Presence Of Heat Research Articles

Effective Use of Euphorbia milii DCM Root Extract Encapsulated by Thermosensitive Immunoliposomes for Targeted Drug Delivery in Prostate Cancer Cells

The delivery of anticancer drugs using nanotechnology is a promising approach aimed at improving the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Liposomes were prepared using HSPC: DSPE–PEG–2000: DSPE–PEG2000–maleimide in the ratio of 4:1:0.2 and conjugated with a PSA antibody. Euphorbia milii extract (EME), doxorubicin (Dox), and docetaxel (Doc) encapsulated in temperature–sensitive immunoliposomes were investigated for their activities against the prostate cancer LNCap and DU145 cell lines. Organic extracts of EME leaves, roots, and stems were screened against both cell lines, inhibiting more than 50% of cell culture at concentrations of 10 μg/mL. The immunoliposomes incorporating the EME and docetaxel were active against the LNCap cells when exposed to heat at 39–40 °C. The liposomes not exposed to heat were inactive against the LNCap cells. The developed heat-sensitive immunoliposomes used for the delivery of both the EME and chemotherapeutic agents was able to successfully release the entrapped contents upon heat exposure above the phase transition temperature of the liposome membrane. The heat-sensitive immunoliposomes conjugated with a PSA antibody encapsulated the extract successfully and showed better cell antiproliferation efficacy against the prostate cancer cell lines in the presence of heat.

Thermal performance of a hybrid nanofluid flow through a stretchable stationary disk featuring the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux theory

A hybrid nanofluid is comprised of a (Ethylene glycol) base fluid component and (Copper and Aluminium oxide) nanoparticles, and the nanoparticles are scattered inside the Ethylene glycol. Integrating nanoparticles into a base fluid (Ethylene glycol) can significantly enhance its thermal conductivity, which in turn can boost the base fluid's rate of heat transfer. In addition, the dynamics of viscous fluid together with nanoparticles is quite interesting and has a large of applications in the industrial sector. The current predominately predictive modeling investigates the flow of the hybrid nanofluid via a stretchable stationary disk in the presence of heat source/sink. A progressive modification in he energy equation is done by utilizing the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux expressions. This theory provides predictions for the features of the thermal relaxation time of the liquid on the boundary layer flow. Further, the study focuses on the features of the Lorentz force resulting from the applied of a magnetic field perpendicular to the disk. The similarity approach is used to obtained the dimensionless ordinary differential equations.The bvp4c approach in Matlab is utilized as a numerical method for the solution. All the solutions are obtained through graphical form. According to the results, the thermal profile is reduced by adjusting the thermal relaxation time parameter. Motion of the hybrid nanofluid slows down by enlarging the magnetic force parameter. Additionally, the effect of the heat source significantly increases the thermal profile. It is noted that the temperature field is enhanced in the case of a larger Lorentz force. Moreover, the increase in volume fraction concentration intensifies the thermal distribution, but the velocity is diminished due to the effect of viscosity.

Study of Variation in Physiochemical Properties of a Worm Gearbox Lubricant by Blending Castor Oil in the Base Lubricant

In both industrial & heavy-duty applications, oil analysis can be a very effective strategy for preventing gearbox failure, cutting downtime, and managing maintenance costs. In any application, gearboxes are essential to production, the unplanned downtime and the resulting productivity losses can prove to be extremely expensive. Used oil analysis is a preventative maintenance procedure that can point out and pinpoint mechanical breakdown inside the system before it gets serious or becomes too expensive to fix. A thorough oil examination can identify wear, corrosion, and other changes that could be harmful to the health and durability of the machinery. To reduce machine wear, prevent contamination, or optimize working conditions in challenging environments, lubricants are carefully formulated by mixing additives in the base oil. A lubricant with a high acid content can cause varnish and sludge to accumulate, which can clog oil filters and cause machine parts to corrode. When a lubricant degrades, acidic byproducts are produced because of the base stock and additives' process of decomposition in the presence of heat and air. To assess the presence of acidic constituents in the oil or its acid concentration, Total Acid Number (TAN) oil testing is employed. The present work studies the effects on Total Acid Number (TAN) and Total Base Number (TBN) properties of commercial lubricant (EP 90) when castor oil is mixed in percentage concentration in it. The findings of this research have unveiled that the acidic characteristics of the base lubricant (EP90 commercial gear oil) increases as the percentage of castor oil additive is increased in the base lubricant oil.

