Presence Of Lump Research Articles

The Relationship Between Knowledge And Attitudes Of Young Women Towards Self-Breast Examination (Sadari)

Breast cancer can attack anyone, especially women, women's attitudes and awareness regarding breast health are still not well developed so that most cancer cases are found at an advanced stage, when early stage healing is very easy, and can be done at home. Just a few minutes, once a month, to do a breast self-examination. The research aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of young women towards breast self-examination (BSE) at SMA Negeri 14 Medan City, North Sumatra Province in 2023. The conceptual framework used is based on dependent and independent variables. The research design is correlational. The research was conducted February 23-25 ​​on 88 respondents. The research data were analyzed manually and using frequency distribution tables. Based on attitudes, out of 35 (100%), the majority of young women have negative attitudes and do not carry out conscious examinations. namely 35 (67.3%) people and a minority of young women who have negative attitudes and have carried out self-breast examinations. 17 (32.7%) P value = 1.000. It can be concluded that there is no relationship between young women's attitudes towards breast self-examination (BSE). For young women, it is hoped that every young woman will be responsive to changes, or the presence of lumps and pain that are felt or arise in the breasts. For health institutions, it is hoped that they can provide counseling and information so that young women are motivated to be able to routinely carry out self-examination of their breasts and teach the techniques and appropriate time to do it.

Clinical and histological characteristics of breast lumps: A 20-year single private sector tertiary care center experience

Background and objective: The presence of a breast lump is an alarming experience. This is because of the growing awareness of breast cancer among the public. Therefore, a comprehensive diagnosis of breast lumps is vital. This study aims to identify the clinical and histological characteristics of breast lumps of patients presenting to a tertiary care center in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Methods: This 20 year, retrospective study analyzed the clinical and histological characteristics of all patients with breast lumps who were admitted only to Nawaloka Hospital, Colombo from 2003 to 2023. Data were retrieved through past medical records and a computer-based health information system from Nawaloka Hospital. A general surgeon analyzed all the records. The records were analyzed with relation to demographics, presenting symptoms, presence of a lump or mass, and histological diagnosis. This study was aimed to determine the characteristics of breast lumps in a selected sample of patients who were admitted with breast lumps to a single private sector tertiary care hospital. Ethical clearance was granted. No conflict of interest. Results: Total of 352 patients had breast lumps [female-342 (97.1%): male-10(2.9%)]. Data from 342 female and 10 male patients who were admitted with breast lumps or masses were analyzed. There were 252 /352 self-referrals, 60 / 352 referrals were from general practitioners and 40 / 352 were referred following screening. Most females were 21 to 50 years (n=219, 64%). Ninety-seven per cent of the female patients had palpable breast lumps. Most males with breast lumps were in the age group of 51-60 years. Males had relatively larger lumps (> 2cm, 80%) at the time of their presentation. In both genders, the most common quadrant for occurrence of breast lumps was the upper outer quadrant (F: 55% & M: 60%). Fibroadenoma was the commonest variety of lump in both sexes (F: 49% & M: 60%). However, most males who presented with breast lumps were found to have breast cancer (M: 40% vs. F: 10%). Histologically, invasive carcinoma of no specific type (NST) was the most common type (M: 75% & F: 63%). Thirty-five female patients had carcinoma, ten were below the age of 50 years, and two were in their early 30s. Conclusion: Our study sample showed that most of the patients were females. The most common benign breast lump was fibroadenoma and the malignant variant was invasive carcinoma of no specific type (NST). Furthermore, it showed that at the time of presentations males had larger breast lumps with and raised percentage of malignant breast lumps.

