Presence Of Periodontopathogens Research Articles

Application of the real-time PCR-method for the determination of periodontopathogens

The etiological factor of periodontal diseases is the presence of periodontopathogens, under the condition of an imbalance with commensals, they begin to have a pathological effect. With a decrease in the number of periodontopathogens in the biofilm, it is possible to restore the balance and prevent periodontal diseases or their transition to the stage of remission. To date, the most informative and accessible diagnostic method for determining periodontopathogens is real-time PCR.

The influence of the tooth preparation finish line position on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the presence of periodontopathogens in the gingival crevicular fluid.

The objective of the study was to determine the concentration of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and changes in the presence of periodontopathogens in the gingival crevicular fluid before and after tooth preparation with the subgingival and equigingival finish line position. The clinical prospective study included 20 subjects with an indication for upper canine preparation, with the subgingival (group 1) and equigingival finish line (group 2). Samples were taken in four observation intervals: 5 minutes before (control samples), as well as 15 minutes, 24 and 72 hours after tooth preparation (experimental samples). Measurement of MMP-9 was done using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The presence of bacteria in the gingival fluid was proven by the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The MMP-9 values did not differ statistically significantly between the groups (p=0.524). The MMP-9 values showed a statistically significant difference in the given observation period (p<0.001) with a significant linear increase in values (p<0.001). A significant quadratic trend recorded a decrease in the MMP-9 values 15 minutes after preparation, and an increase 24 hours after preparation, without a significant difference in the interaction between groups (p=0.392). After preparation, a significant difference in the presence of periodontopathogens was confirmed, i.e., a decrease in the presence of Prevotella intermedia (p=0.025) and Tannerella forsythia (p=0.016) in group 1, and an increase in the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in both groups (p=0.029, p=0.026). The study is a good basis for determining the influence of tooth preparation on gingival inflammation, with therapeutic (choice of preparation technique) and preventive significance regarding the protection of the periodontal tissue from possible iatrogenic damage.

REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) APPLICATION FOR THE DETECTION OF PERIODONTOPATOGENS

The ethiological factor of periodontal diseases is the presence of periodontopathogens; in state of imbalance with commensals they begin to affect pathologically. With a decrease in the number of periodontopathogens in the biofilm, it is possible to restore the balance and prevent periodontal diseases or their transition to the stage of remission. Nowadays, the most informative and accessible diagnostic method for determining periodontopathogens is real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Changes in the oral microbioty with losing teeth

BACKGROUND: The influence of the presence/absence of teeth and periodontium preserved at their existence as a balance factor in the oral cavity including the local immunity of the mucous membranes is practically not reported in the literature.&#x0D; AIM: The study aimed to examine the microbial community of the oral cavity at the loss of natural teeth.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five individuals aged 6174 years were under observation and divided into three study groups. The control group had partial loss of natural teeth. Group 2 had partial loss of teeth on both jaws and suffered from severe chronic generalized periodontitis. Group 3 had partial tooth loss on both jaws and suffered from chronic periapical inflammatory processes (chronic granulomatous periodontitis) in the absence of acute, chronic, or exacerbation of the chronic inflammatory process in periodontal tissues. In this study group, all upper and lower jaw teeth were extracted for oral sanitation before orthodontic treatment. The microbiota was assessed before surgical sanitation of the oral cavity (before tooth extraction) and 3035 days after the last tooth extraction, i.e., at complete tooth loss on the upper and lower jaws.&#x0D; RESULTS: On initial examination, the detection frequency of five red complex periodontopathogens (Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Treponema denticola, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) ranged from 27% to 53%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (13%27%). In 1 month after complete tooth extraction, the detection of these microorganisms in the experimental groups (with periodontitis and periodontitis) reliably decreased (P. intermedia, 20%; B. forsythus, 20%; T. denticola, 20%; A. actinomycetemcomitans, 20%; P. gingivalis, 33%), which was not significantly different from that of the control group.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Complete extraction of teeth did not affect the presence of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. in the saliva of patients with periodontal diseases but led to a significant reduction in the presence of periodontopathogens and Candida sp. in the saliva of older people.

