Presence Of Human Papillomavirus Research Articles

HPV Detection on Lung Interstitium Through Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in Patients from City Recife, Pernambuco-Brazil

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a non-invasive tool that allows direct sampling of the lung interstitium, facilitating cytological, microbiological, and molecular analyses. The Human Papillomavirus (HPV), known for its oncogenic role mainly in the genital regions, also can be found in the lungs, but its pathological implications remain poorly elucidated. This study aims to identify the presence of HPV-DNA in patients with suspected lung diseases through BAL. A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out involving 146 patients admitted to hospitals in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. To detect HPV DNA, 46 samples were processed using PCR technique with MY09/11 consensus primers, followed by Nested-PCR with GP5/6 primers. The presence of HPV-DNA was confirmed in 4 (8.69%) samples, all benign and suspected of interstitial diseases. These findings indicate the feasibility of detecting HPV in the lung interstitium by BAL using Nested-PCR and suggest a new perspective in understanding the presence of HPV in lung tissue. In addition, to corroborating the statement that HPV is not limited to tissue and malignant samples, offering a new methodological dimension to the HPV investigation on lung.

High-Risk HPV CISH Detection in Cervical Biopsies with Weak and/or Focal p16 Immunohistochemical Positivity.

In cervical biopsies, for diagnosis of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) related conditions, the immunohistochemical staining for p16 has a diagnostic value only if diffusely and strongly positive, pattern named "block-like". "Weak and/or focal (w/f) p16 expression" is commonly considered nonspecific. In our previous study, we demonstrated the presence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) DNA by LiPa method in biopsies showing w/f p16 positivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of hrHPV-DNA by CISH in the areas showing w/f p16 expression. We assessed the presence of hrHPV16, 18, 31, 33, 51 by CISH in a group of 20 cervical biopsies showing w/f p16 expression, some with increased Ki67, and in 10 cases of block-like expression, employed as control. The immunohistochemical p16 expression was also assessed by digital pathology. hrHPV-CISH nuclear positivity was encountered in 12/20 cases of w/f p16 expression (60%). Different patterns of nuclear positivity were identified, classified as punctate, diffuse and mixed, with different epithelial distributions. Our results, albeit in a limited casuistry, show the presence of HPV in an integrated status highlighted by CISH in w/f p16 positive cases. This could suggest the necessity of a careful follow-up of the patients with "weak" and/or "focal" immunohistochemical patterns of p16, mainly in cases of increased Ki67 cell proliferation index, supplemented with molecular biology examinations.

The prevalence of human papillomavirus in ocular surface squamous neoplasia in HIV positive and negative patients in a South African population.

To assess the prevalence and subtypes of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive and negative patients in South Africa. This study was a single center retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa. We assessed 63 histopathologically confirmed OSSN formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from 2015-2023. The presence of HPV was determined using the Hybrispot Direct Flow Chip Kit. Corresponding clinical data was retrieved from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) central data warehouse. Of the confirmed OSSN samples, 66.7% tested positive for HPV (95% confidence interval [CI] 54-77.3%). Of the 42 HPV positive samples, 38 (90.5%) had one or more known genotypes detected and 4 had unknown genotypes. The most prevalent subtypes were HPV 11, 16 and 18 (found in 61.9%, 52.4% and 33.3% of HPV positive samples respectively). 88.9% of the lesions biopsied were from HIV positive patients, of whom 56.4% had a CD4 + count of < 200 cells/µL. A lower median CD4 + count was detected among HIV positive patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma compared to those with moderate dysplasia (p < 0.0198). There is a high prevalence of HPV in OSSN in South Africa. Certain subtypes namely, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35 may be more carcinogenic. HIV with HPV co-infection may be linked as a causative factor in the development of OSSN.

Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women.

