Presence Of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Research Articles

Causes of Discoloration of Dental Fillings in Adults: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this investigation was to carry out an exhaustive review of the relevant previous research in order to ascertain the underlying causes of the observed discoloration and determine which component, if any, was to blame. A number of phrases taken from previously conducted systematic reviews were used in the search conducted in PubMed. There were a total of 389 teeth treated across eleven different trials that were discovered. Although it was seen more often with the use of the triple antibiotic paste that included minocycline, discoloration was shown to be substantially associated with the utilisation of other components as well. It is strongly suggested that you reevaluate your decision to use minocycline as the intracanal drug in conjunction with the other two antibiotics in the paste. The use of calcium hydroxide or an antibiotic paste containing both metronidazole and ciprofloxacin could be necessary in order to achieve the desired level of discoloration control. The presence of mineral trioxide aggregate was also associated with the discoloration. On the other hand, there is little evidence to suggest that any other material could possibly function as an acceptable coronal barrier. Because discoloration is a result that has a direct impact on patients, further research is required to determine the underlying causes of discoloration.

Antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of the mixture of mineral trioxide aggregate and nitric oxide-releasing compound

Background/purposeAntimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of root canal sealer are related to the success of endodontic treatments. This study investigated the efficacy of mixture of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a NO-releasing compound for the antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, and physical properties. Materials and methodsMTA was mixed with diethylenetriamine-NO (MTA-NO), and the extracts from MTA and the MTA-NO mixture before and after setting was obtained were investigated the antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis. After setting MTA and MTA-NO, pulp cell was incubated in the presence of MTA and MTA-NO disk using Transwell® cell culture insert, and the proliferation assay and mineralization-stimulated factors of the cells were analyzed by MTT assay and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. The physical properties of MTA and the MTA-NO mixture, such as surface hardness and flowability was also analyzed. ResultsThe MTA-NO mixture showed stronger antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and P. endodontalis than that by MTA. Both MTA and MTA-NO mixture increase the ratio of cell proliferation and induced the expression of alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Moreover, the induction of gene expression by MTA-NO mixture was higher than that by MTA alone. No significant difference was observed for surface hardness and flowability between MTA and MTA-NO mixture. ConclusionThe addition of a NO-releasing compound to the endodontic treatment using MTA root canal sealer might reduce the risk of bacterial infection and help to regenerate the dental pulp tissue.

Mineral trioxide aggregate improves healing response of periodontal tissue to injury in mice

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a biomaterial used in endodontic procedures as it exerts beneficial effects on regenerative processes. In this study, we evaluate the effect of MTA on healing of periodontal ligament (PDL) and surrounding tissue, following injury, in a transgenic mouse model and on the differentiation of murine mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro. We used an inducible Cre-loxP in vivo fate mapping approach to examine the effects of MTA on the contributions of descendants of cells expressing the αSMA-CreERT2 transgene (SMA9+ ) to the PDL and alveolar bone after experimental injury to the root furcation on the maxillary first molars. Col2.3GFP was used as a marker to identify mature osteoblasts, cementoblasts and PDL fibroblasts. The effects of MTA were examined 2, 17 and 30days after injury and compared histologically with sealing using an adhesive system. The effects of two dilutions of medium conditioned with MTA on proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from bone marrow (BMSC) and periodontal ligament (PDLC) in vitro were examined using the PrestoBlue viability assay, alkaline phosphatase and Von Kossa staining. The expression of markers of differentiation was assessed using real-time PCR. Histological analyses showed better repair in teeth restored with MTA, as shown by greater expansion of SMA9+ progenitor cells and Col2.3GFP+ osteoblasts compared with control teeth. We also observed a positive effect on differentiation of SMA9+ progenitors into osteoblasts and cementoblasts in the apical region distant from the site of injury. The in vitro data showed that MTA-conditioned medium reduced cell viability and osteogenic differentiation in both PDLC and BMSC, indicated by reduced von Kossa staining and lower expression of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein. In addition, cultures grown in the presence of MTA had marked decreases in SMA9+ and Col2.3GFP+ areas as compared with osteogenic medium, confirming reduced osteogenesis. MTA promotes regeneration of injured PDL and alveolar bone, reflected as contribution of progenitors (SMA9+ cells) into osteoblasts (Col2.3GFP+ cells). In vitro, MTA-conditioned medium fails to promote osteogenic differentiation of both PDLC and BMSC.

The Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on Direct Pulp Capping in Dogs.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the histologic effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) with or without the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on exposed pulp tissues of dogs. Methods: Twenty-five premolar teeth in three healthy mature dogs were randomly divided into five groups. In group 1, the pulp tissue was capped with MTA. In groups 2 and 3, before capping with MTA, the exposure site was irradiated by low power lasers at 630 nm (20 mW, 150 seconds, 7.5 J/cm2) and 810 nm (peak power 80 W, average power 50 mW, 1500 Hz, 50 seconds, 6.25 J/cm2) wavelengths, respectively. In groups 4 and 5, the exposure site was irradiated similar to that described in groups 2 and 3, but the pulp tissue was covered by gold foil instead of MTA. After 2 months, the animals were sacrificed and the samples were prepared for histologic evaluation. Results: There were differences in pulpal response and dentinal barrier formation among the study groups. The morphology of pulpal tissue and the integrity of dentinal barrier and formation of odontoblastic layer were more favorable in the first three groups. The occurrence of extensive and intense inflammation and necrosis was more frequent in groups 4 and 5. Conclusion: Under the conditions used in this study, the presence of MTA as a pulp capping material was more important than laser therapy in the success of direct pulp capping (DPC) treatment. MTA proved to be an effective material either alone or in combination with laser irradiation in vital pulp therapy.

Evaluation of Bone Tissue Response to a Sealer Containing Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

IntroductionThis study analyzed bone tissue reactions to MTA Fillapex (Ângelus Industria de Produtos Odontológicos Ltda, Londrina, Brazil) compared with an epoxy resin–based material in the femur of Wistar rats. MethodsBone tissue reactions were evaluated in 15 animals after 7, 30, and 90 days (n = 5 per period). Three surgical cavities were prepared on the femur and filled with 0.2 mL MTA Fillapex, AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), or no sealer (negative control). By the end of each experimental period, 5 animals were randomly euthanized. The samples were histologically processed and analyzed using a light microscope. The presence of inflammatory cells, fibers, and hard tissue barrier formation was evaluated. Differences among the groups and between the 3 experimental periods were evaluated by using 2-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (P ≤ .05). ResultsMTA Fillapex scored significantly higher for neutrophils at 7 days than at 90. At 7 days, the same occurred when comparing MTA Fillapex with AH Plus. The presence of lymphocytes/plasmocytes significantly decreased over time in all groups. Macrophages, giant cells, eosinophils, and fiber condensation presented no differences among groups and periods. Within 90 days, all groups presented complete hard tissue barrier formation. ConclusionsThe presence of mineral trioxide aggregate in MTA Fillapex composition did not improve the bone tissue repair. The presence of sealers provided the re-establishment of the original bone tissue structure and the inflammatory response decreased over time, so they can be considered biocompatible.

Spheroid model study comparing the biocompatibility of Biodentine and MTA

The primary objective of this study was to assess the biological effects of a new dentine substitute based on Ca₃SiO₅ (Biodentine™) for use in pulp-capping treatment, on pseudo-odontoblastic (MDPC-23) and pulp (Od-21) cells. The secondary objective was to evaluate the effects of Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on gene expression in cultured spheroids. We used the acid phosphatase assay to compare the biocompatibility of Biodentine and MTA. Cell differentiation was investigated by RT-qPCR. We investigated the expression of genes involved in odontogenic differentiation (Runx2), matrix secretion (Col1a1, Spp1) and mineralisation (Alp). ANOVA and PLSD tests were used for data analysis. MDPC-23 cells cultured in the presence of MTA had higher levels of viability than those cultured in the presence of Biodentine and control cells on day 7 (P = 0.0065 and P = 0.0126, respectively). For Od-21 cells, proliferation rates on day 7 were significantly lower in the presence of Biodentine or MTA than for control (P < 0.0001). Col1a1 expression levels were slightly lower in cells cultured in the presence of MTA than in those cultured in the presence of Biodentine and in control cells. Biodentine and MTA may modify the proliferation of pulp cell lines. Their effects may fluctuate over time, depending on the cell line considered. The observed similarity between Biodentine and MTA validates the indication for direct pulp-capping claimed by the manufacturers.

Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the material interface of adjacent layers of dental materials

