Presence Of Inclusion Complexes Research Articles

Ultrastructural and antimicrobial impacts of allyl isothiocyanate incorporated in cellulose, β‐cyclodextrin, and carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

AbstractAntimicrobial nanobio packaging with controlled‐release of active compounds is one of the most promising versions of active packaging. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AIT), complexed or not with β‐cyclodextrin (βCD), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in cellulose films against Salmonella choleraesuis and Listeria innocua was investigated. Structural changes caused by AIT in bacteria were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as changes in the surface of the films, which were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The active films inhibited the growth of both bacteria and caused damage to the cell membrane. The presence of inclusion complex and CNTs resulted in structural changes in films, such as the formation of lumps and reduction of roughness, respectively. Complexation of AIT with βCD and the use of CNTs increased the retention of the antimicrobial agent, which is desired to promote its controlled diffusion and consequently increase the preservative action of the film. However, when considering the use of βCD inclusion complexes, caution is necessary to prevent detrimental changes in the films' surface.

Gelatin-based mucoadhesive membranes containing inclusion complex of thymol/β-cyclodextrin for treatment of oral infections

Oral infections are associated with the appearance of systemic diseases. Among the natural products, commercially used in dental formulations is thymol (TM). However, this compound presents low stability. In order to overcome these limitations, the membranes were prepared using the solvent evaporation method and TM/β-cyclodextrin using the liofilization technique. The results showed that the presence of inclusion complex in the membranes causes considerable modifications in the physical-chemical, morphological, and mucoadhesive properties. In addition, the membranes presented antimicrobial activity. These data show that mucoadhesive membranes containing IC may be promising systems for TM delivery in the treatment of oral infections.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ATENOLOL-β-CYCLODEXTRIN ORALLY DISINTEGRATING TABLETS USING CO-PROCESS CROSPOVIDONE-SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE

Objective: The aim of this current research was to formulate and analyze the characteristics of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin which using co-process crospovidone-sodium starch glycolate as the disintegrants. Evaluation which has been conducted on orally disintegrating tablets consist of wetting time, water absorption ratio, in vitro dispersion time, and dissolution.Methods: Inclusion complex of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin which were prepared using solvent evaporation method, then formulated using co-processed crospovidone-sodium starch glycolate 1:1 (formula 1) and 1:2 (formula 2) into orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression technique. Orally disintegrating tablets of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin using a physical mixture of crospovidone-sodium starch glycolate 1:1 (formula 3), 1:2 (formula 4) was also prepared as a control. The prepared formulations (F1-F4) were evaluated by several parameters such as wetting time, water absorption ratio, in vitro dispersion time, and dissolution.Results: Orally disintegrating tablets of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin using co-processed crospovidone-sodium starch glycolate 1:1 (formula 1) showed shorter wetting time (53.53±2.26 seconds) and in vitro dispersion time (47.44±2.49 seconds) compare to the other formulas. Formula 1 also exhibited the highest dissolution efficiency compare to the formula which was used in the physical mixture. The results of this study also revealed that there was a high correlation between in vitro dispersion time and dissolution efficiency of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin orally disintegrating tablets.Conclusion: Orally disintegrating tablets of atenolol-β-cyclodextrin showed enhanced dissolution efficiency due to the presence of inclusion complex and co-processed crospovidone-sodium starch glycolate. Formula 1 was found to be the best formula in this study. This formula effectively reduces in vitro dispersion time, hence the dissolution efficiency became higher.

