Presence Of Nosocomial Infection Research Articles

Predictors of readmission in a medical department of a tertiary university hospital in the Philippines

BackgroundIdentifying factors that increase the risk for hospital readmission helps in determining potential targets for quality improvement efforts. The main objective of this study was to examine factors that predict increased risk of hospital readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge of patients under the General Medicine service of a tertiary government hospital in Manila, Philippines.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study which included service patients 19 years old and above readmitted within 30 days following discharge. A total of 324 hospital readmissions within 30 days of discharge from January 1 to December 31, 2019 were reviewed. We estimated the rate of 30-day readmission and identified factors associated with preventable readmissions using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsOf the 4,010 hospitalizations under General Medicine service in 2019, 602 (18%) were readmissions within 30 days of discharge, majority of which were related to the index admission (90%) and unplanned (68%). Predictors of preventable readmission were emergency readmission (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.72 to 6.60), having five to ten medications at discharge (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.87), and presence of nosocomial infection (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.17). The most frequent reason for readmission among preventable ones is health-care related infection (42.9%).ConclusionsWe identified factors which increased the likelihood of preventable readmissions such as type of readmission, number of medications per day, and presence of nosocomial infections. We propose that these issues be addressed to improve healthcare delivery and reduce readmission-related expenditures. Further studies should be pursued to identify impactful evidence-based practices.

ANALYSIS OF READMISSIONS TO NEUROSURGERY INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Background. Around 10% of patients in developed coun­tries are readmitted to the Intensive care unit during the same hospitalisation each year [1,2]. Readmission is as­sociated with increased length of stay, risk of morbidity and mortality and higher hospital costs [1,3]. Finding out the factors increasing the risk of readmission is es­sential to predict which patients will return to the ICU. Aim. To analyse the incidence and causes of readmissions to the NICU and to assess the impact of readmissions on patients’ outcomes. Methods. A retrospective single-center chart review of 90 patients readmited to the Neurosurgery intensive care unit (NICU) of the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS) “Kaunas Clinics“ from January 1st to December 31st of 2020, was performed. Demografic and clinical variables such as: admission diagnosis, tim­ing and indications for readmissions, length of NICU stay during readmission, presence of infection, the need for vasopressors and mechanical ventilation (MV) were assessed. Results. 1598 patients were admitted to the NICU in 2020. 90 case histories of readmitted patients were an­alyzed. Patients were divided into survivors and non-survivors groups. 46 (51.50%) of patients were males, the average age was 63.68 (SD 15.89) years. Most fre­quent indications for readmission were respiratory failure (25.56%), reoperation (24.44%), neurological reasons (21.11%, e.g. decreased state of consciousness, status epilepticus). The readmission rate was 5.63%. The mor­tality rate of readmitted patients was 22.50% (the overall mortality in the NICU in 2020 – 10.40%). Presence of nosocomial infection and MV were associated with lon­ger length of stay in the NICU (p < 0.05). Higher mor­tality was related to worse state of consciousness at the time of readmission to the NICU, presence of nosocomial infection, need for vasopressors and/or MV (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The rate of readmission to the NICU was 5.63%. The most common causes for readmission to the NICU were: respiratory failure, reoperation, and neuro­logical indications. The mortality rate of patients that were readmitted to the NICU was higher than overall mortality. Respiratory failure, the need for vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, and hospital-acquired infection were related to worse outcomes.

Evaluation of Critically Ill Paediatric Patients in the Adult ICU

Background: Critically ill paediatric patient (CIPP) care may be required in the adult intensive care unit (aICU) of hospitals in cases where there is no paediatric intensive care unit (pICU) or when the pICU bed capacity is insufficient. Objectives: This is a retrospective evaluation of CIPPs who were accommodated in aICUs over the last 10 years to determine the type of hospital admission, indications for hospitalization, presence of comorbidities, treatments, causes of mortality, and effects of these parameters on mortality. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the medical records of 600 patients aged 28 days to 17 years who had been cared for at least 24 hours in aICUs between 2011 and 2021. Results: The average age of the CIPPs ((252 female (42%), 348 male (58%)) was 6 (7.4 ± 5.4) years. The mortality rate was 14.7%, and trauma (31.8%) was the most common cause of mortality, followed by respiratory diseases and septic shock. The independent risk factors found to be associated with mortality were as follows: Lower age, admission to ICUs from emergency departments of hospitals, higher Pediatric Risk of Mortality III and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction II scores, duration of hospital stay and of mechanical ventilation, vasopressor/inotropic agent requirement in the first 24 hours, higher total transfusion requirement, presence of nosocomial infection, thrombocytopenia, and lower haemoglobin level. Conclusions: It is important to achieve the best results and better outcomes for CIPPs in pICUs. However, a significant proportion of CIPPs currently hospitalized in aICUs are admitted with trauma. A close follow-up of mortality scores and clinical parameters in the early period of CIPP care in the aICU is critical as some mortality risk factors are preventable.

CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS RELATED TO COVID-19 IN SOUTH ASIAN YOUNG ADULTS

COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is mostly known to cause upper respiratory tract symptoms is recently found to cause cutaneous manifestations in a considerable number of patients.The purpose of the study was to study the features of dermatological manifestations of COVID-19 in young South Asian adults.After the initial survey obtaining the contact details, personal interviews of 53 participants were conducted personally asking them questions about gender, age, the presence of the disease on SARS-CoV-2 in the anamnesis and nature of the course, the presence of nosocomial infection, the use of medications during supervision and the presence of dermatological lesions. Analysis of obtained data was performed to identify the correlation between these factors/incidences of SARS-CoV-2 and different skin manifestation.The results displayed that the most frequent cutaneous manifestation among our 53 participants is maculopapular rash 27% (n=14). This is thought to develop because of high viral exanthem or due to possible drug related interactions through treatment. Others had skin manifestation such as generalized pruritus, petechiae on the feet and vesiculopapular rash. Majority of these rashes were generalized. Interestingly, a young female participant who had tested positive for COVID-19 in August 2020 has been experiencing dermographism since February 2021.Our research data show that coloured populations are less likely to present with cutaneous manifestations possibly because of the melanocyte content in the skin, and its relation to ACE receptor and that cutaneous manifestations can be detected in a specific age group, along with the respiratory problems that arise from infection with this strain and should be considered as a symptom.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with H1N1 influenza pneumonia admitted at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

IntroductionInfluenza viruses specifically, A and B mainly contribute to seasonal outbreaks that occur globally. However, due to limited diagnostics for influenza there is little data regarding clinical outcomes of patients with H1N1 pneumonia in our region. Our objective was to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with H1N1 pneumonia at a tertiary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsA retrospective study of adult patients admitted with influenza pneumonia from November 2017 to February 2018 at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Patient characteristics were compared between influenza A H1N1 and other types of influenza using multivariable logistic regression analysis and subgroup analysis for factors associated with mortality in H1N1 Pneumonia was performed.ResultsOut of 497 adult patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP), 172 fulfilled the criteria for Influenza like illness (ILI). 88 patients had PCR confirmed Influenza pneumonia of whom n = 57 (65%) had Influenza A H1N1. The mean age of patients 53.5 years (SD: 17.3) and 60% were male. The overall mortality from Influenza in this study was 15.9% (n = 14); out of these 11 (78.5%) had Influenza A H1N1. Multivariable analysis showed that the increase in length of hospital admission was significantly associated with H1N1 Influenza A infection (OR: 1.47 CI: 1.2–1.8). Factors associated with mortality showed that presence of ARDS, Septic shock and multi-organ failure was highly significantly associated with death (p-value < 0.001) along with deranged liver function tests (p-value 0.01) and presence of nosocomial infection (p-value 0.027).ConclusionInfluenza A H1N1 is associated with greater length of stay compared with infection due to other types of Influenza and mortality in H1N1 Pneumonia was found to be associated with presence of nosocomial infection among several other factors which may have implications given higher rates in a low-middle income country.

Impact of delirium on short-term outcomes in hip fracture patients under a program of approach to delirium.

We aimed to investigate the impact of delirium on short-term outcomes in hip fracture patients. Special attention was given to patients with delirium and dementia. A prospective observational cohort study was carried out in hip fracture patients aged ≥70 years who were admitted to a hospital unit where a multicomponents approach to delirium is established for all patients. Our population was split into delirium (n = 212) and non-delirium cohort (n = 171) according to the Confusion Assessment Method. Patients with a previous diagnosis of dementia in an outpatient appointment were also assessed within the delirium cohort. The utility of the rehabilitation was measured with the Absolute Functional Gain index. A total of 383 patients were entered into the study. The median age was 86 years, and most patients were women (78.8%). Delirium patients were older, presented a lower previous Barthel Index (BI), had higher rates of dementia and came more frequently from nursing homes. Comparative analysis did not show differences in mortality, complications, length of stay or walking ability between the cohorts. However, lower BI on discharge, lower Absolute Functional Gain and the presence of nosocomial infections were found more frequently in the delirium cohort. In multivariate analysis, only the BI on discharge (P = 0.010) was lower in delirium patients. Within the delirium cohort, those suffering from dementia had worse BI on discharge (P = 0.017) and lower Absolute Functional Gain (P = 0.019). Delirium was not associated with mortality, walking ability, length of stay and clinical complications in hip fracture patients. BI on discharge was the only short-term outcome affected. In the delirium cohort, those suffering from dementia showed worse rehabilitation results. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 130-137.