Background and Objectives: The investigation of oncogenic viruses and their potential association with breast cancer (BC) remains an intriguing area of study. The current work aims to assess evidence of three specific viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in BC samples and to explore their relationship with relevant clinicopathological variables. Materials and Methods: The analysis involved BC samples from 110 Jordanian female patients diagnosed with BC and breast tissue samples from 30 control patients with no evidence of breast malignancy, investigated using real-time PCR. The findings were then correlated with various clinico-pathological characteristics of BC. Results: HPV was detected in 27 (24.5%), CMV in 15 (13.6%), and EBV in 18 (16.4%) BC patients. None of the control samples was positive for HPV or CMV while EBV was detected in only one (3.3%) sample. While (HPV/EBV), (HPV/CMV), and (EBV/CMV) co-infections were reported in 1.8%, 2.7%, and 5.5%, respectively, coinfection with the three viruses (HPV/CMV/EBV) was not reported in our cohort. A statistically significant association was observed between HPV status and age (p = 0.047), and between clinical stage and CMV infection (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our findings indicate the presence or co-presence of HPV, CMV, and EBV in the BC subpopulation, suggesting a potential role in its development and/or progression. Further investigation is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that account for the exact role of oncoviruses in breast carcinogenesis.

HPV-Related Multiphenotypic Sinonasal Carcinoma: A Clinicoradiological Series of 3 Cases With Full Endoscopic Surgical Outcome.

Context: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma (HMSC), formerly known as HPV-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic like features, is a rare tumor subtype with unusual correlation between radiological, histopathological, and surgical findings. The shared histological characteristics with other sinonasal tumors make the diagnosis challenging. Optimal surgical and oncological treatments for this rare condition remains to be clearly defined. Methods: The objective of the study was to describe the unique characteristics and endoscopic surgical treatment of this rare tumor. In this retrospective case series, all patients with an HMSC diagnosis treated in our tertiary center were selected. Results: Three HMSC cases were identified, including 2 male and 1 female patients. All cases originated from the posterior nasal cavity. One case presented with a tumor of 8.9 cm × 6.4 cm × 8.7 cm, which is the largest tumor volume described to date. All patients received exclusively endoscopic surgical treatment, followed by adjuvant radiation therapy. No patient showed clinical or radiological sign of disease recurrence, or regional or distant metastasis, with a follow-up ranging from 9 months to 4 years. In 2 cases, initial diagnoses incorrectly suggested adenoid cystic or basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. HPV-DNA testing confirmed the presence of HPV in all cases, with identification of strains 16 and 18. Conclusion and Relevance: HMSC represents a newly identified diagnosis that constitutes a significant challenge for both clinicians and pathologists. It is crucial to acknowledge its indolent clinical course and the apparent contradiction between aggressive radiological features and the noninvasive nature of surgical findings. Skull base surgeons should be aware that, despite these complexities, endoscopic treatment is achievable in the majority of cases. This understanding is essential for the effective management of HMSC.

Abstract LB137: Comparison of HPV virus-induced oropharyngeal cancer by self-reported race and the potential implications on treatment

Abstract African Americans exhibit lower survival rates from Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-induced squamous cell carcinomas in comparison to other population groups. While socioeconomic status and access to healthcare may contribute to these disparities, mounting evidence indicates that significant biological differences between diverse ancestries play a role in the severity of different cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and squamous cell carcinomas. The purpose of the study is to investigate diagnostic and biological differences in HPV-induced squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx by self-reported race. The study population consists of oropharynx cases identified at the University of Michigan (non-Hispanic White) and through the Louisiana Tumor Registry (African American). A total of 52 individuals from two study sites were included in this study, 40 of whom are men, two are women and 10 are unknown. Forty-four percent (23/52) of individuals were African Americans (AA), and 46 % (19/52) were Non-Hispanic White (NHW). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors from these patients were tested for p16 expression via immunohistochemistry as a proxy for HPV status. Fifty-two percent (27/52) tested negative (p16-) and 48% (25/52) tested positive (p16+). Total RNA from these samples was extracted, sequenced, and bioinformatically analyzed to test for the presence of HPV. Among AA samples, 61% were negative for both p16 and HPV RNA (p16-/RNA-), 26% were p16+/RNA-, 13% were p16+/RNA+ and none were p16-/RNA+. Among NHWs, 37% were p16-/RNA-, 16% were p16-/RNA+, 47% were p16+/RNA+ and none were p16+/RNA-. Interestingly, 6 of 20 HPV RNA- AA samples were p16+, whereas 0 of 7 HPV RNA- NHW samples were p16+. We performed data dimensionality reduction using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) implemented in the PCAtools Bioconductor package. Four groups were separated in a plot of the first two PCs, comprising, (i) all p16+/RNA+ (18/18), (ii) dominantly p16-/RNA- (6/7), (iii) p16-/RNA- mixed with p16+/RNA-, and (iv) p16-/RNA+ in the middle of all the groups and mixing with some p16+/RNA+ samples. A total of 13/17 (76%) p16-/RNA- samples in group (iii) that were mixed with p16+/RNA- samples were AA, 3 (18%) were NHW and 1 was unknown. Based on clinical data, the PCA group (iii) consisted of samples that were characterized as invasive, keratinizing, and moderately differentiated, whereas group (ii) samples were mostly clinically characterized as nonkeratinizing. A total of 13/14 AA samples that tested p16-/RNA- possessed similar clinical attributes as samples classified as p16+/RNA-, suggesting that the p16 expression via immunohistochemistry test might be classifying a significant percent of HPV-negative AA samples as positive. Taken together, these results suggest that the p16 immunohistochemistry test for oropharyngeal cancer may be overly sensitive for classifying AA oropharynx cancer samples. Clinical decisions regarding treatment for AA based on this test have the potential to negatively impact outcomes. Citation Format: Batsirai M. Mabvakure, Shiting Li, Deborah de la Caridad Delgado Herrera, William Benjamin, Lucia Martinez Cruz, Siddhi Patil, Elham Mohebbi, Gregory T. Wolf, Anju Duttargi, Christina Lefante, Mei-Chin Hsieh, Nisha J. D'Silva, Maureen Sartor, Laura Rozek. Comparison of HPV virus-induced oropharyngeal cancer by self-reported race and the potential implications on treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr LB137.

