Presence Of Multiple Events Research Articles

A Spatial Mobile Crowdsourcing Framework for Event Reporting

The widespread use of advanced mobile devices has led to the emergence of a new class of mobile crowdsourcing called spatial mobile crowdsourcing (SMCS). The main feature of SMCS is the presence of spatial tasks that require workers to be physically present at a particular location for task fulfillment. These tasks usually take advantage of the built-in sensors in mobile devices by requesting environment sensing services. Because cameras are becoming the most common way for visual logging techniques and sensing in our daily lives, we propose, in this article, a photo-based SMCS framework for event reporting. The proposed framework allows event report requesters to solicit photos of ongoing events and keep track of any updates. We propose a full architecture in which we solve the SMCS recruitment problem using different fairness strategies in the presence of multiple events and reporters. Then, once submissions are received and before forwarding final responses to event requesters, we proceed with a data processing phase for data quality monitoring. In short, our event reporting platform helps requesters recruit ideal reporters, select highly relevant data from an evolving picture stream, and receive accurate responses. This solution mainly incorporates: 1) a strategic and generic recruitment algorithm for recruiting and scheduling suitable reporters to events; 2) a deep learning model that eliminates false submissions and ensures photo’s credibility; and 3) an A-tree shape data structure model for clustering streaming pictures to reduce information redundancy and provide maximum event coverage. Experiment results investigate the performances of the proposed recruitment approach and show that our algorithm outperforms two other benchmarking approaches. Also, we conduct simulations to evaluate the strategies of the proposed recruitment algorithm, given different fairness levels among events. Data quality simulation results show effectiveness in reducing false submissions and delivering high-quality responses. Finally, framework implementation for real-world applications is provided.

Pluractionality: A cross‐linguistic perspective

AbstractThis paper aims to give a cross‐linguistic overview of pluractionality. Pluractionality is defined as a structural modification of the verb indicating the presence of multiple events. The paper first investigates the functions associated with pluractional markers in the languages of the world and classifies them into core and additional functions. I then present the most frequent marking strategies that the languages adopt in order to encode pluractionality and briefly discuss the morphological nature of one in particular (i.e., lexical alternation), as well as the formal identification of participant plurality. Finally, I examine the grammatical status of pluractionality in a cross‐linguistic perspective, taking the most recent typological literature into consideration. I conclude that “pluractionality” cannot be theoretically conceived as a unique, cross‐linguistically valid category but should rather be regarded as a label, which indicates different phenomena in different languages, useful for typological comparison but not reflecting any kind of pre‐established grammatical category.

Update on the Evaluation and Management of Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (Previously Apparent Life-Threatening Events).

The thirty-year-old term "apparent life-threatening event" (ALTE) is difficult to apply in clinical practice and research. The American Academy of Pediatrics now defines these events as brief resolved unexplained events (BRUEs), stratifies infants based on the risk of recurrence or of a serious underlying condition, and offers evidence-based management recommendations for infants at lower-risk. To review recent ALTE literature as it relates to BRUEs. Articles were identified by searching several clinical databases. English-language articles from January 2006 to August 2016 that address ALTEs or BRUEs were included. Significant variation exists in the evaluation and management of patients diagnosed with BRUE. Research demonstrates low utility of most diagnostic testing, including prolonged cardiorespiratory monitoring, in the well-appearing infant without an obvious etiology. Risk factors for recurrent adverse events or significant underlying pathology include young age, prematurity, and presence of multiple events. There is little evidence to provide guidance for the management of higher-risk infants. BRUE is a diagnosis of exclusion to be applied when there is no apparent etiology after performing an appropriate history and physical examination. Lower-risk infants should not undergo routine diagnostic testing and should not be admitted solely for cardiorespiratory monitoring. Higherrisk infants are more likely to benefit from diagnostic testing and admission; however, routine screening testing is unnecessary, and the history and physical should guide the clinician's approach. Prospective research is needed to understand the incidence of BRUEs, outcomes in lower and higher-risk infants, and the utility of diagnostic testing in higher-risk infants.

An input-output linear time invariant model captures neuronal firing responses to external and behavioral events.

Investigating how neurons in different motor regions respond to external stimuli and behavioral events provides insight into motor control. A recent approach to studying neuronal activity is to construct a zero-input linear time invariant (ZI-LTI) state-space model, wherein the state vector consists of firing rate signals for different populations of neurons across motor regions. This approach allows for the populations to influence each other in a dynamical manner given an initial firing rate condition, and the model can accurately reconstruct firing rates within a limited epoch in the motor task during which no event occurs. Here, we generalize this LTI modeling approach to characterize firing responses of neurons to two events (a go cue and movement onset) in a movement task with a non-zero input LTI state-space model, herein referred to as input-output LTI (IO-LTI). Specifically, responses from 196 neurons in the primary motor (M1), ventral premotor (PMv), and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) were recorded and modeled in two nonhuman primates executing a reach-to-grasp task. We found that a single IO-LTI model can reconstruct neuronal firing rate patterns of six populations of these neurons across the three areas in the presence of multiple events (go cue, movement onset). This is the first step towards constructing generative models of neuronal firing rates in the presence of multiple events, which then can be used to construct better decoders for brain machine interactive control.