Prognostic Factors and Outcomes in Adults With Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Single-center Experience

IntroductionHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a disorder caused by severe immune activation. There are no specific criteria to establish the diagnosis in adults; however, the HLH-04 criteria are among the most commonly used. The HScore is a non-validated tool that can also be useful for HLH diagnosis. Patients and MethodsWe describe the prognostic factors and outcomes of 64 adults diagnosed with HLH in a reference medical center in Mexico City. We included patients ≥ 18 years with HLH, diagnosed and treated at our institution from 1998 to 2016. ResultsThe median age was 35 years (range, 18-77 years). The underlying cause of HLH was lymphoma in 33 (51.56%) patients (MA-HLH). Cutaneous involvement was more frequent in MA-HLH (33.33%), when compared with patients with non-malignancy associated HLH (NM-HLH) (9.68%) (P = .022). Neurologic symptoms were more frequent in NM-HLH (25.81%) versus MA-HLH (6.06%) (P = .032). After a median follow-up of 14 months (range, 0-216 months), 30-day mortality was 26.56%. Three-year overall survival (OS) was higher for patients with MA-HLH compared with patients with NM-HLH (41% vs. 22.5%; P = .046). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of nosocomial infection and neurologic symptoms were statistically significant predictors of inferior OS (P = .034 and P = .033, respectively). ConclusionIn this series of adults with HLH, patients with nosocomial infections and neurologic symptoms had a statistically significant worse OS. In the largest series in Latin America, the most common cause of HLH was T-cell lymphoma. In our population, NM-HLH presented a higher mortality.

Microbiological profile of Nosocomial infections in the pediatric patients admitted to intensive care unit

Aim: Nosocomial infections are major public health concern in intensive care unit which is associated with increase in the morbidity and the mortality. Our aim is to study the incidence of nosocomial infection, site of infection, pathogens involved and their susceptibility. Methods: Children those who were admitted to intensive care unit for more than 48 hours were included. Clinical samples like blood, urine, sputum, wound/pus swab, intravenous catheter tips, endotracheal aspirates, urinary catheter, central venous catheter, inter costal drainage catheter tip were collected and sent for culture and sensitivity. Result: Out of 350 patients, 70 patients had nosocomial infection. The overall nosocomial infection rate was 20%. Most common infections were bloodstream infections followed by pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Nosocomial infection related mortality was most commonly due to pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus were the most common blood stream isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii were the most common species found in pneumonia. Conclusion: The presence of nosocomial infection was associated with prolonged period of hospitalization and use of invasive devices which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and increased cost of health care.

Risk factors for multiorgan failure and mortality in severe sepsis patients who need intensive care unit follow-up.

Multiorgan failure (MOF) is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in sepsis patients in intensive care units (ICU). Finding risk factors and solving preventable problems of MOF in patients who have sepsis can be a favourable step for decreasing mortality. We aimed to examine multiorgan failure and mortality related risk factors in intensive care unit patients who have sepsis. A retrospective data collection and prognostic cohort study was performed. Between January 2009-March 2010, patients accepted to the 22-bed pulmonary intensive care unit with the diagnosis of sepsis were enrolled. Patients' demographic data, ICU severity scores, application of mechanical ventilation, causative agent of sepsis, number of ICU days and presence of mortality were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was carried out for risk factors. 347 patients with sepsis were involved in the study. 43 of the patients (12.4%) developed MOF and overall mortality rate was 14.9% (n= 52). Presence of resistant pathogen, presence of shock, application of TPN and high APACHE II score were found to be risk factors for MOF [p= 0.015 Odds ratio (OR) 3.47 confidence interval (CI): 1.27 - 9.47, p= 0.001, OR: 30.8 CI: 11.41 - 83-49, p= 0.028, OR: 3.08, CI: 1.13 - 8.39, p= 0.003, OR: 1.10, CI: 1.04-1.18, respectively]. Risk factors for overall mortality were presence of nosocomial infection, high 3rd day SOFA score, presence of shock, application of TPN and sedation (p= 0.005, OR: 3.39, CI: 1.45 - 7.93; p= 0.001, OR: 1.51, CI: 1.27 - 1.81; p= 0.014, OR: 3.24, CI: 1.27 - 8.25; p= 0.003, OR: 3.64. CI: 1.54 - 8.58; p= 0.001, OR: 3.38, CI: 1.51 - 7.57, respectively). In sepsis patients who need ICU follow up, presence of resistant pathogen, presence of shock, application of TPN and high APACHE II scores are risk factors for developing MOF. Thus, rational use of antibiotics, reducing the use of TPN, application of infection control programmes and prevention of shock will further reduce multiorgan failure and mortality.