High rate of high-risk human papillomavirus among benign and breast cancer patients in Ethiopia.

There have been numerous studies that showed the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in breast cancer; nonetheless, there is ongoing debate regarding their association. Given few studies in Ethiopia, we aimed to investigate the magnitude of HPV infection in Ethiopian breast cancer patients. A total of 120 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were obtained, and basic demographic, clinical, and histological data were collected from medical records. DNA was extracted from archived FFPE breast tissue specimens using GeneRead DNA FFPE Kit. The AnyplexTM II HPV28 Detection Kit (Seegene, Korea) was used to detect HPV by following the manufacturer's instructions. The SPSS Version 25 was used to enter and analyze data. Among the 120 study participants; HPV (both high-risk and low-risk) was detected in 20.6% of breast cancer and 29.6% of non-malignant breast tumors. The most common genotype was the high-risk HPV 16 genotype. The frequency of HPV was nearly 10-fold higher in estrogen receptor-positive than ER-negative breast cancer. The percentage of HPV in the luminal (luminal A and luminal B) breast cancer subtypes was also much higher than in the non-luminal subtypes (HER-2 enriched and triple-negative breast cancer). This study did not find a significant difference in HPV expression between breast cancer and non-malignant breast tumors; however, the higher percentage of HPV in ER-positive compared to ER-negative breast cancer warrants further attention.

Sitologi Berbasis Konvensional dibandingkan dengan Cairan sebagai Skrining Kanker Servik : Sebuah Sistematik Review

Worldwide, there are 2.784 million women aged 15 years and over who are at risk of cervical cancer, and about 527,624 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer in women worldwide, and is the second most common cancer in women between the ages of 15 and 44. Cervical cancer can have devastating effects with very high costs, socially, and economically, affecting women in their productive years. Screening with routine cytology, using Papanicolaou (Pap) staining, has a major impact on the incidence of cervical cancer in many countries. In developed countries, but not in any developing country although its use is widespread. The use of conventional cytology as the primary test method has been replaced by the use of liquid-based cytology in many countries that have organized cervical cancer screening programs, such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Denmark. The main advantages of using liquid-based cytology instead of primary conventional cytology are that it facilitates reflex testing (i.e., residual material can be tested for the presence of human papilloma virus if borderline/slightly dicariotic smears are present) and reduces the number of slides of unsatisfactory quality. This literature review study aims to further examine how conventional cytology compares to liquid-based cytology as a method used in conducting cervical cancer screening. The journal in this review literature uses 3 databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct using the keywords "liquid based cytology", "conventional cytology" and "cervical cancer screening". Literature searches are adjusted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search results were obtained by 10 international journals. Results show that both conventional and liquid-based cytology are effective methods for cervical cancer screening. Although liquid-based cytology may have some advantages over conventional cytology, both methods have proven effective for detecting cervical pathologies.Worldwide, there are 2.784 million women aged 15 years and over who are at risk of cervical cancer, and about 527,624 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer in women worldwide, and is the second most common cancer in women between the ages of 15 and 44. Cervical cancer can have devastating effects with very high costs, socially, and economically, affecting women in their productive years. Screening with routine cytology, using Papanicolaou (Pap) staining, has a major impact on the incidence of cervical cancer in many countries. In developed countries, but not in any developing country although its use is widespread. The use of conventional cytology as the primary test method has been replaced by the use of liquid-based cytology in many countries that have organized cervical cancer screening programs, such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Denmark. The main advantages of using liquid-based cytology instead of primary conventional cytology are that it facilitates reflex testing (i.e., residual material can be tested for the presence of human papilloma virus if borderline/slightly dicariotic smears are present) and reduces the number of slides of unsatisfactory quality. This literature review study aims to further examine how conventional cytology compares to liquid-based cytology as a method used in conducting cervical cancer screening. The journal in this review literature uses 3 databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct using the keywords "liquid based cytology", "conventional cytology" and "cervical cancer screening". Literature searches are adjusted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search results were obtained by 10 international journals. Results show that both conventional and liquid-based cytology are effective methods for cervical cancer screening. Although liquid-based cytology may have some advantages over conventional cytology, both methods have proven effective for detecting cervical pathologies.