Objective Many dental materials are used in contact with each other in sandwich techniques. Liners, bases and permanent restorative materials are placed adjacent to each other and allowed to set under the same conditions. The same applies for endodontic materials where irrigating solutions and root canal dressings come in contact with root canal obturating materials and root-end fillers. The aim of this research was to investigate the material interface of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in contact with non-setting calcium hydroxide paste (CH), glass ionomer cement (GIC) and intermediate restorative material (IRM). Methods All materials were mixed according to manufacturer's instructions. Freshly mixed MTA (Dentsply) was placed in a plastic container and another dental material was compacted on it while still unset. These materials included GIC (Fuji IX), non-setting calcium hydroxide (Calasept) and IRM (Dentsply). The materials were allowed to set for 28 days at 37 °C and 100% humidity. The layered materials were sectioned longitudinally embedded in resin and polished to expose the interface between the two materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed of the interface and X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDX) was conducted at 50 μm intervals to establish elements present at specific distances from the material interface. Results The calcium hydroxide paste did not affect the hydration of MTA. Migration of silicon, aluminum and bismuth from the MTA to the CH occurred. The GIC exhibited a high degree of micro-cracking and some porosity in the interfacial region. Strontium from the GIC was detected at 200 μm within the MTA. The zinc from the IRM cement was detected at 100 μm within the MTA. The zinc affected the hydration of the MTA leading to retardation of setting and increased porosity. Conclusions MTA interacts with other dental materials with resultant elemental migration in adjacent materials. Zinc oxide eugenol based cements should be avoided in the presence of MTA as zinc causes retardation of cement hydration with increased porosity. Glass ionomer cements absorb the water of hydration from the MTA also resulting in increased porosity and incomplete hydration of MTA.

Could MTA be a novel medicine on the recurrence therapy for GCTB?

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a benign locally aggressive bone tumor with a shown clinical behavior of local recurrences and rare distant metastases. Surgical treatment of GCTB is associated with high morbidity, and local recurrence. Due to the high rate of pulmonary metastases recurrent GCTB may be considered as a severe disease. If the tumor reaches close to the articulating surface a subchondral bone graft can be performed without risking a higher recurrence rate. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been widely used to repair various kinds of tooth perforations. MTA is a powder aggregate containing mineral oxides with a good biological action and may facilitate the regeneration of the periodontal ligament and formation of bone. MTA used was able to induce bone regeneration and had its action optimized. Study has showed that, in the presence of MTA, cells grow faster and produce more mineralized matrix gene expression in osteoblasts. We hypothesize that MTA may has anti-recurrence properties. For the clinical point of view, we can apply MTA in the GCTB to induce bone production, then to inhibit the recurrent of the cases. MTA may be the therapy of choice for primary as well as recurrent giant cell tumors of bone.

The effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on phagocytic activity and production of reactive oxygen, nitrogen species and arginase activity by M1 and M2 macrophages

To assess the influence of co-culture with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on phagocytosis and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and nitrogen (NO) species and the arginase activity by M1 and M2 peritoneal macrophages. Cellular viability, adherence and phagocytosis of Saccharomyces boulardii were assayed in the presence of MTA. Macrophages were stimulated with zymosan for ROI assays and with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and IFN-gamma for NO production and arginase activity, when in contact with capillaries containing MTA. Data were analysed by T, anova, Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. M2 macrophages displayed greater cellular viability in polypropylene tubes, greater ability to ingest yeast and smaller production of ROI and higher arginase activity when compared with M1 macrophages. Both macrophages, M1 and M2, presented similar cell adherence and NO production. The addition of bacterial preparations to macrophages interfered with NO and arginase productions. MTA did not interfere with any of the parameters measured. Phagocytosis and the ability of the two macrophage subtypes to eliminate microbes were not affected by MTA.

Expression of Bone Extracellular Matrix Proteins on Osteoblast Cells in the Presence of Mineral Trioxide

The biocompatibility of periapical tissue with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) affects its ability to repair and regenerate itself. Here we report the cytotoxicity of MTA and how it affects the expression of bone extracellular matrix protein in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells. We quantified the cytotoxicity of MTA, amalgam, and Dycal (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, DE) on MC3T3-E1 cells by measuring the ability of cells to cleave a tetrazolium salt to produce formazan dye during a period of 24, 48, or 96 hours. We used reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with primer sets for type I collagen, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein to measure the gene-expression response of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with MTA. MTA, amalgam, and Dycal were less toxic after 48 hours. MC3T3-E1 cell growth with MTA and Dycal was greater than nonstimulated controls. MTA caused an upregulation of type I collagen and osteocalcin messenger RNA expression after 24 hours. These results showed that, in the presence of MTA, cells grow faster and produce more mineralized matrix gene expression in osteoblasts.

The effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on the production of growth factors and cytokine by human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) would influence healing of periapical tissues by modulating the production of growth factors and cytokines from PDL fibroblasts, however, the studies are insufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to monitor the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF- β 1), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from PDL fibroblasts in the presence of MTA. The human PDL fibroblasts were seeded onto the set MTA or IRM at a level of 1 × 10 5 cells per unit well, and further incubated for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. The levels of TGF-β 1, FGF-2, and IL-6 from the supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The level of TGF-β 1 was down-regulated when the cells were grown in the presence of MTA except at 6 hours. The levels of FGF-2 release were significantly suppressed when PDL fibroblasts were grown in the presence of MTA or IRM at all time intervals (p < 0.05). The expressions of IL-6 from MTA treated cells were comparable to those of untreated control cells throughout the observation periods. We presume that this material inhibits the stimulatory function of growth factors on granulation tissue formation and in turn, it promotes the healing process modulated by other bone-remodeling cells.