Cis-Dichlorodiamminoplatinum (II) glyconanoparticles by drug-induced ionic gelation technique targeted to prostate cancer: Preparation, optimization and in vitro characterization

BackgroundCancer stem cells (CSC) have been proposed as the reason of cancer relapse which are characterized mainly based on CD44+ phenotype with other supplementary markers. The aim of the present study is to fabricate cis-dichlorodiamminoplatinum (II) (CDDP) loaded glyconanoparticles using hyaluronic acid (HA) which is also known as the endogenous substrate for CD44 in vivo. MethodsFor this purpose, a drug-induced ionic gelation technique has been used to prepare CDDP-incorporated nanoparticles. To optimize the fabrication technique, stirring rate, stirring time, and HA/CDDP ratio have been selected as the main factors from other factors and subjected to face-centered central composite design for optimization purposes. The optimized nanoparticles were further characterized using different complementary methods including FTIR, SEM, AFM and DSC. To evaluate the biological effectiveness of CDDP nanoparticles release study, MTS assay, tumor cell clonogenicity and sphere formation assay have been performed as well. ResultsSpherical CDDP nanoparticles with Z-average approx. 150nm with low PdI were prepared by adjusting the selected variables. FTIR results indicated the presence of inclusion complexes between CDDP and HA which lead to preparing nanoparticles with high entrapment efficiency and drug content of 87.4 and 43.74 percentage respectively. In vitro release study showed a sustained release of CDDP up to 4 days, and cellular studies confirmed that nanoparticles formation keeps the anticancer activity of formulated CDDP while moderate increase in cancer stem cell suppression. ConclusionIt seems hyaluronic acid could be successfully exploited as carrier in cancer-targeted drug delivery with a look at targeting the CSCs.

The stability and dissolution properties of solid glucagon/γ-cyclodextrin powder

In the present study, the solid-state stability and the dissolution of glucagon/γ-cyclodextrin and glucagon/lactose powders were evaluated. Freeze-dried powders were stored at an increased temperature and/or humidity for up to 39 weeks. Pre-weighed samples were withdrawn at pre-determined intervals and analyzed with HPLC-UV (HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography, UV = ultraviolet), HPLC-ESI-MS (ESI-MS = electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), SEC (size-exclusion chromatography), turbidity measurements and solid-state FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Dissolution of glucagon was evaluated at pH 2.5, 5.0 and 7.0. In addition, before storage, proton rotating-frame relaxation experiments of solid glucagon/γ-cyclodextrin powder were conducted with CPMAS ( 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. In the solid state, glucagon was degraded via oxidation and aggregation and in the presence of lactose via the Maillard reaction. The solid-state stability of glucagon/γ-cyclodextrin powder was better than that of glucagon/lactose powder. In addition, γ-cyclodextrin improved the dissolution of glucagon at pH 5.0 and 7.0 and delayed the aggregation of glucagon after its dissolution at pH 2.5, 5.0 and 7.0. There was no marked difference between the proton rotating-frame relaxation times of pure glucagon and γ-cyclodextrin, and thus, the presence of inclusion complexes in the solid state could not be ascertained by CPMAS NMR. In conclusion, when compared to glucagon/lactose powder, glucagon/γ-cyclodextrin powder exhibited better solid-state stability and more favorable dissolution properties.

Preparation and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles in the Presence of Inclusion Complex of β-Cyclodextrin with Phenylsilane

Silver nanoparticles are prepared in an aqueous medium consisting of an inclusion complex beta-CD/PS, formed between beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and phenylsilane (PS). The PS acts as a reducing agent. beta-CD/PS complex stabilizes the Ag nanoparticles preventing agglomeration and provides a self-assembling environment for forming nanostructure around Ag nanoparticles. The TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy) data suggest the formation of hybrid composites in which large numbers of silver nanoparticles (< 20 nm) are dispersed. SAED patterns are consistent with that for fcc-typed silver. In the absence of the beta-CD/PS inclusion complex, most of the silver particles underwent macroscopic precipitation, which indicates that the beta-CD/PS inclusion complex is essential for stabilizing the silver nanoparticles.

Evidence for the Formation of Gas-Phase Inclusion Complexes with Cyclodextrins and Amino Acids

Experimental and theoretical evidence is provided that indicates the presence of inclusion complexes in the gas phase when cyclodextrin and amino acid mixtures are electrosprayed into a Fourier tra...