Potential of pharmaceutical formulation based on Morinda citrifolia extract for the treatment of schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that can be asymptomatic, but it can progress and cause serious damage, such as hospitalization and death. This work aimed to characterize and carry out the in vivo pharmacological test of the dry extract of Morinda citrifolia and obtain a pharmaceutical dosage form based on this extract for the treatment of schistosomiasis. The aqueous extract was characterized based on the evaluation of pH, dry residue and density. The aqueous extract was dried through the freeze-drying process. The obtained dry extract was characterized through phytochemical screening, rheological analysis, acute toxicity and in vivo pharmacology. Additionally, the pre-formulation development of a pharmaceutical dosage form was pursued with the dry extract. Through the HPLC chromatogram, characteristic rutin peaks were identified. The rheological behavior of the dry extract did not show good characteristics. Acute toxicity, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, showed excitatory activity in the central and autonomous nervous system. The in vivo pharmacological test of the dry extract showed that, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, it was possible to reduce 67.5% of the total adult worms, 66% of female worms and 60% of the number of eggs. The pharmaceutical dosage form obtained was an oral solution that was clear, transparent, without the presence of lumps and precipitates, having a density of 1.1276 g mL-1 and pH of 5.92. The results obtained will provide parameters for the production of suitable pharmaceutical formulations, as well as for the quality control of products based on M. citrifolia, with promising schistosomicidal activity.

The awareness and practice of testicular self-examination among male undergraduates in Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study

BackgroundTesticular cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer but curable. In Nigeria, late presentation hinders treatment due to limited resources for diagnosis and treatment. Testicular self-examination enables men to identify the presence of lumps and any abnormality in their testes. This can facilitate early detection and presentation at hospitals. The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness and practice of testicular self-examination by students at a College of Health Sciences in a Nigerian university.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted. The target population were second-sixth year students in the College of Health Sciences. The respondents were conveniently selected to complete a 38-item, self-administered questionnaire. The paper-based questionnaire was distributed to 280 respondents in classrooms and dormitories. Descriptive statistics (such as percentages and frequencies) were used to summarize the frequency of categorical data.ResultsOf the 277 respondents, only 53.4% (n = 148) have heard about testicular self-examination. The mean age was 20.6 (± 4.51) years. Out of the 148 respondents, only 11.6% practiced it regularly. For majority of the respondents, the barriers mitigating the practice of testicular self-examination are the fear of discovering a lump and lack of knowledge.ConclusionIt is necessary for the importance of testicular self-examination to be emphasized in the training of nurses, medical doctors, and other healthcare professionals and its practice should be encouraged among health science students. This will equip these students with the knowledge and skills for their health and to educate their patients and the society on the relevance of testicular self-examination.

Ekstrak Daun Sawo (Manilkara Zapota L) Sebagai Inhibitor Terhadap Laju Korosi Baja AISI 1018 Dalam Medium Korosif NaCl 3%

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara zapota L) as inhibitor on AISI steel in corrosive medium NaCl 3 %. Specifically, the purpose of this research is to know the effect of the addition of 0%, 2% and 4% inhibitor concentration of sapodilla leaf extract and 3 days, 6 days and 9 days to the corrosion rate. To find out the corrosion rate resulted by weight reduction method with an inhibitor efficiency value of 59,2%. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the phase formed is pure Fe phase. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show the presence of lumps on steel surfaces of various sizes which are the product of corrosion. This is reinforced by the results of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) which shows that the increasing number of lumps on the steel surface leaves fewer Fe elements.

Pengendalian Laju Korosi Baja AISI 1018 Dalam Medium Korosif NaCl 3% Menggunakan Inhibitor Ekstrak Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.)

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of ketapang leaf extract (Terminalia catappa L.) as inhibitor on AISI steel in corrosive medium NaCl 3%. Specifically, the purpose of this research is to know the effect of the addition of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, dan 10% inhibitor concentration of ketapang leaf extract and 6 days to the corrosion rate. To find out the corrosion rate resulted by weight reduction method with an inhibitor efficiency value of 69,9%. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the phase formed is pure Fe phase. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show the presence of lumps on steel surfaces of various sizes which are the product of corrosion. This is reinforced by the results of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) which shows that the increasing number of lumps on the steel surface leaves fewer Fe elements.