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Urinary tract infection (UTI) constitutes the most frequent infection among kidney transplantation (KT) patients. The epidemiology and specific risk factors for recurrent UTI after KT have not been well studied. The aim of this work was to assess the incidence, pathogenic spectrum, and risk factors for recurrent post-KT UTI. This observational, cross-sectional study included all patients admitted to our transplantation department with a diagnosis of post-KT UTI from January 2010 to December 2011. Recurring post-KT UTI was defined as ≥2 UTIs in 6 months or ≥3 UTIs in 12 months. Factors associated with recurrent post-KT UTI were assessed using logistic regression analysis. The 154 patients were diagnosed with 315 episodes of post-KT UTI (28.6%), with recurrent post-KT UTI among 72% of cases. Most recurrent UTIs (73.6%) occurred during the first year after KT. Klebsiella species was the most common isolated pathogen (53.2%), being a serious problem for multidrug-resistance (odds ratio [OR], 13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9–28.6; P < .001). The presence of nosocomial infection (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4–5.4; P < .003) and multidrug-resistant bacteria (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2–7.2; P < .001) emerged as independent predictors of recurrent post-KT UTI. KT recipient demographics and characteristics, factors related to KT and urologic complications, did not differ significantly between patients with versus without recurrent post-KT UTI. In conclusion, in a unit where recurrent post-KT UTI incidence was 72% and Klebsiella species was the prevailing uropathogen, nosocomial infection and multidrug-resistant bacteria appeared to be independent predictive factors for recurrent post-KT UTI.

Factors associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infections and the effects of other concomitant nosocomial infections in intensive care units

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common nosocomial infections in intensive care units (ICUs). The objectives of this study were to describe the incidence, aetiology, and risk factors of CAUTIs in ICUs and to determine whether concomitant nosocomial infections alter risk factors. Between April and October 2008, all adult catheterized patients admitted to the ICUs of Zonguldak Karaelmas University Hospital were screened daily, and clinical and microbiological data were collected for each patient. Two hundred and four patients were included and 85 developed a nosocomial infection. Among these patients, 22 developed a CAUTI alone, 38 developed a CAUTI with an additional nosocomial infection, either concomitantly or prior to the onset of the CAUTI, and 25 developed nosocomial infections at other sites. The CAUTI rate was 19.02 per 1000 catheter-days. A Cox proportional hazard model showed that in the presence of other site nosocomial infections, immune suppression (hazard ratio (HR) 3.73, 95% CI 1.47-9.46; p = 0.006), previous antibiotic usage (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.11-3.83; p = 0.023), and the presence of a nosocomial infection at another site (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.04-3.20; p = 0.037) were the factors associated with the acquisition of CAUTIs with or without a nosocomial infection at another site. When we excluded the other site nosocomial infections to determine if the risk factors differed depending on the presence of other nosocomial infections, female gender (HR 2.67, 95% CI 1.03-6.91; p = 0.043) and duration of urinary catheterization (HR 1.07 (per day), 95% CI 1.01-1.13; p = 0.019) were found to be the risk factors for the acquisition of CAUTIs alone. Our results showed that the presence of nosocomial infections at another site was an independent risk factor for the acquisition of a CAUTI and that their presence alters risk factors.