Human genome structural variation and disease

Structural variation of the genome is an important aspect in our understanding of the molecular basis of neurocognitive disease and has provided a model where rare variants individually or in concert with other mutations contribute to neurological disease. The lecture will compare the copy number mutational landscape from one of the largest cohorts of children with developmental delay and multiple congenital abnormalities to that of normal adult individuals. I will show how structural variants can be used to discover the molecular basis for more complex neurocognitive disease based on a genomic hotspot model of rare and recurrent copy number variants (CNVs). I will present a two-hit CNV model to explain variability in disease phenotypes and show how the evolution of diverse structural haplotypes can act as a premutation state predisposing to recurrent rearrangement. I will contrast these results with more recent exome sequencing from parent–child trios where offspring are diagnosed with sporadic autism and/or developmental delay. Our analyses suggest that rare CNVs are collectively common in the population and the presence of multiple events may help to explain the variability in disease manifestation. Combined with exome-based sequencing of patients, we predict that 30% of sporadic cases of disease may be explained. The analyses are converging on a finite number of neurodevelopmental pathways where gene dosage imbalance in the heterozygous state is sufficient to create a neurological disease state.

Take-home messages

• Post Market Environmental Monitoring (PMEM) is mandatory in all applications for deliberate release submitted under Directive 2001/18/EC and EU Regulation 1829/2003. • PMEM aims at identifying possible unanticipated adverse effects on human health or the environment which could arise directly or indirectly from GM plants. • PMEM is composed of case-specific monitoring (CSM) and general surveillance (GS). CSM is notmandatory butmaybe required to verify the environmental risk assessment while GS must be part of an application. • EFSA is responsible for assessing the scientific quality of PMEM plans submitted with each application. • EFSA has adopted guidance to applicants for developing PMEM plans (adopted December 2005). • The EFSA GMO Panel is of the opinion that GS cannot be driven by specific hypotheses (cause-effect) and should, when possible, make use of existing monitoring programmes in addition tomore focussedmonitoring systems as farm questionnaires. • Data quality, management and statistical analysis are of high importance in the design of a GS plan and comparison should be made with baseline data. • EFSA recommends early contact between applicants and Member States (selection of existing networks) and recommends harmonisation and coordination of data collection and analysis. • PMEM is a risk management measure. • The Commission and the Member States via their Competent Authorities are responsible for the PMEM and take the decisions. • The body in charge of proposing harmonisation of PMEM is the EU Monitoring Working Group. • A pragmatic PMEM for MON 810 that addresses the proposedprotectiongoals has been implemented successfully. • The 2005 monitoring report for MON 810 confirms the conclusion of safety reached in the environmental risk assessment. • The future presence of multiple events and stacks on the market will require: – some adaptation, including modularity, – a harmonised approach across the industry that has started under the EuropaBio banner.

Red rock and red planet diagenesis: Comparisons of Earth and Mars concretions

Compelling similarities between concretions on Earth and “blueberries” on Mars are used to suggest the blueberries are concretions that formed from a history of watery diagenesis. In the terrestrial examples, groundwater flow produces variations in sandstone color and iron oxide concretions in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of Utah. Variations in concretion mineralogy, form, and structure reflect different conditions at chemical reaction fronts, the influence of preferential fluid flow paths, the relative roles of advection and diffusion during precipitation, the presence of multiple events, fluid geochemistry, and time. The terrestrial concretions are analogs that can be used to understand the water-saturated conditions that formed spherical hematite concretions on Mars.

The role of attention in motion extrapolation: are moving objects 'corrected' or flashed objects attentionally delayed?

Objects flashed in alignment with moving objects appear to lag behind [Nijhawan, 1994 Nature (London) 370 256-257]. Could this 'flash-lag' effect be due to attentional delays in bringing flashed items to perceptual awareness [Titchener, 1908/1973 Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention first published 1908 (New York: Macmillan); reprinted 1973 (New York: Arno Press)]? We overtly manipulated attentional allocation in three experiments to address the following questions: Is the flash-lag effect affected when attention is (a) focused on a single event in the presence of multiple events, (b) distributed over multiple events, and (c) diverted from the flashed object? To address the first two questions, five rings, moving along a circular path, were presented while observers attentively tracked one or multiple rings under four conditions: the ring in which the disk was flashed was (i) known or (ii) unknown (randomly selected from the set of five); location of the flashed disk was (i) known or (ii) unknown (randomly selected from ten locations). The third question was investigated by using two moving objects in a cost-benefit cueing paradigm. An arrow cued, with 70% or 80% validity, the position of the flashed object. Observers performed two tasks: (a) reacted as quickly as possible to flash onset; (b) reported the flash-lag effect. We obtained a significant and unaltered flash-lag effect under all the attentional conditions we employed. Furthermore, though reaction times were significantly shorter for validly cued flashes, the flash-lag effect remained uninfluenced by cue validity, indicating that quicker responses to validly cued locations may be due to the shortening of post-perceptual delays in motor responses rather than the perceptual facilitation. We conclude that the computations that give rise to the flash-lag effect are independent of attentional deployment.