Periodontopathogens, Candida spp. and immunological aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic periodontitis

This study aimed to evaluate clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in comparison with normoglycemic patients (NDM). Glycemic and lipid profiles and periodontal clinical status were determined for thirty-three patients (17 DM and 16 NDM). The presence of periodontopathogens and species of Candida in subgingival sites were determined by polymerase chain reaction and immunological parameters by ELISA assays. All glycemic and clinical parameters evaluated were higher in the DM group, with statistical difference for fasting glucose, glycated-hemoglobin, and periodontal parameters. Lipid profile (except triglycerides), levels of TNF-α and myeloperoxidase and the prevalence of the tested microorganisms were similar between the groups, except for Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, which was higher in the DM group. In conclusion, although microbiological and immunological parameters were similar in the DM and NDM groups, periodontitis and the levels of some species of Candida were more severe in DM patients.

Association between periodontitis, periodontopathogens and preterm birth: is it real?

To identify the association between periodontitis and periodontal pathogens with preterm birth despite the strict control of some important confounders, such as infectious processes and criteria for diagnosis of periodontitis during pregnancy. In this cross-sectional study were included 70 healthy puerperal women between 20 and 35years without a history of genitourinary infections during pregnancy. Based on the gestational age they were divided into two groups: 45 with term birth (>37weeks) and 25 with preterm birth (<37weeks). Previous informed consent, a gynecologic and dental history that included gynecologic and obstetric background, periodontal status applying different authors' criteria of periodontitis diagnosis, presence of periodontopathogens, dental caries and oral hygiene were recorded. There was no association between periodontitis, periodontopathogens and preterm birth. There were no statistical differences applying different authors' criteria diagnosis of periodontitis. Gingivitis status was similar, but probing depth was greater in preterm birth subjects, perhaps they are young women, and this finding could be an early sign of periodontitis. In like manner, the main periodontal bacterial species are not associated with preterm birth, general hygiene and care habits are poorer than term birth subjects. We could suggest that preterm birth is a multifactorial condition and the role of periodontitis and the periodontopathogens itself is not sufficient to trigger the preterm birth. There are factors such as infectious processes and diagnostic criteria for periodontitis that could be responsible for controversial results.

The effect of conventional mechanical periodontal treatment on red complex microorganisms and clinical parameters in Down syndrome periodontitis patients: a pilot study.

Periodontal disease (PD) is induced by a complex microbiota, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola (together called the red complex), which triggers intense inflammatory reaction. Down syndrome (DS) individuals demonstrate a high prevalence of PD compared with those who are otherwise chromosomally normal (euploids). This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment in DS chronic periodontitis patients on clinical and microbiological parameters. Patients with chronic periodontitis, 23 DS and 12 euploids (control group), were submitted to non-surgical mechanical periodontal treatment, followed by maintenance for 45days. Clinical parameters after periodontal treatment were similar in diseased and healthy sites, independent of the genetic background. Diseased sites of DS and control patients harbored similar levels of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia at baseline, but significantly higher levels of T. denticola were found in DS patients. Increased levels of P. gingivalis at healthy sites were found in DS individuals. Non-surgical periodontal therapy decreased the levels of red complex microorganisms and improved the tested clinical parameters of diseased sites in both groups. However, the levels of red complex bacteria were higher in diseased sites of DS patients after the periodontal treatment. We conclude in this pilot study that, although the mechanical periodontal treatment seemed to be effective in DS subjects over a short-term period, the red complex bacteria levels did not decrease significantly in diseased sites, as occurred in controls. Therefore, for DS patients, it seems that the conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy should be improved by utilizing adjuvants to reduce the presence of periodontopathogens.

Influence of Periodontal Status and Periodontopathogens on Levels of Oral Human β‐Defensin‐2 in Saliva

Expression patterns of human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) mRNA or HBD-2 protein concentration and periodontal diseases have been a focus of scientific research. This study compares the salivary levels of HBD-2 protein concentration of healthy patients and patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis (CP) and correlates these levels with the presence of periodontopathogens. A total of 89 patients were enrolled in this study: 31 periodontally healthy, 27 with gingivitis, and 31 with CP. Plaque and gingival indices, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were measured. The presence of Campylobacter rectus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia was evaluated qualitatively by conventional polymerase chain reaction. HBD-2 quantification in saliva was performed using an immune enzymatic assay. Frequency of periodontopathogens and HBD-2 protein concentration was assessed. Association between HBD-2 protein concentration (≥100 pg/mL) and the simultaneous presence of one to two, three to four, or five to six periodontopathogens was tested. Although periodontally healthy individuals and patients with gingivitis showed similar HBD-2 levels, the CP group displayed an increased level of HBD-2. P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia, and T. denticola were more prevalent in CP; however, their mere presence was not related to the increased levels of HBD-2 (Pearson correlation and multinomial logistic regression model). Salivary HBD-2 protein concentration was higher in patients with CP compared with healthy individuals or patients with gingivitis. These different protein concentrations were not related to the frequency of periodontopathogens. Clinical inflammatory profile had a higher impact on salivary HBD-2 levels than bacteria.