Review of the Relationships Between Maternal Characteristics and Preterm Breastmilk Immune Components

The immune properties of breastmilk are the most effective preventative means of reducing infant mortality through both passive and active immunity. Breastmilk for term infants has been linked to decreased incidence of respiratory and ear infections and gastrointestinal distress. This protection is even more important for the preterm infant. Prematurity is one of the leading causes of infant death in the United States. Hospitalized infant outcomes associated with consumption of breastmilk are shorter length of stay and decreased incidence of nosocomial infections and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The presence of nosocomial infections and necrotizing enterocolitis increases risk of preterm mortality and morbidity as well as healthcare expenditures. However, breastmilk immunological components such as secretory immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin (LFT), and cytokines provide a framework of immunity that, in conjunction with nutritional support, significantly improves neonatal health. The relationship between maternal characteristics and breastmilk immune properties is central to further the understanding of the impact of breastmilk on preterm infant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this article is to review the numerous immune components in breastmilk, the moderators of the immune components, and the relevance of these components to preterm/infant health. Exploration of the complexity of breastmilk immune components may direct future development of interventions to improve and sustain the immunological benefits of preterm breastmilk.

Nosocomial infections caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Colombia

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (CA-MRSA) have emerged as the causative agent of health care-associated infections. An observational and prospective study was carried out in 5 hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia; severe MRSA infections were identified, and their origin led to classification as health care-associated (HA-MRSA), community-associated, or nosocomial infections. MRSA isolates were analyzed by SCCmec, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence factors. Twenty-six (10.4%) CA-MRSA nosocomial infection-causing strains (eg, USA300) were detected in 250 MRSA infection isolates in mainly primary bacteremia and surgical site infections. The mortality related to nosocomial infection by CA-MRSA was 27%. The presence of nosocomial infection by CA-MRSA in Colombia was confirmed.

Reduction of nosocomial infections and mortality attributable to nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units in Lithuania

The aim of the study was to identify the most important risk factors for nosocomial infections, evaluate the incidence rates and risk changes after the multimodal intervention, and to assess mortality attributable to nosocomial infections. This was a prospective surveillance study. Data were collected from January 2005 until December 2007 in three pediatric intensive care units. All patients aged between 1 month and 18 years hospitalized in units for more than 48 hours were included in the study. The patients were divided into preintervention (2006) and postintervention (2007) groups. The multimodal intervention included education of the staff and implementation of evidence-based infection control measures. A total of 755 children were included in the study. Major risk factors for nosocomial infections were identified: mechanical ventilation, central line, intracranial pressure device, and tracheostomy. Overall, the incidence rate (15.6 vs. 7.5 cases per 100 patients, P=0.002), incidence density (19.1 vs. 10.4 cases per 1000 patient-days, P=0.015), and the incidence of pneumonia (5.6 vs. 1.9 per 100 patients, P=0.016) have decreased in the postintervention as compared with the preintervention group. The relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, and number needed to treat were statistically significant for ventilator-associated pneumonia (66.5%, 3.7%, 27, respectively; P=0.016). There was no significant difference in survival time by the presence of nosocomial infection (83.67 patient-days without vs. 74.33 patient-days with infection, P>0.05) The most important risk factors for nosocomial infections were mechanical ventilation, central line, intracranial pressure device, and tracheostomy. After the multimodal intervention, there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence rates of nosocomial infections and the risk reduction for ventilator-associated pneumonia. No significant impact of nosocomial infections on mortality was determined.

Factors related to hospital stay among patients with nosocomial infection acquired in the intensive care unit.

To assess the influence of nosocomial infection on length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to determine the relative effect of other factors on extra length of hospitalization associated with nosocomial infection. Prospective cohort multicenter study in the context of the ENVIN-UCI project. Medical or surgical ICUs of 49 different hospitals in Spain. All consecutive patients (N = 6,593) admitted to ICUs of the participating hospitals who stayed for more than 24 hours during a 3-month period (from January 15 to April 15, 1996) were included. Length of ICU stay was compared between patients with and without nosocomial infections. RESULTS Uninfected patients (N = 5,868) had a median stay in the ICU of 3 days, whereas the median for infected patients (N = 725) was 17 days (P < .001). The median for infected patients with one episode of nosocomial infection was 13 days. The greatest length of stay (40 days) was among patients admitted to the ICU because of medical diseases, with an infection acquired before admission to the ICU, and with the largest number of nosocomial infection episodes. In extended stays, nosocomial infection was significantly associated with length of hospitalization (day 21; odds ratio, 22.38; 95% confidence interval 16.6 to 30.4), whereas an effect of variables related to severity of illness on admission (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, urgent surgery, and infection prior to ICU admission) was not found. The presence of nosocomial infection and the number of infection episodes were the variables with the strongest association with prolonged hospital stay among ICU patients.