Analisis Laju Korosi Baja St37 dengan Inhibitor Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji dalam Medium Korosif HCl 3% pada Suhu 80°C dan 100°C

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of guava leaf extract as an inhibitor of St37 steel in 3% HCl corrosive medium. Weight reduction method is used to determine the value of the resulting corrosion rate. Soaking of St37 steel at 80 ° C and 100 ° C was carried out with variations in the addition of 0%, 4%, and 8% inhibitor concentrations. The results show the lowest corrosion rate is at a concentration of 8% at an immersion temperature of 80 ° C with an inhibitor efficiency value of 84.07%. Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) analysis results showed that tannin content was found in guava leaf extract. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the phase formed is pure Fe phase. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show the presence of lumps on steel surfaces of various sizes which are the product of corrosion. This is reinforced by the results of energy dispersive spectroscopy. (EDS) which shows that the increasing number of lumps on the steel surface leaves fewer Fe elements and more FeO corrosion products.

Prospects of use of vegetable raw materials in the technology of sour-milk dessert

Prospects for the use of vegetable raw materials in the technology of sour-milk desserts have been substantiated. According to the results of organoleptic and physicochemical parameters, a rational ratio of recipe components in the product has been established.
 The results of the organoleptic evaluation show that the introduction of sublimated fruits in an amount of less than 5 % does not give a pronounced taste and smell. And the introduction of dry whey protein concentrate in an amount of more than 6 % contributes to a heterogeneous consistency with the presence of lumps.
 It has been investigated, that with increasing the amount of sublimated fruits in the sour-milk dessert, the active acidity slowly decreased in the range of 4.8…5.4 pH units. Due to which the process of fermentation of the mixture is slow. The moisture holding index increased with the addition of sublimated fruits by an average of 4 %. The presence of a dry whey protein concentrate gives the products a delicate plastic consistency due to the high dispersion of whey protein micelles and the peculiarities of gelation.
 Therefore, it is recommended to add sublimated fruits to the sour-milk dessert not more than 7 %, dry whey protein concentrate not more than 6 %.
 The nutritional value of the sour-milk dessert in accordance with the most important components according to the daily requirement has been studied. The consumption of sour-milk dessert will ensure the content of easily digestible biologically complete milk protein within 5–8 g/100 g. The combination of the sour-milk base with raw fruits will provide potassium content by 166–267 g/100 g, magnesium content by 16–24 g/100 g, calcium by 135–180 g/100 g, sodium by 53–70 g/100 g

CYSTIC ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA PADA KUCING DOMESTIK

Cats have their own charms because of the shape of the body, eyes and the color of the fur are diverse with advantages. One of the diseases that can occur in the reproductive tract of cats is cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-pyometra complex). The purpose of writing the report of the results of the dependent case is to know the premedication and anesthesia used in ovariohysterectomy surgery and can perform the operation. Ovariohysterectomy surgery method resulting from the presence of lumps in the uterus.

The 800 pc long tidal tails of the Hyades star cluster

The tidal tails of stellar clusters provide an important tool for studying the birth conditions of the clusters and their evolution, coupling, and interaction with the Galactic potential. The Gaia satellite, with its high-quality astrometric data, opened this field of study, allowing us to observe large-scale tidal tails. Theoretical models of tidal-tail formation and evolution are available. However, the exact appearance of tidal features as seen in the Gaia catalogue has not yet been studied. Here we present the N-body evolution of a Hyades-like stellar cluster with backward-integrated initial conditions on a realistic 3D orbit in the Milky Way galaxy computed within the AMUSE framework. For the first time, we explore the effect of the initial cluster rotation and the presence of lumps in the Galactic potential on the formation and evolution of tidal tails. For all of our simulations we present Gaia observables and derived parameters in the convergent point (CP) diagram. We show that the tidal tails are not naturally clustered in any coordinate system and that they can span up to 40 km s−1 relative to the cluster centre in proper motions for a cluster age of 600–700 Myr. Models with initial rotation result in significant differences in the cluster mass loss and follow different angular momentum time evolution. Thus the orientation of the tidal tails relative to the motion vector of the cluster and the current cluster angular momentum constrain the initial rotation of the cluster. We highlight the use of the standard CP method in searches for co-moving groups and introduce a new compact CP (CCP) method that accounts for internal kinematics based on an assumed model. Using the CCP method, we are able to recover candidate members of the Hyades tidal tails in the Gaia Data Release 2 and early Data Release 3 (eDR3) reaching a total extent of almost 1 kpc. We confirm the previously noted asymmetry in the detected tidal tails. In the eDR3 data we recovered spatial overdensities in the leading and trailing tails that are kinematically consistent with being epicyclic overdensities and thus would present candidates for the first such detection in an open star cluster. We show that the epicyclic overdensities are able to provide constraints not only on the cluster properties, but also on the Galactic potential. Finally, based on N-body simulations, a close encounter with a massive Galactic lump can explain the observed asymmetry in the tidal tails of the Hyades.