Integration of SCAPS-1D and density functional theory for the performance evaluation of RbGeI3-based perovskite solar cell

The instability of organic-inorganic perovskites in the presence of heat, light, or moisture coupled with the presence of carcinogenic lead (Pb) motivated researchers to look for alternatives in the form of Pb-free all-inorganic perovskite materials as potential absorbers for designing stable and efficient solar cells. In this study, SCAPS-1D is utilized to study the photovoltaic performance of all-inorganic Pb-free RbGeI3-based planar n-i-p perovskite solar cell (PSC). The optoelectronic characteristics of RbGeI3 are obtained using WIEN2K within the density functional theory framework. Twenty-five different combinations of RbGeI3-based device architectures with different ETLs and HTLs are explored out of which the best PSC architecture is chosen for further analysis. We show that the device structure FTO/TiO2/RbGeI3/PTAA/Au exhibited a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.03 %, a high fill factor (FF) of 79.85 %, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.88 V, and a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 33.83 mA/cm2. Enhanced optimized performance characteristic is obtained through the variation of the defect density, bandgap, and thickness of the RbGeI3 layer. This paper proposes a new way of studying the photovoltaic characteristics of lead-free perovskite absorbers.

Rheological study of water-based Cu nanofluid between two corrugated curved walls under constant pressure gradient

Nanofluids have captured the attention of scientists due to their superior thermophysical properties compared to ordinary liquids. Consequently, nanofluids serve as suitable cooling agents applicable to systems requiring swift response to thermal changes, such as vehicle engines. Therefore, the current article scrutinizes the characteristics of heat transfer on the pressure-driven flow of magnetized nanofluid between two curved corrugated surfaces in the presence of heat generation/absorption. Copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu) have been combined with pure water to form a nanofluid called Cu/H2O. The geometry of the channel is represented mathematically in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The corrugation grooves are described by sinusoidal functions with phase differences between the corrugated curved walls. The boundary perturbation method is used to find the analytical solution for the velocity field, temperature field, and volumetric flow rate taking the corrugation amplitude as the perturbation parameter. The impact of dissimilar parameters such as the curvature parameter (0.5≤k≤10), wave number (1≤α≤3), magnetic parameter (1≤M≤5), and wave amplitude (0.1≤ε≤0.8) on the flow fields are analyzed through graphs and discussed in detail. The results show that the peak of the velocity increases with the radius of curvature and the width of the channel for a constant pressure gradient. If we increase the magnetic parameter from 1 to 4, the velocity profile at the specified point decreases by 30 %. If we increase the heat source/sink parameter from 2 to 5, the temperature profile at the specified point increases by approximately 17 %. The flow rate is increased by the corrugations for any phase difference between the corrugated curved walls depending on the corrugation wavenumber and the channel radius of curvature.

Decomposition Mechanism of Lithium Methyl Carbonate with Electrolyte in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase to Elucidate the Early Stages of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries

With the growing demand for electric vehicles, the safety of lithium-ion batteries has been greatly emphasized. Thermal runaway caused by the continuous side reactions inside the battery makes it difficult to extinguish fires caused by abnormal activity. The temperature at which a typical thermal runaway begins is around 100°C, the temperature at which several elements in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface experience thermal decomposition reactions (causing gas generation and heat production). Therefore, to understand the first stage of thermal runaway and increase battery safety, it is necessary to describe the thermal decomposition process of the SEI layer.To investigate the thermal decomposition process of the SEI layer, it is necessary to understand the various organic components. During the initial charging phase, the reduction reaction between the lithium ions and the electrolyte produces a series of components that make up the SEI layer. On the surface of the anode active material, the SEI layer is a thin layer with an overall thickness of 10-50 nm. It is composed of various organic (inner layer) and inorganic (outer layer) elements. Under thermal stress, the unstable organic SEI layer decomposes into an inorganic SEI layer due to its low stability in the presence of heat and gas generation, which is mostly caused by the decomposition of lithium carbonate (ROCOOLi). It is important to note that the most used electrolytes in batteries today are ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) dissolved in salts based on lithium hexafluorophosphate. Due to the application of EMC, lithium methyl carbonate (LMC) accounts for more than 50% of the SEI layer in the ROCOOLi compounds.This study used both theoretical and experimental techniques to fully elucidate the pyrolysis process of high-purity synthesized LMC with the electrolyte. First, LMC was chemically synthesized using a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Then, in-situ thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)-mass spectrometer(MS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR)- fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results along with bond dissociation energy (BDE)/spectral analysis/energy diagrams obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations were analyzed to propose the elementary reaction steps involved in the pyrolysis reaction. We propose six elementary reaction steps for the pyrolysis reaction of LMC. To verify the validity of the proposed basic reaction mechanisms, chain reactions involving radicals generated during pyrolysis were finally calculated using GRI-MECH 3.0, and the calculated results were compared with the composition of the actual gas. We hope to utilize the techniques used in this study to obtain the reaction steps of additional SEI components (LEMC, Li2CO3, etc.). The precise mechanisms obtained through modeling studies can be used to predict the self-heating phase of thermal runaway and to develop materials that can stop the SEI decomposition reaction.

Semi-analytical solution of MHD free convective flow of a nanofluid over an exponentially stretching porous sheet in the presence of heat source/sink

In this study, the magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of electrically conducting nanofluid over an exponentially stretching porous sheet is investigated. By introducing similarity variables, the non-linear set of partial differential governing equations, are transformed into a system of ordinary nonlinear differential equations. The equations are solved semi-analytically by the Optimal Collocation Method (OCM) which is a powerful method to solve equations containing infinite boundary conditions. The accuracy of the OCM results is examined by the Richardson method. The effects of the different physical parameters such as magnetic field strength, nanofluid volume fraction, suction strength, and the heat sink/source value are discussed on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the problem. The obtained results show that the velocity and temperature of nanofluid increase with the increase in volume fraction. Also, when suction increases, the thickness of the boundary layers decreases. As the strength of the magnetic field (Hartmann) increases, the temperature slightly increases but the flow rate of the nanofluid decreases. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number increase when the values of suction parameters, volume fraction, magnetic field, and the field angle increase.

Computer simulation of a nonlinear wave model of transport phenomena in media with non-local effects

The main contribution of the presented article is that sufficient assumptions have been established for the modified Witham equation describing nonlinear wave propagation for transport phenomena in physicochemical systems. It is shown that when deriving Witham-type equations, the presence of spatial nonlocality of the medium can play a fundamental role. The article also discusses the issues of physical interpretation of the model under study. The principal presence of non-local effects in the studied systems can be justified and obtained as a result of the presence of domains with a complexly organized spatial structure, as well as the presence of heat and mass sources. Computer modeling was carried out and the results were obtained using the Java programming language.

Assessing passive thermosyphon solar water heater as low-cost, sustainable water disinfection technology: Leveraging the Germicidal effect of copper and thermal convection loops

This study investigated the passive thermosyphon solar water heater (TSWH) as a domestic size point-of-use water disinfection treatment system for inactivating bacteria by utilizing both the germicidal properties of copper in heat exchanger and the heat generated in thermal convection loops. Additionally, life cycle analysis and manufacturing cost analysis were conducted to reveal its environmental and economic benefits. Initially, the germicidal capacity of copper tube against E. coli and total coliform in rapidly flowing polluted water was tested in laboratory settings with contact times ranging from 1.5 to 94 min. Without any additional heat, the copper tubes achieved 99.9% (log 3.01) removal of E. coli, and 99.24% (log 2.12) removal of total coliform after 94 min of contact. In the presence of heat (50–80 ºC), complete removal of the bacteria was achieved after only 1.5 mins of contact time at 50ºC. A domestic-sized passive TSWH with a copper tube heat exchanger was evaluated for disinfecting 20 L/day of microbiologically polluted tap water and synthetic groundwater in a field study. The average contact time of polluted water in copper tube heat exchanger was 5.58±1.2 min in the morning (with an outlet water temperature of 87.3 ºC), and 11.83±1.41 min in the afternoon (with an outlet water temperature of 78±5.1 ºC). These contact times and temperatures, achieved throughout the year, were sufficient to meet the required minimum for complete bacterial removal in the synthetic groundwater. Importantly, the system achieved complete inactivation of pathogens at pasteurization temperatures below 75 ºC, relying solely on the combined effect of copper and thermal convection loops, without pumps or electricity. Compared to an active TSWH using circulating pumps and controls, the passive system generated 62.2% less green house gas, had 55.5% lower cumulative energy demand and cost 323.3 $ compared to 544.64 $. Highlighting significant economic and environmental benefits, the passive TSWH offers a promising solution for disinfecting water in low-income areas with limited access to safe water.

