosis of an FRI is evident, and treatment can be started. However, if these criteria are absent, the decision to surgically collect deep tissue cultures can only be based on suggestive criteria. The primary study aim was to characterize the subpopulation of FRI patients presenting without clinical confirmatory criteria (fistula, sinus, wound breakdown, purulent wound drainage or presence of pus during surgery). The secondary aims were to describe the prevalence of the diagnostic criteria for FRI and present the microbiological characteristics, both for the entire FRI population. Methods: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study was performed, reporting the demographic, clinical and microbiological characteristics of 609 patients (with 613fractures) who were treated for FRI based on the recommendations of a multidisciplinary team. Patients were divided in three groups, including the total population and two subgroups of patients presenting with or without clinical confirmatory criteria. Results: clinical and microbiological confirmatory criteria were present in 77 % and 87 % of the included fractures, respectively. Of patients, 23 % presented without clinical confirmatory criteria, and they mostly displayed one (31 %) or two (23 %) suggestive clinical criteria (redness, swelling, warmth, pain, fever, new-onset joint effusion, persisting/increasing/new-onset wound drainage). The prevalence of any suggestive clinical, radiological or laboratory criteria in this subgroup was 85 %, 55 % and 97 %, respectively. Most infections were monomicrobial (64 %) and caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: clinical confirmatory criteria were absent in 23 % of the FRIs. In these cases, the decision to operatively collect deep tissue cultures was based on clinical, radiological and laboratory suggestive criteria. The combined use of these criteria should guide physicians in the management pathway of FRI. Further research is needed to provide guidelines on the decision to proceed with surgery when only these suggestive criteria are present.

Implementation of Peri-Operative Strategies for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection

Surgical site infection (SSI) is also known as nosocomial or health acquired infection which is increasing day by day and augmenting morbidity and mortality rate. The presence of the SSI shows the signs and symptoms including redness, pain, heat, presence of pus, and many more. Despite improvements in operational practice and contamination control strategies, SSI plays a major role in high morbidity and mortality and places a heavy burden on the resources of medical services. The purpose of this review article is collection of data that already exists about the pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative strategies for prevention of the SSIs. The data about the SSI has been collected from the different review articles and research papers. Different keywords like prevention of SSI, cure from SSI, epidemiology of SSI, causes of SSI, and peri-operative strategies for prevention of SSI were used for data collection. Implementation of the pre-operative, intra operative and post-operative strategies can reduce or completely eliminate the surgical site infection. The morbidity and mortality rates that are directly linked with the SSI can be decreased by the alteration of different factors including operation theatre environment, treatment related factors and patient related factors. A proven and thorough strategy to lower the incidence of SSIs is SSI surveillance. Maintaining operation theatre quality is also essential for SSI reduction. But more research is still needed to improve the standards for regular infection control and surveillance in hospitals.

Dental Implants in Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Clinical and Radiographic Outcome in Six Patients.

To investigate the survival rate of dental implants in patients diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The study is a retrospective analysis of six individuals (2 males, 4 females) with OI (type I, III and IV) with a total of 25 dental implants. Clinical examination included plaque index, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth for each implant, presence of pus, and loosening of the implant(s). Marginal bone loss was measured on radiographs. The observation period ranged from 2-17 years (mean:7.5 years, median: 5 years). The overall implant survival rate was 80%. One patient with OI type III lost five implants. However, four out of five lost implants functioned for 11 years. Dental implant treatment seems to be a valid option for replacing missing teeth in OI patients. It is recommended that patients diagnosed with OI undergo the same preoperative evaluation as regular dental implant patients with special emphasis on a healthy periodontal status and ideal oral hygiene.

Could Future Implant Failures be Predicted Based on Observed Bone Levels and Bone Loss After 5 Years? A Retrospective Investigation on Patients Presented in Previous Studies.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of bone loss/bone levels, as detected after 5 years of implant function, in identifying patients who suffered implant failures in the following 5 years. Materials and Methods: Data on radiographic measurements of marginal bone levels at prosthesis placement and after 5 years of function were retrospectively retrieved from 11 previous publications. Included patients were allocated into different subgroups with regard to bone loss/bone level during/after 5 years in function, respectively. A diagnostic test was used to estimate the accuracy of finding patients/jaws/implants at risk for a future implant failure by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values (NPVs) in different subgroups, respectively. Results: Altogether, 749 treated jaws (723 patients/3,363 implants) were included in the study group. Treated jaws in the high-level subgroups presented an overall higher risk of implant failures from 5 to 10 years in function (P < .05). Many treated jaws/implants were allocated into the high-level groups, but the proportions of implant failures were low in these groups. The diagnostic test comparing high- and low-level groups with and without implant failures showed low accuracy to predict implant failures; the PPV ranged from 4% to 33%. Lower PPVs were observed for diagnostic tests for individual implants (range: 4% to 6%). Conclusion: More severe bone loss was associated with higher risk of future implant failure. However, many patients/ implants with obvious bone loss in the study group and low prevalence of implant failures at the 10-year examination resulted in poor accuracy in identifying individual patients or implants at risk for failure. This suggests that it is difficult to predict future implant failures based only on radiographic measurements.