Use of the Rumination Profile Through Collar Sensors for Mastitis Diagnosis in Dairy Cows

Background: Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, mostly associated with bacterial infections. It is responsible for great economic losses due to decreased milk yield, discarded milk, milk composition alterations and treatment costs, besides it impairs the animal health and welfare. The rumination time is an important behavioral marker and its assessment can be used as an early diagnosis tool, which can improve cure rate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of behavior monitoring system collars in the diagnosis of mastitis and the average rumination time (RT) of Holstein cows during the healthy period and affected by the disease.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on a commercial property located in the municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The RT data from 39 multiparous Holstein cows with an average milk yield of 38.4 L/day was collected. RT monitoring was performed using C-Tech1 collars combined with CowMed® software, which assess behavior data from the animals and emits warning signals when it finds abnormalities in any parameter. In order to verify whether the animals were determined correlated with diseases, the sensitivity of the data was evaluated, when the system had given the alert to animals considered ill, they underwent to a further clinical evaluation performed by a veterinarian to confirm the diagnosis. From the diagnosis, the cows were divided into subclinical mastitis (SM) and clinical mastitis (CM) groups. SM was detected by the Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) and cows that were graded 1 (++), 2 (++) or 3 (+++) without the presence of any other clinical sign were assigned to the SM group. CM was assessed by observation of abnormalities in milk such as changes in color and consistency, as well as the presence of lumps, clots or blood; and clinical examination of the udder was performed for detection of hot, hard, swollen or painful quarters. Thereafter, variations in the mean RT between the healthy (15 days) and sick periods (days when there was an alert) were evaluated. For the identification of the etiological agents involved in the cases of CM, microbiological cultures were performed on Accumast® plates with milk samples, which were incubated at a temperature of 37°C and the diagnosis of the pathogens were performed after16 h of incubation. During the study, 57 cases of mastitis were observed, 42 were SM and 15 were CM. The sensitivity of the system, which is the ability to detect positive cases of the disease, was 73.8% for SM and 73.3% for MC. The RT of the animals were compared individually during the healthy period with the sick period and it was observed that SM reduced the RT by 5.33% whereas MC reduced the RT by 14.9%.Discussion: The maximum RT values were lower during the disease period in relation to the period in which the animals were healthy, for both SM and CM, which is due to the fact that the disease is responsible for causing inappetence in animals, among other clinical signs, therefore, reducing feed consumption. The lowest variation in RT, between the healthy and sick period, was observed in cases of SM, which was already expected, since the clinical form tends to cause more discomfort to the animals. As for the main etiological agents involved in the clinical condition, Streptococcus agalactiae and S. uberis were detected. In view of the above, the evaluation of the mean RT of multiparous dairy cows was efficient in the predictive diagnosis of SM and CM up to 2 days before the onset of the disease. In addition, the variability of this result demonstrated that animals with subclinical cases presented less fluctuation in RT.