Human papillomavirus Detection Rates in Bowen's Disease: Correlation with Pelvic and Digital Region Involvement and Specific p53 Immunostaining Patterns.

The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and Bowen's disease (BD) is not fully understood. To investigate the differences in HPV detection rates in BD samples across various body regions and analyze the expression patterns of p53, p16, and Ki-67 in relation to HPV presence. Tissue samples from patients diagnosed with BD, confirmed through histopathology, were retrospectively collected. Next-generation sequencing was used for HPV DNA detection. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16, p53, and Ki-67 was performed. Out of 109 patients with BD, 21 (19.3%) were HPV-positive. All identified types were α-HPVs, with HPV-16 being the most common. The HPV detection rate was significantly higher in the pelvic (69.2%, P<0.001) and digital (50.0%, P=0.022) areas compared to those in the other regions. HPV presence was significantly correlated with p53 negativity (P=0.002), the p53 "non-overexpression" IHC pattern (P<0.001), and p53-p16 immunostain pattern discordance (P<0.001). Conversely, there was no notable association between HPV presence and p16 positivity, the p16 IHC pattern, or Ki-67 expression. Our findings suggest the oncogenic role of sexually transmitted and genito-digitally transmitted α-HPVs in pathogenesis of BD in the pelvic and digital regions.

Strengthening the relationship between intractable plantar keratosis and human papillomavirus.

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with intractable plantar keratosis (IPK) by comparing the histopathological findings of biopsies. A prospective, observational, and concordance study was carried out. Three different specimens were taken from each IPK. A first punch was sent for histopathological examination, and a second punch and a superficial skin scraping were both sent for HPVpolymerase chain reaction (PCR)and type determination. A total of 51 patients were included. From the histopathological examination, it was determined that 35 (68.6%) samples were diagnosed as warts and 16 (31.3%) as keratosis. However, the presence of HPV was confirmed by PCR in 49 (96.1%) and in 42 (82.4%) samples obtained by punch and superficial scraping, respectively. In the 49 PCR-positive samples, the most common HPV types were HPV1, HPV2, HPV27, HPV57, and HPV65, accounting for 81.6% of the samples.In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HPV infection and IPK lesions are very closely related. Although we cannot confirm that HPV is the cause of the development of IPK, the high prevalence of HPV observed in these lesions calls for a change to the procedures for managing IPK.

Human Papilloma Virus Infection in Iranian Women with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers and health problems in women under the age of 40. Objectives: This systematic study investigates the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in Iranian women with BC by searching various international and Iranian databases using standardized keywords. Methods: The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select 22 articles with a total of 2445 BC samples for data extraction and analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The results show that 21.10% of BC samples were HPV positive with Khuzestan, Shahrekord, Mashhad, and Karaj having the highest number of HPV-positive cases among women with BC. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used method for detecting HPV in the studies. The distribution of BC samples was highest in Karaj, Tehran, and Golestan. Conclusions: This study provides valuable information about the prevalence of HPV in Iranian women with BC and the geographical distribution of positive cases.