Isolated Bacteria from the Uteri of Camels with Different Reproductive Backgrounds: A Study on Sampling Methodology, Prevalence, and Clinical Significance.

The objectives of this study were to comparatively identify the common bacterial isolates from the uteri of camels coming from different reproductive backgrounds after standardizing the sampling method and to investigate the association of clinically measurable parameters with uterine colonization by these isolates. The uterine samples from 856 dromedary camels yielded a total of 17 different bacterial species with a higher proportion of sub-fertile camel uteri being colonized by bacteria (66.6%) as compared to nulliparous, recently calved, and those with unknown reproductive history combined (44.2%; p &lt; 0.05). Camels with body condition scoring &lt; 3 and those with a consistently echogenic appearance of the uterine lumen by sonography were more likely to be positive on uterine culture, while the presence of pus in uterine discharge was not associated with the odds of bacterial isolation (p &gt; 0.05). While certain strains were more likely to be obtained from the uteri of the sub-fertile group (p &lt; 0.05), embryo transfer to camels with a positive uterine culture in the absence of other gross reproductive pathologies did not necessarily affect the overall pregnancy rate compared to recipients with a negative uterine culture (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, a relatively high bacterial load can be identified from the uteri of both sub-fertile and normal dromedary camels, with a higher frequency among the former. The uterine ultrasonography and evaluation of the body condition score can help in identifying the camels in which uterus is contaminated by bacteria.

The Use of Salvage Procedures for Wound Complications in Neuromodulation

Wound complications are a prevalent concern for neuromodulation procedures. While removal of the device was recommended, attempts to salvage expensive hardware have become commonplace. We examine our management in wound issues to aid in providing guidance for these situations. We identified 40 patients over an 8-year period in a large neuromodulation practice, who underwent washout or partial salvage of hardware. We examined the efficacy of washout and partial explants on the ability to salvage the implants. Covariates including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, anticoagulation, and device type were considered. There were 29 washouts and 10 partial hardware removal cases. Washouts were successful in 15/29 cases (51.7%), partial hardware removal was successful in 2/10 cases (20%), and removal with replacement was not successful (0 of 1). Washouts tended to be more successful than partial removal procedures (P= 0.08). In cases of successful washout, the average duration between infectious symptoms and washout was 7.27 ± 2.19days. None of the demographic variables were associated with increased likelihood of washout failure. Our results demonstrate a higher rate of washout failure in those who underwent partial device removal and in the presence of purulence at the surgical site. Further investigation must be conducted to determine the instances in which hardware removal is indicated to prevent failure or removal due to infection. Identification of these parameters will optimize therapeutic benefit and long-term financial impact.

S2878 When One Stent Fails, Another One to the Rescue: A Novel Approach to Managing Small Post-Op Gastric Leaks Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Introduction: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a commonly used procedure in the surgical management of Obesity. However, post-op complications such as gastric leaks and their sequelae pose challenges. We present a case of a novel alternative in managing a small contained post-op gastric leak, which was difficult to define radiographically but was visible endoscopically causing the patient symptoms. Case Description/Methods: A 47 year old female with history of prior LSG, hiatal hernia, pernicious anemia presented for revision of her LSG for continued weight gain and hernia repair for dyspepsia. Surgery was uneventful but on post-op day 25 she developed fever (101.5 F), tachycardia (HR125), BP 131/74, RR 18, Sat 96%. Suspecting gastric leak, CT scan was performed which showed only extraluminal bubbles (Panel 1). Despite a negative upper GI series she was placed on prophylactic antibiotics and 3 days later an EGD performed confirmed the presence of pus 3-4 cm below GE junction consistent with an anastomotic leak. (Panel 2). A therapeutic 23 x 150 mm fully covered esophageal metal stent was placed , however 6 days later she developed nausea, vomiting and left upper quadrant pain. Abdominal x-ray showed distal migration of the esophageal stent confirmed by subsequent EGD (Panel 3). At that point, the stent was removed and a 7 Fr x 7 cm plastic double pigtail stent was placed into the abscess cavity for drainage of purulent fluid (Panel 4) into the stomach. Successful drainage of the abscess was achieved and confirmed by repeat EGD on post-op day 83 indicating normal gastric mucosa. The pigtail stent was subsequently removed. The patient has since been asymptomatic. Discussion: Endoscopic stenting has been widely used to manage post-op LSG gastric leak by closing off the cavity and draining extra-luminally. However, its migration causes significant patient discomfort, allows persistent fluid collection and abscess formation, delays healing and prolongs hospital stay. We propose a novel technique of mimicking a transgastric pseudocyst drain using a double pigtail plastic stent as an effective method of treating a small post-op LSG gastric leak after esophageal stent migration. In our patient, this technique hastened recovery, and decreased morbidity- related outcomes and hence this technique can be considered as future first line treatment.Figure 1.: (1) CT Ab/Pelvis arrowhead notes extraluminal bubbles near the GE Junction (arrowhead) (2) EGD showing white fluid (pus) 3 – 4 cms below the EG junction consistent with post-op LSG gastric leak (3) EGD showing increased pus anterior to tip of migrated stent (arrowhead) (4) Placement of double pigtail for successful drainage of purulent material.