Laparoscopic management of appendicular lump

The surgical management of an appendicular lump remains controversial. With the revolution and advancement of laparoscopic instrumentation and technical learning curve, it is possible to remove an inflamed appendix in presence of lump. This retrospective study was performed between August 2018 and August 2019 in AIIMS Raipur, 86 patients were treated for appendicitis laparoscopically, in these 14 patients had appendicular lump at the time of admission. 12 patients (total 14; 2 patients were excluded) underwent laparoscopic intervention for appendicular lump. Average operative time were 90 minutes. Average post-operative hospital stay were 5 days. Post-operative complications were seen in 2 patients (surgical site infection). In histopathology report, appendicular inflammation suggestive of appendicitis were present in all operated cases. We conclude, early laparoscopic appendectomy confirms the diagnosis. It is safe and feasible in patients with appendicular lump. It reduces the treatment cost, early recovery and satisfactory overall outcome.

Abstract A023: Results from a town hall meeting: Inflammatory breast cancer listening session led by KOMEN scholars

Abstract Introduction: Cancer is the leading cause of death in North Carolina. While the incidence rate of breast cancer (BC) is higher in White women, African American and Latino women are more likely to die from BC than White women. Moreover, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of BC, and African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with IBC compared to whites, have poor BC outcomes, and generally are less likely to get life-saving information and resources to reduce cancer risks. Additionally, work is needed to improve diagnosis rates and decrease time to treatment for IBC patients. Translational research scientists do not get exposure to community engagement opportunities that can add to their knowledge of the research spectrum around a particular disease. Engaging new researchers in this arena can add to addressing cancer disparities research. Methods: An IBC listening session was conducted during the annual Women's Health Awareness Day conference sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and North Carolina Central University. The session was developed by KOMEN translational health disparities researchers as part of their enhanced community engagement training program. Scholars created the marketing plan and listening session guide for the program with guidance and training from staff experts. Scholars were note takers, facilitators, and created summary reports that highlighted guiding questions for the session, which included the following questions: 1)What do you know about BC? 2) Are you aware of different types of breast cancers? 3) Have you heard of IBC? 4) How aware do you think people in your community are about BC and IBC? 5) Where do you get your information about BC and IBC? 6) What are ways we should educate the community with getting information on how to become aware about the signs and symptoms of IBC? Results: There were 49 African American and Latina participants. Only 15 of 49 attendees had heard of IBC. Most women were aware of causes and symptoms of breast cancer; however, there was a lack of awareness around IBC. Those aware of IBC learned about it from their coworkers, doctors, or had family members die from the disease. Participants recommended more one-on-one education, patient self-advocacy sessions, making education and awareness available online, changing breast cancer communication to include IBC symptoms, and letting people know that you can have breast cancer without the presence of lumps. Conclusion: Poor awareness, communication, and education around inflammatory breast cancer risk factors were substantial. There is significant need to raise awareness in diverse communities about inflammatory breast cancer risks, screening guidelines, diagnosis, and treatment options. Community-engaged research lead by under-represented researcher scholars in training can add to the translational research training experience. Citation Format: Maria Dixion, Kearston L. Ingraham, Seronda A. Robinson, Jodie M. Fleming, Gayathri R. Devi, Holly Hough, Hamzah Kharabsheh, Dana M. Austin, Tia A. Tate, Artis Woodard, Joshua Alexander, Joan P. Packenham, Nadine J. Barrett, Kevin P. Williams. Results from a town hall meeting: Inflammatory breast cancer listening session led by KOMEN scholars [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A023.

Abstract D010: Developing an inflammatory breast cancer campaign: Results from focus groups led by Komen scholars