Cementoblasts Maintain Expression of Osteocalcin in the Presence of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

This study investigated the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate on cementoblast growth and osteocalcin production in tissue culture. For cellular morphology studies, cementoblasts on mineral trioxide aggregate, IRM, and amalgam were incubated for 48 h then fixed for scanning electron microscopic analysis. For gene expression on mineral trioxide aggregate and IRM, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed using primer sets for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein after 3 and 5 days. In vitro matrix protein expression was evaluated by confocal microscopy for the presence of osteocalcin on MTA after 7 and 12 days. Images were compared with controls to assess qualitative differences. Results suggest that mineral trioxide aggregate permits cementoblast attachment and growth and the production of mineralized matrix gene and protein expression. Our data indicates that mineral trioxide aggregate can be considered cementoconductive.

Osteoblast biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate

This study investigated the biocompatibility of variants of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), by culturing human MG63 osteosarcoma cells in the presence of materials, observing cytomorphology and cell growth, and then assaying cytokine expression from the cells. Reference materials were employed. Cell growth was quantified by preparing samples ( n=6) at 2, 4 and 7 days, for viewing by scanning electron microscopy and then scoring the amount of material that was covered by healthy cells. Subsequently, samples of culture media were tested using ELISA assays for expression of Interleukin (IL)-1 α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). These assays were compared with controls where no material was present, and where media and fetal calf serum had not been exposed to cells. Results showed good cell growth on MTA. Expression of IL-6 from cells was only evident in the presence of MTA and Interpore 200. Interleukin-8 was expressed in high concentrations only in the presence of MTA. There was no evidence of expression of IL-1 α or IL-11 with any material. Production of M-CSF was high for all materials. It appears that the variants of MTA are biocompatible and suitable for use in clinical trials.

Cellular response to mineral trioxide aggregate

This investigation studied the cytomorphology of osteoblasts in the presence of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and examined cytokine production. MTA and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM) were prepared and placed in separate Petri dishes. Osteoblasts (cell-line MG-63), grown to confluence in Hams F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, were seeded into the dishes, which were incubated for 1 to 7 days. The specimens were viewed by scanning electron microscopy. For cytokine evaluation, cells were grown either alone or in other dishes containing the test materials for 1 to 144 h. Media were removed for ELISA analysis of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Scanning electron microscopy revealed healthy cells in contact with MTA at 1 and 3 days; in contrast, cells in the presence of IRM appeared rounded. The ELISA assays revealed raised levels of all ILs at all periods when cells were grown in the presence of MTA; in contrast, cells grown alone or with IRM produced undetectable amounts. The macrophage colony-stimulating factor was produced by cells irrespective of the group. It seems that MTA offers a biologically active substrate for bone cells and stimulates IL production.

Mineral trioxide aggregate stimulates a biological response in human osteoblasts.

We report a novel material that appears to stimulate cytokine production in human osteoblasts and allow good adherence of the cells to the material. We have examined cultured osteoblasts (MG-63) in the presence of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as set in moist conditions; secondly, we examined the behavior of these MG-63 cells with respect to cytokine and osteocalcin production and alkaline phosphatase activity. Standard ELISA assays were used for assessment of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and osteocalcin. Furthermore the levels of alkaline phosphatase were measured to establish the level of differentiation of the cells. Cells without MTA served as controls. Cells also were grown in the presence of polymethylmethacrylate (PMA), the commonly used orthopedic cement. In all dishes cells were seen adhering to the base and MTA at 6 h and had increased to confluence at 144 h. IL-1 alpha (175.1 +/- 32.6 pg/mL), IL-1 beta (154.0 +/- 26.7 pg/mL), and IL-6 (214.7 +/- 21.8 pg/mL) were raised when the cells were grown in the presence of MTA at 144 h, with raised values at all time intervals. M-CSF appeared to be unaffected although the overall value was high (7,045.0 +/- 89.5 pg/mL). In contrast, cells grown in the absence of MTA produced negligible amounts of these cytokines (< pg/mL) as did those cells grown in the presence of PMA. Osteocalcin production increased when cells were grown on MTA from 3.8 +/- 0.87 ng/mL to 19.7 +/- 2.8 ng/mL. No osteocalcin could be detected with PMA. Cells in contact with MTA also appeared to have levels of alkaline phosphatase similar to those reported elsewhere (4.3 +/- 0.21 mumol/mg protein/min). No cells could be found attached to PMA and so no alkaline phosphatase activity could be measured.