Multiplex Immunofluorescence Captures Progressive Immune Exhaustion with Advancing Penile Squamous Cell Cancer Stage.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare and deadly malignancy. Therapeutic advances have been stifled by a poor understanding of disease biology. Specifically, the immune microenvironment is an underexplored component in PSCC and the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors observed in a subset of patients suggests immune escape may play an important role in tumorigenesis. Herein, we explored for the first time the immune microenvironment of 57 men with PSCC and how it varies with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and across tumor stages using multiplex immunofluorescence of key immune cell markers. We observed an increase in the density of immune effector cells in node-negative tumors and a progressive rise in inhibitory immune players such as type 2 macrophages and upregulation of the PD-L1 checkpoint in men with N1 and N2-3 disease. There were no differences in immune cell densities with HPV status.

Evaluation of HPV infection and presence of licensed HPV vaccine genotypes among genital warts in Foshan, China.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and presence of licensed HPV vaccine genotypes among patients with genital warts in Foshan, China from 2015 to 2022, to provide useful references for the detection, prevention and control of genital warts in Foshan. The present study retrospectively analyzed the HPV detection rates in patients with genital warts. A total of 1,625 patients were seen at the Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong Province, China, from 2015 to 2022. Samples were collected from various lesions and genotyped for 21 genotypes of HPV by infusion hybridization. The classification principle of HPV genotypes in this study: (1) Based on the relationship between HPV and carcinogenicity; (2) Based on the number of HPV genotypes infected; (3) Based on the HPV genotypes of licensed HPV vaccines. The detection rate of any HPV in patients with genital warts was 80.37% (1,306/1,625). The detection rates of HPV for low-risk infection, co-infection and high-risk infection were 49.48% (804/1,625), 24.92% (405/1,625) and 5.97% (97/1,625), respectively. Single infection was the predominant type (51.94%, 844/1625). HPV-6 and HPV-11 were the predominant types of single infection; HPV-6 and HPV-52 were the predominant types of paired combinations of multiple infection. 82.22% (1,336/1,625) of the cases had an age distribution of ≤ 24, 25-34, and 35-44. The distribution of some HPV genotypes had age specificity, annual specificity and gender specificity. The genotype detection rates of 2v, 4v and 9v showed a decreasing trend with ages (all P < 0.05). The genotype detection rates of 4v and 9v showed a decreasing trend over the 8-year period (both P < 0.05). The genotype detection rates of 4v and 9v in the male group were higher than those in the female group (both P < 0.05). The genotype detection rate of 9v was significantly higher than that of 2v and 4v in the female group (both P < 0.05). Our study demonstrated that low-risk infection and single infection were the main types of HPV infection in patients with genital warts, mainly among young patients. Our study provides epidemiological data for the detection, prevention and control of genital warts in China.

Pap smear test: Knowledge, Attitude and practice among the female nursing and paramedical staffs of Maternity and Child Hospital, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Background: A Pap smear test is a microscopic examination of uterine cervix which can detect the precancerous changes in the cervix (cervical dysplasia). Presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and presence of precancerous changes in the cervical cells confirms the diagnosis. So early detection of HPV (causative factor) and precancerous changes in the cervix (cervical dysplasia) can help in early treatment of cervical cancer and complete cure. Being asymptomatic at presentation it is important to screen all the women at risk of getting cervical cancer for early diagnosis and its secondary prevention. Knowledge is one of the important determinants predicting health behaviors and an effective factor in performing screening methods in the population. However, acquiring knowledge only is not adequate and success of a prevention programme depends on the positive preventive attitude and correct practice of the population. The present study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the healthcare workers at MCH hospital, Al Ahsa Saudi Arabia towards the Pap smear screening test. Results: A total of 217 out of 258 staffs responded the online questionnaires making the response rate of 85%. The mean age of the participants was 32. 83 ± 7. 20 Std. Dev. (Range 21-61 years). Majority of the participants (N= 180, 82. 9%) were married. Seventy percent of the participants (N=152) were staff nurse. Sixty four percent of the participants were graduate (N=139). The mean knowledge of the participants was 6. 31 ± 3. 24 Std. Dev. (Range: 2 -10). More than fifty percent of the participant (N=109) did not have good knowledge about Pap smear test. The mean of positive attitude score was 3. 56 ±1. 19 Std. Dev. (Range: 00-5). Fifty eight percent of the participant (N=128) had positive attitude towards Pap smear test. The mean of practice score was 2. 21 ±1. 00 Std. Dev. (Range: 00 – 4). Sixty eight percent of the participants (N=191) did not have good practice towards Pap smear test. The attitude of staff nurses was significantly positive (p=0. 024) than those of other medical staffs. The practice of the nursing staffs towards the Pap smear test was significantly negative (P=0. 000) than those of other medical staff. There were no significant difference in the knowledge, attitude and practice score between different age groups and marital status of the participants. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge and attitude among the paramedical and nursing staffs of Maternity and Child Hospital towards Pap smear screening test. However good knowledge and attitude did not translate into good practice in most of them especially among the nursing staffs. The rate of uptake for Pap smear test was low. The major reason for low uptake of Pap smear screening among the respondents include, no recommendation by any doctors, embarrassment, lack of knowledge about the Pap smear, lack of time and fear of the test result.