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths amongst women worldwide. In the United States, African American and Latino women are disproportionately burdened by the incidence and mortality of BC compared with Caucasian women. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of BC. African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with IBC and at earlier age compared to whites. IBC frequently lacks a breast lump and hence is difficult to detect. IBC is often diagnosed late at stage III or IV and has worse prognosis than non-IBC BC. Critically, awareness of IBC continues to lag education on other breast cancers. Lifesaving information and resources to reduce cancer risks are not widespread amongst minority populations. Community engagement is a valuable asset that enhances the traditional biomedical scientist’s knowledge in understanding the connection between biological and social factors affecting a particular disease, with the goal of addressing, and ultimately diminishing, BC health disparities. Methods: The purpose of the focus groups were to determine the best methods and messages for community outreach to raise awareness about IBC. To follow up on our initial listening session at the 4th Annual Women’s Health Awareness Day at NCCU, several focus groups were engaged, each with 10-12 participants from various gender, racial, and economic demographics, recruited from the Raleigh and Durham communities. Participants were provided informed consent forms and demographic surveys to complete. With guidance and training from the Komen mentoring team, trainees crafted a marketing plan and focus group session guide. Trainees served as session moderators and note-takers and developed summary reports which highlighted themes from the sessions which included the following topics: knowledge of IBC, best methods for sharing health information, types of messages to raise awareness and promote action, and perceived barriers to breast cancer screening. Results: Information gathered from the focus group sessions provides a unique perspective to strategize and develop marketing campaigns to bring awareness to the community and minority populations in the community. Many participants were unfamiliar with IBC, how it is diagnosed, and treatment options. To better raise awareness about IBC, participants recommended the use of various social media platforms, promoting more one-on-one education, patient self-advocacy sessions, and changing the perception of the presence of lumps as an indicator of BC. Conclusion: Cancer incidence and mortality overall are declining in all groups in the United States; however, minority groups continue to suffer with increased risk of developing or dying from BC. Furthermore, there is a significant need to raise awareness and understanding of IBC in diverse communities. Partnerships between the community and researchers will facilitate the development of relevant and accessible information about IBC. Citation Format: Portia L Andrews, Alanna Burwell, Maria S Dixon, Hamzah Kharabsheh, Dana M Gant, Tia A Tate, Hassan Shehata, Jodie M Fleming, Kearston L Ingraham, Seronda A Robinson, Nadine J Barrett, Kevin P Williams. Developing an inflammatory breast cancer campaign: Results from focus groups led by Komen scholars [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D010.

Ovicidal lectins from Moringa oleifera and Myracrodruon urundeuva cause alterations in chorionic surface and penetrate the embryos of Aedes aegypti eggs.

Lectins from Moringa oleifera seeds (WSMoL), Myracrodruon urundeuva bark (MuBL), and heartwood (MuHL) are larvicidal agents against Aedes aegypti; in addition, WSMoL is an ovicidal agent against this mosquito. In this work, we evaluated the ovicidal activity of MuBL and MuHL by determining the concentrations that reduce the hatching rates by 50% in 72 h (EC50 ). The effects of WSMoL, MuBL, and MuHL on the ultrastructure of the eggs' surface were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the ability of these lectins to penetrate the eggs was investigated by using conjugates of the lectins with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). MuBL and MuHL were ovicidal agents with EC50 of 0.26 and 0.80 mg/mL (260 and 800 ppm), respectively. SEM images of eggs treated with WSMoL for 24 h revealed discontinuity of the exochorionic network and the absence of the exochorionic cells and their tubercles. After 48 and 72 h of incubation, strong deformation and degeneration of egg surfaces were observed. In MuBL and MuHL-treated eggs, the presence of lumps on the surface of the eggs, disappearance of the exochorionic network and the decrease and deformation of tubercles were observed. Lastly, fluorescence microscopy revealed that the three lectins were able to enter the eggs and reach the digestive tract of the embryos. WSMoL, MuBL, and MuHL are ovicidal agents on A. aegypti that have differing efficiencies in terms of how they cause alterations in the chorionic surface and in terms of their ability to penetrate the eggs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

The distinctive character of lumpy limestones (Early Jurassic, Lusitanian Basin, W Portugal)