Heat And Mass Transfer on Flow Past an Accelerated Plate Through Porous Medium with Variable Temperature and Mass Diffusion in Presence of Heat Source/Sink

Heat And Mass Transfer on Flow Past an Accelerated Plate Through Porous Medium with Variable Temperature and Mass Diffusion in Presence of Heat Source/Sink

Effects of second order chemical reaction on MHD forced convection Cu, Ag, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles of Jeffrey Nanofluid over a moving plate in a porous medium in the presence of heat source/sink

Effects of second order chemical reaction on MHD forced convection Cu, Ag, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles of Jeffrey Nanofluid over a moving plate in a porous medium in the presence of heat source/sink

Intensifying the particle deposition from a colloidal solution for the purpose of liquid purification: Comparison of deposition mechanisms and rates

The deposition of particles from a layer of colloidal solution (water and microparticles) has been experimentally studied in the presence of laser heating. Instantaneous temperature and velocity fields are measured using a thermal imager and the Particle Image Velocimetry and the Particle Tracking Velocimetry methods. The unstable behavior of the velocity field in the presence of heating and a free liquid surface are assumed to be determined by the Bond number (Bo). Of interest is also an additional mechanism for the instability formation when the Peclet number (Pe) exceeds the critical value and when the ratio of characteristic velocities VT/Vavr > 1, where VT is the heat front velocity at the initial moment of laser heating, and Vavr is the average convection velocity. A new mechanism of particle deposition due to the use of local laser heating is proposed for the first time. The control over local heating and local deposition increases the particle deposition rate by 2–3 orders compared with that without convection. The particle deposition rate and the deposit area increase with increasing height of the liquid layer, reach maximum values at a critical height, and then decrease sharply with increasing height. The dependence for determining the area and mass of the deposit is proposed to take into account the deposition time, the height of the liquid layer and the rate of convection. The resulting particle deposition method and calculation method may be used in technologies related to the purification of liquid from solid impurities in small volumes, as well as in problems where deposition in a given direction is required to form an ordered nanocoating.

Hydromagnetic flow of radiating and chemically reacting Williamson fluid in stretching cylindrical surface through porous medium in the presence of heat source/sink

Hydromagnetic flow of radiating and chemically reacting Williamson fluid in stretching cylindrical surface through porous medium in the presence of heat source/sink

A wax chalk and self-heating paper-based analytical device (SH-PAD) for the detection of bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic xenoestrogen widely present in the environment, known for its toxicity, endocrine-disrupting nature, carcinogenicity, and mutagenic effects on living organisms. The detection of BPA is essential as it infiltrates the human body through food, water, dust and dermal contact. Conventional methods currently in use are inadequate for on-the-spot detection. Consequently, there is a pressing need to build an all-in-one device that can be quickly fabricated using readily available and cost-effective off-the-shelf materials for the detection of BPA. Firstly, we have leveraged wax chalk for fabricating hydrophobic barriers on paper, which offers a hydrophilic channel resolution of 1.64 mm ± 0.05 mm and also the ability to confine major aqueous solvents without leakage. The fabricated device was used to detect BPA using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate (in the presence of heat). Secondly, we have developed a self-heating paper-based analytical device (SH-PAD) using masking tape, lamination paper and Whatman filter paper. This cost-effective approach (0.017$) is based on an exothermic reaction caused by sodium hydroxide and a small quantity of aluminium in the paper layers and can retain heat adequately for more than 5 minutes, addressing the challenge of external heat sources and enabling effective and rapid colorimetric detection of BPA using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. Both methods can detect up to 2 μg mL-1 in spiked water samples. This developed method's user-friendliness and cost-effectiveness make it a promising candidate for point-of-care diagnostics or detection, providing testing capabilities in areas with limited resources.