The influence of SARS-CoV-2 on semen parameters of infected infertile male in comparison with those that noninfected.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS COV‐2 that has spread globally, the virus can cause different pathological alterations in many organs, such as the lung, kidney, and testis. The study aimed to determine the effect of COVID‐19 on the seminal fluid parameters of infected infertile males compared with those who are noninfected.MethodsThe study was performed in Al‐Hussein Teaching Hospital during the period from September to November, 2021 and it involved 318 patients. The patients’ info included age, address, and vaccination. The sperm count, activity, and morphology were detected using Computer‐assisted semen analysis CASA (Microptic‐Spain) according to the WHO manual.ResultsThere were high significant differences between the infertile males who were infected with COVID‐ 19 and those who were vaccinated (X 2 = 12.509, p = 0.001). A high significant relation (p < 0.001) was recorded between types of infection severity and volume of semen (p < 0.001) and nonprogress life sperm (C) (p < 0.001). While significant differences were shown in the moderate progression sperm (B) (p = 0.012), and morphology (p = 0.02), respectively. High significant differences were reported between the types of infection severity (count of the sperm, presence of pus, B, C and D), (p < 0.001), while a significant difference was shown between severity types in relation to A and morphology of the sperms (p = 0.021 and 0.015), respectively.ConclusionThe severity of COVID‐19 has a significant impact on infertility and sperm parameters, particularly progression and sperm morphology, despite the fact that these parameters are unrelated to vaccination.

Influence of endometritis on the follicular dynamics, recovery, quality, gene expression, nuclear maturation and in-vitro developmental competence of oocytes in Sahiwal cattle.

Uterine infections often lead to culling of valuable animals from a herd, resulting in genetic drain. The genetic potential of problematic females could be harvested by in-vitro embryo production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of clinical endometritis on follicular dynamics, recovery, quality, gene expression, nuclear maturation and in-vitro developmental competence of oocytes in Sahiwal cattle. The B-mode ultrasonography was performed to examine the uterus for the presence of pus. Based on the history and reproductive examination of cows, a total of twelve (n=12) Sahiwal cattle were selected for the experiment: (1) healthy group (n=6) and (2) clinical endometritis group (n=6). The 1st ovum pick-up (OPU) was conducted on day 165 postpartum. The collected cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) were graded into A, B, C and D grades depending on the number of layers of cumulus cells and homogeneous nature of cytoplasm. Nuclear maturation was assessed by staining the oocytes with Hoechst 33,342. The results revealed that the number of medium-sized follicle (1.3±0.1 versus 0.6±0.1) and total number of follicles (9.1±0.7 versus 6.6±0.7) were higher (p<.05) in the healthy group as compared to clinical endometritis group, respectively. Similarly, the number of oocytes recovered (5.0±0.4 versus 2.8±0.4), oocytes with grade A, B and C (2.9±0.3 versus 1.5±0.3), proportion of oocytes with grade A or B (33±0.0 versus 20±0.1) and nuclear maturation (68±0.1 versus 55±0.1) were also higher (p<.05) in the healthy group as compared to clinical endometritis group, respectively. Perhaps, cleavage rate (55.1±0.1 versus 46.2±0.1) and blastocyst rate (29.7±0.0 versus 26.3±0.1) did not differ (p>.05) between the groups. Likewise, the expression level of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) in immature oocytes did not differ (p>.05) between both the groups. In conclusion, clinical endometritis has a negative effect on follicular dynamics, oocyte recovery, oocyte quality and nuclear maturation; furthermore, the developmental competence of COCs is not compromised by it.