Ephemeral carbonate facies presenting restricted geographical and temporal occurrence hold the key to complete the knowledge of past environmental conditions. Far from representing environments widespread throughout the geological history, ephemeral lithofacies embody equally relevant but more unusual scenarios. This is the case of the lumpy limestones, a puzzling facies encased on a worldwide‐relevant stratigraphic section of the Portuguese Jurassic archive but still lacking a deeper understanding of the processes leading to their development. An extensive revision and update of the singularities of the lumpy limestones is presented, based on a systematic description of the lithic elements occurring in three sections. These represent different positions along the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) paleoplatform of the Lusitanian Basin (Western Portugal). The lumps were analysed regarding their abundance, distribution, appearance, and degree of sorting, based on field observation, macro‐ and microfacies inspection. Apart from shared stratigraphic trends, which highlight prevailing paleoenvironmental conditions during the Early Jurassic times, the main differences in spatial distribution across the Lusitanian Basin are also discussed, taking into account the specific paleogeographic setting of each studied locality. The presence of lumps but also absence is considered relevant, as for each case a specific paleoenvironmental context and/or syn‐ to post‐depositional processes can be assigned. A new lump classification scheme is brought forward, accounting for the high variety identified in lump architecture and aspect. A depositional model offering alternative paleoenvironmental scenarios is presented for the development of the variety of lump types identified, combining physical (mechanical) and biological processes involved in the occurrence and distribution of this facies. Depending on the presence/absence of lumps, lump type, abundance, and distribution, these scenarios include considerable fluctuations in oxygen availability and bottom current intensity, which affect deposition/accumulation, bioturbation, and related syn‐sedimentary conditions. Physical and mechanically dominated processes driven by sedimentary instability and/or heterogeneity are also introduced. A dynamic depositional framework is presented, clarifying the depositional to late‐diagenetic evolution accounting for the singularity of the lumpy limestone facies in the context of the Lower Jurassic in the western Iberia margin.

Bilateral Giant Fibroadenoma of The Breast: A Case Report

Background: fibroadenoma of the breast is one of the ANDI (Aberration of the Normal Development and Involution of the Breast) groups. Benign breast disorders are common in females younger than 30 years, but such masses are not common in juvenile or pre-menarche age groups. The exact pathological diagnosis can be investigated after surgery. For treatment, surgical procedures are needed to remove the lump. Case: a 30-year-old girl visited the outpatient clinic with psychological distress due to the presence of lumps in her both breasts. The lumps have been growing bigger and bigger in the last 3 years. On the physical examination both breasts are huge. FNAB showed the interpretation of atypical ductal hyperplasia and excisional biopsy examination confirmed the presence of bilateral giant fibroadenoma of breast. In this patient, the treatment was carried out in two-staged surgery due to her initial rejection to undergo total breast lumps and tissue removal. Several lumps still remained in the right breast which was indicated for the second surgery. The following surgery was done to remove all of the lumps and breast tissue with reduction breast surgery. Conclusion: conducting breast surgery on the young girl or un-married is not easy as many physical and psychology problems should be considered. Therefore, conducting breast surgery, in this case, should be performed wisely as the recurrence of the lumps was still possible.

Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude and Practice towards Breast Cancer Screening among Female in Abha City, 2017

Background: Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of Saudi women toward breast cancer preventive practices improve the possibility of reducing the percentage of deaths from breast cancer as well as its prevalence. Objectives: Evaluating the knowledge and attitude and practice (KAP) towards breast cancer screening among female in Abha city in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: A cross-sectional study was done and based on a questionnaire sheet conducted in Abha City during the period of September to November 2017 among421 educated Saudi women aged from 20-60 years old. Results: The female’s knowledge about the symptoms was restricted to pain in the breast and presence of lump either in the breast or under the armpit, but most of them underestimated the other signs of breast cancer including changing the position and pulling of the nipple, bleeding or discharge from the nipple, nipple rash and redness of the breast. Also, the most significant identified risk factors for breast cancer were family history (59.1%) followed by using hormonal replacement therapy (30.2%). Most of the subjects has negative attitude toward using mammography for screening while a positive attitude was shown toward seeking for medication. The KAP score was adequate among only 32.5% of the subjects toward breast cancer. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about breast cancer was insufficient among the included subjects and resulted in inappropriate attitude and practice pattern.The majority have never checked for breast cancer or either admitted to clinical examination of breast using mammography screening technique .

Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cow in Algeria: Effects of clinical mastitis

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of clinical mastitis at the beginning of lactation on reproductive performance of dairy cows in Algeria. Calving to first insemination and calving to conception intervals, number of insemination per conception and conception rate at the first artificial insemination were recorded for 432 cows from 16 dairy herds in Algeria. Cows were examined for clinical mastitis during milking by the personnel or the herd manager. A clinical mastitis case was recognized by the presence of modified milk (more watery, presence of lumps, abnormal odor) or by the presence of signs of inflammation in one or all quarters of the udder. Cows were classified according to the time of clinical mastitis occurrence in three groups: cows presenting clinical mastitis before the first artificial insemination (MG1; n = 62 dairy cows), cows presenting clinical mastitis between the first artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis (MG2; n = 54 dairy cows), and cows without any signs of clinical mastitis before or after the first insemination (Control - CG; n = 316 dairy cows). Calving to first artificial insemination and calving to conception intervals for cows with signs of clinical mastitis before the first artificial insemination (137.26 ± 7.36 days and 180.48 ± 7.25 days) and in cows with signs of clinical mastitis after the first artificial insemination (190.85 ± 9.23 and 202.51 ± 10.32 days) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the clinically healthy cows (111.01 ± 5.42 and 147.32 ± 8.44 days), respectively. The number of inseminations per conception in cows that exhibited clinical mastitis before the first artificial insemination (1.94 ± 0.85) and in cows with signs of clinical mastitis after the first artificial insemination (2.4 ± 0.94) was significantly higher compared to that of the control cows (1.61 ± 0.75) (p < 0.05). Conception rate at first artificial insemination in control cows was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than in cows that exhibit clinical mastitis before or after the first artificial insemination (61.39 compared to 38.71 and 33.33% for CG, MG1 and MG2, respectively). The negative effects of clinical mastitis were observed in both primiparous and multiparous cows. In conclusion, results of our study clearly indicate that, clinical mastitis decreases reproductive performance of dairy cows. Key words: Clinical mastitis, calving to first artificial insemination interval, calving to conception interval, reproduction, dairy cattle.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fat-free goat milk yogurt with added stabilizers and skim milk powder fortification

Goat milk yogurt has a less consistent coagulum compared with cow milk yogurt; furthermore, the presence of goat milk in foodstuffs imparts a characteristic flavor that can restrict its acceptance by consumers. This study aimed to assess and compare the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fat-free goat milk yogurts with added stabilizers or bovine skim milk powder to improve the final product. Four treatment additions were evaluated: (1) a mixture of 0.1% (wt/vol) carrageenan and 0.1% (wt/vol) pectin (treatment CR); (2) 0.5% (wt/vol) pectin (treatment PE); (3) 4.65% (wt/vol) bovine skim milk powder (treatment BM); and (4) control (no stabilizer; treatment CT). The physicochemical parameters were investigated at on d 1 and 5 of storage. The BM treatment presented higher pH and titratable acidity values, resulting in a buffering capacity effect. The total crude protein (CP) and solids-not-fat (SNF) contents were also higher in BM compared with the other evaluated treatments because of the addition of bovine skim milk powder. We detected a reduction in pH values for all treatments. Lower SNF contents were present in the CR and CT treatments, which might be related to a syneresis process during storage; moreover, an increase in total CP was observed for all treatments due to the proteolytic action of the starter culture. Sensory attributes, including appearance (color, consistency, and presence of lumps), texture (consistency, viscosity, and presence of lumps), flavor (bitter, sweet, and characteristic of commercial plain nonfat yogurt), and overall impression were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis. The addition of 0.5% (wt/vol) of pectin (PE treatment) strengthened the curd; however, the visual and oral presence of lumps and a higher bitterness score were noted by trained panelists, which resulted in the lowest overall impression score for the PE treatment. In several sensory attributes, the CR treatment was considered similar to the control; the mixture of 0.1% (wt/vol) carrageenan and 0.1% (wt/vol) pectin was not as effective as expected. Goat milk yogurt containing added bovine skim milk powder (BM) had improved consistency, viscosity, and flavor due to its higher SNF and total CP contents, which are particularly important for the desirable texture of plain nonfat yogurt. In addition, the BM yogurt was considered to have characteristics most similar to that of available commercial brands and achieved the best score for overall impression.