Fabrication of a System to Convert Waste Plastic into Fuel

The widespread use of plastics in numerous industries over the worldwide has expanded its output throughout time. The constant demand for plastics resulted in the piling of its garbage in landfills, which occupied a lot of space and contributed to the environmental disaster. Plastics consumption increased, resulting in the depletion of petroleum products which is a non-renewable fossil energy source, as plastics were petroleum-based materials. As a result, pyrolysis is offered as a tertiary recycling method. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in the absence of oxygen at high temperatures (or an inert atmosphere). In the presence of heat, it is a chemical reaction process that includes the molecular breakdown of bigger molecules into smaller ones. Plastic trash pyrolysis might play an essential role in transforming this solid waste with high thermal energy into power and commercially expensive hydrocarbons that can be utilised as fuels or feed stock in the petrochemical sector. The composition of the plastic waste influences the end product yields and attributes. This work has unleashed the possibilities to obtain the fuel from the waste plastics, utilising the renewable resources with the temperature range of about 180-220 °C was achieved with our pyrolysis reactor. The fuel with different compositions of plastics were obtained through the pyrolysis method under the absence of the oxygen in a closely monitored environment obtaining a combustible fuel and later on, the fuel properties were tested and analysed with various trial and error methods.

Power-Law Nanofluid Magnetohydrodynamics Combined Convection in the Presence of Heat Absorption/Generation: A Lattice Boltzmann Analysis to Compute Thermal Performance Index

Endeavors to improve the performance of thermal systems have always been of great noticed due to their extremely high importance in industrial and engineering applications. For this intention, in the existing simulation, several effective strategies have been evaluated to determine the amount of heat transfer and entropy formation caused by the combined convection of non-Newtonian nanofluid with particles Brownian motion. Based on the findings via LBM simulation, it has been observed that changing the position and speed direction on the chamber wall helps to control the flow characteristics, and thus significantly changes the thermal performance of the system. The least effect of the magnetic field in reducing the value of the Nusselt number in all the positions of applying the speed belongs to the state where the wall direction is aligned with the force of gravity. In the case where the middle part of the vertical wall has speed, the formed flow power inside the chamber is 29% and 45% higher than when the first third and the last third of the wall have speed. The presence of a strong magnetic field leads to the reduction of convection effects, which is more evident for moving up the vertical wall. When the middle part of the wall has speed, if the magnetic field is applied to the middle part of the chamber to the highest value, the reduction of the average Nusselt number is about 35% and 39% more than the case when the magnetic field is applied to the first third and the last third of chamber. To have a higher average Nusselt number value, reducing the fluid power-law index and enhancing the Reynolds number value are effective strategies. To control the effects of the magnetic field, it is very effective to reduce the shear force on the chamber wall and expose the fluid flow to the heat absorption/production phenomenon. By reducing the value of fluid power-law index, the effect of magnetic field and heat absorption/production becomes more evident. In Re=200, the reduction of the thermal performance index for enhancing the Hartmann number value to the highest value is about 39% for n = 0.45, while this effect is about 31% and 24% for n = 0.7 and n = 0.95, respectively. By exposing the current to heat production, the effect of the magnetic field is reported to be about 55% higher than in other cases. Although heat production enhances the amount of Be value by about 66% compared to the heat absorption mode, it leads to an increase in the thermal performance index. The highest value of the system thermal performance index (0.82) can be achieved by upward moving the middle part of the chamber wall in the absence of magnetic field for heat absorption mode at the lowest power-law index and the highest Reynolds number value.