Prognostic value of HPV-PCR, p16 and p53 immunohistochemical status on local recurrence rate and survival in patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the association between human papilloma virus (HPV) and p53 expression and local recurrence (LR), disease specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) in patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Secondary, the accuracy of p16 immunohistochemistry for HPV status was assessed. The tumor tissue of 255 patients, surgically treated for primary unifocal VSCC between 2000 and 2010, was analyzed. HPV-PCR and P16 and p53 immunohistochemical stainings were performed. All histologic slides were independently reviewed by two expert gyneco-pathologists. Time to first LR, DSS, and OS for the variables p16, p53, and HPV-PCR were compared using univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analyses. In 211/255 (83.5%) patients, HPV-PCR was negative. The local recurrence rate was significantly lower in patients positive with HPV-PCR (10-year LR rate 24.6%) versus negative tumors (47.5%), p = 0.004. After multivariable analyses, this difference remained significant (HR 0.23 (95% CI 0.08-0.62) p = 0.004). There was no difference in LR rate correlated to the p53 expression. DSS and OS did not significantly differ after multivariable analyses for all different subgroups. Sensitivity and specificity of p16 staining for presence of HPV detected by HPV-PCR were 86.4% and 93.8%, respectively. In conclusion, patients with HPV-negative VSCCs have significantly more LR compared to patients with HPV-positive VSCCs, and p16 immunohistochemistry is a reliable surrogate marker for HPV status. No relevant subgroup for LR or survival based on HPV/p53 status could be identified. We advise to perform an HPV-PCR or p16 IHC staining in all patients with VSCC.

High-risk human papillomavirus infection prevalence in non-malignant tonsillar tissue: A single-center cross-sectional study

Background/Aim: The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in non-malignant tonsils can vary according to geographical location, age group, and risk factors. Some studies have found a relatively low prevalence of HPV, while other studies have found higher rates in non-malignant tonsils. The presence of HPV in non-malignant tonsils may be associated with precursor lesions that have the potential to develop into cancer. The aim of the current study was to detect the prevalence of HPV and p16 (one of the HPV types) in non-malignant tonsils and determine the existence of HPV in tonsil tissue using molecular and histological techniques. Methods: One hundred-three samples from non-malignant tonsils and one sample from squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsils were analyzed for the prevalence of HPV using molecular and histological methods. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect HPV in the tissue samples. Results: HPV was not found in any tissue specimens based on histopathological and p16 immunohistochemical evaluations. HPV was not detected in all tissue samples using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Conclusions: In our study of one hundred and four patients, HPV and p16 were not genetically detected in the tonsils that underwent surgery for reasons other than cancer. Hence, more comprehensive studies can contribute to evaluating the relationship between benign tonsil tissue and HPV infection, potentially leading to improved diagnostic and preventative measures.