Periodontopathogens around the surface of mini-implants removed from orthodontic patients

To verify if mini-implant mobility is affected by the presence of periodontopathogens, frequently associated with peri-implantitis. The surfaces of 31 mini-implants used for skeletal anchorage in orthodontic patients were evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction was used for identification of the presence of DNA from three different periodontopathogens ( P. intermedia [ Pi ], A. actinomycetemcomitans [ Aa ], and P. gingivalis [ Pg ]) in 16 mini-implants without mobility (control group) and 15 mini-implants with mobility (experimental group). The results showed that Pi was present in 100% of the samples, from both groups: Aa was found in 31.3% of the control group and in 13.3% of the experimental group. Pg was detected in 37.4% of the control group and in 33.3% of the experimental group. The Fisher exact test and the odds ratio (OR) values for Aa and Pg (OR = 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05-2.10 and OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.13-2.79, respectively) showed no significant association (P > .05) between the periodontopathogens studied and the mobility of the mini-implants. It can be concluded that the presence of Aa , Pi , and Pg around mini-implants is not associated with mobility.

Chronic gingivitis: the prevalence of periodontopathogens and therapy efficiency

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of gingival inflammation and the prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in adolescents with chronic gingivitis, as well as to compare the effectiveness of two approaches in gingivitis treatment-basic therapy alone and basic therapy + adjunctive low-level laser therapy (LLLT). After periodontal evaluation, the content of gingival pockets of 140 adolescents with gingivitis was analyzed by multiplex PCR for the presence of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythensis and P. intermedia. Subsequent to bacteria detection, the examinees were divided into two groups with homogenous clinical and microbiological characteristics. Group A was subjected to basic gingivitis therapy, and group B underwent basic therapy along with adjunctive LLLT. A statistically significant difference between the values of plaque-index (PI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) before and after therapy was confirmed in both groups (p<0.001), though more pronounced in group B. Following therapy, the incidence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms decreased considerably. The best result was obtained in P. gingivalis eradication by combined therapy (p=0.003). The presence of periodontopathogens in adolescents with gingivitis should be regarded as a sign for dentists to foster more effective oral health programs. LLLT appears to be beneficial as adjuvant to basic therapy.

Association between Periodontopathogens and CRP Levels in Patients with Periodontitis in Serbia.

Background and aims Recent epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with periodontitis have a significantly higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, which might be attributed to the complex microbiota in the dental plaque. Periodontopathogens have been reported as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated association of chronic periodontitis and periodontopathogens with CRP in systemically healthy Serbian adults. Materials and methods Serum C-reactive protein levels were measured in 24 patients with moderate periodontitis, 26 patients with severe periodontitis, and 25 periodontally healthy subjects. Periodontal health indicators included gingival bleeding on probing and periodontal disease status. Patients with moderate periodontitis had low attachment loss and pocket depths of <4 mm. Patients with severe periodontitis had high AL and pocket depth of >5 mm. The control group with healthy gingiva had gingival sulcus of <2 mm and no attachment loss. Presence of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaque samples was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results The periodontal parameters and CRP levels were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis. Patients who had both severe and moderate periodontitis had higher mean CRP levels. The percentage of subjects with elevated CRP leves of >5 mol/L was greater in the higher clinical AL group compared to the group with less attachment loss. Presence of periodontopathogens was also associated with elevated CRP levels and poor periodontal status. Conclusion PD and subgingival periodontopathogens are associated with increased CRP levels. These findings suggest that periodontal infection may contribute to systemic inflammatory burden in otherwise healthy individuals.

MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE SEVERE CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS

In total, 14 adult patients with severe chronic periodontitis were evaluated for the presence of associated anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. Subgingival plaque specimens from three pocket depths per patient were obtained. Microaerophilic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, probably involved in the periodontitis, were isolated in six (42.9%) patients. These were Gram negative species involving Aggregatibacter (Haemophilus) aphrophilus (14.3%), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (7.1%), Kingella denitrificans (7.1%) and Moraxella osloensis (7.1%) as well as Gram-positive species, including Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes (7.1%) and Rhodococcus equi (7.1%). Anaerobic microbiology was completed for 12 patients. Of them, suspected periodontopathogens were isolated in seven (58.3%) patients and comprised Prevotella intermedia (in 41.7% of the patients) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (25%) as well as Porphyromonas endodontalis (8.3%). Tannerella forsythia was detected by PCR in half of the 12 cases. In conclusion, the presence of periodontopathogens as well as other bacterial species of possible importance should be considered in the patients with severe chronic periodontitis.

Bone Microbial Contamination Influences Autogenous Grafting in Sinus Augmentation

The oral occurrence of putative microbial pathogens in humans has been documented in health and disease. The presence of periodontopathogens in patients with a history of periodontal disease may have a negative impact on bone regeneration. This investigation was conducted to confirm the presence of periodontal pathogens in bone particles harvested intraorally for maxillary sinus augmentation and to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes 6 to 12 months after bone augmentation. Culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification were performed by paper-point sampling of intraorally harvested bone particles in a group of 12 maintenance patients undergoing maxillary sinus augmentation. Radiographs were taken to assess and compare bone healing and volume gain at baseline and at 6 to 12 months after augmentation. The presence of periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans], Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia [previously T. forsythensis], Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra [previously Peptostreptococcus micros or Micromonas micros], Campylobacter rectus, enteric Gram-negative rods, and Dialister pneumosintes) was identified in 10 of 12 patients (83%) by culture, PCR, or both and was associated with greater bone volume loss at 6 months postaugmentation. The PCR-positive triad, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermedia, was associated with pronounced volume loss of the grafted sinus at 6 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to confirm osseous microbial contamination with major periodontopathogens in individuals undergoing maxillary sinus augmentation with a history of periodontitis. The effect on the grafting outcome translated into bone volume loss in the grafted sinus 6 months postaugmentation. Specific microbial contamination may have an impact on osteogenesis in osseous regeneration.

Periodontal profile and presence of periodontal pathogens in young African-Americans from Salvador, Ba, Brazil.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the periodontal status and the presence of periodontopathogens in 132 young, black ethnic subjects who live in Salvador/Bahia-Brazil and have never smoked. Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) were measured and analyzed by ANOVA and Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05) according to gender and age. The presence of A.actinomycetemcomitans, P.gingivalis, E.corrodens and F.nucleatum was determined by PCR and was analyzed by ANOVA, Wilcoxon, Student-t tests (p<0.05). Mean values of PPD and CAL were 2.18 and 1.0mm, respectively. Clinical parameters did not show differences between subjects of varying gender and age. The microbial prevalence was observed to be 95.45% for E.corrodens followed by F.nucleatum with 68.18%, A.actinomycetemcomitans with 45.45% and P gingivalis with 40.9%. An association between the presence of pathogens and gender and age was not observed (p<0.05). PPD, CAL and PI were not associated with P.gingivalis; however, GI appeared in higher frequencies among subjects without P.gingivalis. In this young, black ethnic, Brazilian population, a high percentage (96.96%) of subjects harbored at least one selected periodontal pathogen, but most subjects showed a healthy periodontal status. Further investigations are required to evaluate the actual influence of the presence of these bacterial species.

Role of suspected periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of periodontitis.

Periodontal disease is the clinical result of a complex interaction between the host and plaque bacteria. Although a specificity to some degree is found for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), it has been difficult to obtain evidence for a specific etiological role of the bacteria associated with periodontal disease in adults. What we see is the net result of host-parasite interactions which in an unpredictable moment accumulate and exceed the threshold of tissue integrity. This hypothesis is concomitant with the view of periodontal disease as a polymicrobial infection, predominantly anaerobic, which occurs commonly in the oral cavity or elsewhere in the body. Some micro-organisms (risk markers) occur more frequently than others and may significantly determine the outcome of this host-parasite interaction. Microbiological sampling and analysis seem to be of limited value in risk assessment; however, they can be used as tools in diagnosis in LJP patients and acute infections, and in treatment decision and therapy control in "refractory" patients. Suspected pathogens (risk markers) are Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and some species of spirochetes, while the roles of Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroidesforsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, and Peptostreptococcus micros are more uncertain. The presence of periodontopathogens as well as enterics, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida especially, should be considered in patients with systemic individual disorders--e.g., diabetes mellitus, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and AIDS--or with implants.