Prevalence of Candida albicans in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Positive Women: A Study in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant public health concern due to its association with the development of cervical cancer. Although inflammation caused by Candida spp. has been shown to facilitate oncogenesis, the interactions between HPV and Candida spp. remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV infection HR-HPV-positiveCandida albicans in HR-HPV-positive individuals in Diyarbakır province in Turkey. Cervical samples were taken from 350 participants aged 20-69 years who applied to Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic. For detection of HPV presence and HR-HPV genotyping, PCR/direct cycle sequencing was used. E6/E7 mRNA expression of HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, and -45 was determined by type-specific real-time NASBA assay (NucliSENS EasyQ(®)HPV v1.1). The presence of Candida albicans in cervical specimens of HR-HPV-positive women was investigated by RAPD-PCR and culture methods. Results. Of the 350 women who participated in the study, 24% were HPV positive and 10.5% were found to be HR-HPV positive. HR-HPV positivity was most frequently detected in the age range of 40-49 years. Among HR-HPV-positive women, C. albicans was found in 59.4%. Conclusion. The most frequent HR-HPV genotype was HPV16, followed by HPV31. Of women who tested positive for HR-HPV, C. albicans was discovered in 59.4%. C. albicans infection may occur when the immune system is weakened or the balance of the vaginal flora is disturbed, increasing tissue damage in the vaginal area and the risk of carcinogenesis of HR-HPV. Therefore, knowing the presence of Candida infection in HR-HPV-positive women is essential to plan the treatment and prevent the risk of secondary disease.

Evaluation of Human Papillomavirus in the Semen of Infertile Men and Its Relationship with Semen Quality

Background: The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in infertile men is significantly higher than that in the general population. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether the presence of HPV in semen samples is related to reduced semen quality. Objectives: The present article aims to elucidate the possible association between HPV infection and semen parameters in Iranian infertile men. Methods: This cross-sectional study included semen samples from 140 infertile Iranian male partners of couples seeking fertility assessment. Standard semen analysis was performed. Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), sperm chromatin maturation, anti-sperm antibodies, leukocyte count, fructose concentration, and zinc concentration were also assessed. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and INNO-LiPA were used to identify HPV DNA sequences in semen samples and to determine HPV genotype, respectively. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare sperm parameters between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. Results: Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 18 (12.85%) out of 140 semen samples (10% high-risk genotypes, 2.14% low-risk genotypes, and one sample was excluded). Our findings revealed that HPV18 was the most prevalent type (8.57%). According to our results, the presence of HPV DNA in semen samples was associated with higher semen anti-sperm antibodies (P = 0.001), higher white blood cell (WBC) counts (P = 0.02), and increased DFI values (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Human papillomavirus -positive patients had higher semen anti-sperm antibodies, semen WBC counts, and sperm DFI values. These results highlight the importance of careful screening for the presence of HPV in semen samples from infertile men. It should also be noted that more studies are required.

Prevalence of human papilloma virus and Chlamydia trachomatis in endometrial and cervical carcinoma: a comparative study in North Indian women

Cervical cancer (Cacx) is the second and endometrial cancer (Ec) is the third most common gynecological cancer worldwide. The present study aims to understand the complex and unexplored conditions occurring in cervix and endometrium of the female genital tract caused due to the infection of the human papilloma viruses (HPVs) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). A total of 300 tissue biopsy samples of cervix and endometrium were included in the present study and tested for the presence of HPV and CT deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were considered for the calculation of the association of HPV and CT infection with the risk of cervical or Ec. Among endometrial patients, samples were 5% positive for HPV and 5% positive for CT infection. Among endometrial control group, no sample was found positive for either HPV or CT infection. Among cervical patients, 72% samples were positive for only HPV infection and 1% samples were positive for only CT infection. Among control group, 7% of samples were positive for only HPV infection and 3% were positive for only CT infection. The co-infection of CT with HPV in 9% of Cacx cases and in 2% of cervical control samples was also observed. This is the first study in Indian women to detect the prevalence of HPV and CT infections in endometrium cases and control. An updated estimate regarding the HPV and CT prevalence in cervix cases and control samples was also provided.

Role of extracellular vesicle in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is a gynecological malignant tumor and a serious threat to women's health. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the occurrence of cervical cancer are known to be closely related, the underlying carcinogenic mechanism of HPV is not fully understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are found in a variety of body fluids and play an important role in both intercellular communication and cancer progression. Furthermore, the presence of EVs makes liquid biopsy of cervical cancer possible. The study of EVs in cervical cancer can provide clinical ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The purpose of this article is to summarizes the role of EV contents in HPV-associated cervical cancer and discusses the possible clinical application of EVs in cervical cancer treatment. The search terms included the following: HPV with cervical cancer and extracellular vesicles. The initial literature search ended on March 1, 2023. In HPV-positive cervical cancer, EV contents are changed due to the presence of HPV. HPV-positive cervical cancer affects the cell microenvironment and other surrounding cells through the secretion of EVs.