High-efficiency photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and molecular docking study to treat the omicron variant of COVID-19 infection using biosynthesized ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposites

In this study, ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite (NC) was synthesized using a green synthesis method with Mentha pulegium leaf extract. Characterization techniques such as UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD were employed to confirm the formation of ZnO@Fe3O4 NC and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the breakdown of NC in the presence of heat. XRD analysis showed a crystallite size of about 25.59 nm and SEM images of ZnO@Fe3O4 NC revealed spherical-shaped agglomerated particles. The optical bandgap energy of the ZnO@Fe3O4 NC was estimated to be 2.51 eV for direct bandgap and 1.57 eV for allowable indirect bandgap. Photocatalytic activity of the ZnO@Fe3O4 NC was evaluated for the degradation of Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, and Metronidazole antibiotics under sunlight irradiation, showing degradation efficiencies of 71%, 69%, and 99%, respectively, suggesting the potential of ZnO@Fe3O4 NC for removal of antibiotics from waterways. First-principles theory was employed to establish the adsorption energy (Ead) of the antibiotic species, including Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, and Metronidazole, on the surface of ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite, which was found to be −8.064, −8.791, and −21.385 eV, respectively, indicating strong adsorption. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted to upgrade Fe3O4 nanoparticles to ZnO@Fe3O4 NC to enhance composite efficiency. Leveraging the FDA-approved use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their known antiviral activity, our docking experiment demonstrated promising results in the interaction between ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite and the spike protein receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 S Omicron. These findings suggest that ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite could potentially inhibit virus attachment to host cell receptors more stably, providing a promising avenue for further exploration in developing effective medications against SARS-CoV-2.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa SWUC02 Cell-Free Culture as a Potential Antimicrobial Agent Against Household Antibiotics-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Contamination of household environments with pathogenic bacteria poses a significant risk of foodborne illnesses. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cell-free culture obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa SWUC02 (CF-SWUC02) against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with food poisoning outbreaks. The antagonistic activity of P. aeruginosa SWUC02 and CF-SWUC02 against various pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus, was assessed. The active antimicrobial compounds produced by P. aeruginosa SWUC02 demonstrated resistance to protease enzymes and high temperatures. Optimal culture conditions for inhibiting S. aureus were determined as LB media supplemented with 0.01% CuCl2, inoculated with 1x105 CFU.mL-1 of P. aeruginosa SWUC02, and incubated at 32°C with agitation (100 rpm) for 12 days. Eighty-six S. aureus isolates were collected from household environments and tested for antibiotic resistance, with 55 isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, and 17 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). CF-SWUC02 demonstrated inhibitory effects against all S. aureus isolates, including MRSA. In conclusion, CF-SWUC02 displayed antagonistic activity against drug resistant S. aureus, suggesting its potential as a valuable resource for combating these pathogens. Furthermore, the presence of heat and protease stable antimicrobial compounds in CF-SWUC02 highlights the need for further investigation to explore their potential applications in the field of antimicrobial research.

Computational investigation of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in fluid with transport mechanisms: A finite element simulations approach

There are numerous applications in engineering and industry for homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions in fluid regimes under the influence of nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles. This article models homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions in the flow of polymer liquid (glycerin) containing Cu-Al2O3 in the presence of heat and mass transfer. The finite element method is used to quantitatively solve these models. A 76% increase in wall shear stress for the case of simultaneous dispersion of Cu and Al2O3 in comparison of only dispersion of Cu is noticed. Similarly, 44% increase in wall heat flux in noticed due to dispersion Cu and Al2O3 in comparison of dispersion of Cu only. The vortex parameter is responsible for a significant increase in the macro-motion of the fluid particles. Macro-motion gets more influence of micro motion than the influence of micro-motion on the macro-motion of Cu-Al2O3- polymer. To control momentum boundary layer thickness, reduce the diameter of the circular pipe. Magnetic force has the opposite direction of flow. Therefore, fluid motion is a decreasing function of magnetic field intensity. Further, the Lorentz force (magnetic force) for the case of Cu-Al2O3 - polymer is stronger than that for the case of Cu- polymer. Additionally, it can be seen that Cu-Al2O3- polymer experiences more Joule heating than Cu- polymer does. The micromotion is compromised when the curvature parameter is increased. As a result, convective transport slows down and the temperature of Cu- polymer and Cu-Al2O3 - polymers decreases. The result, the rate of conversion of electrical energy into heat speeds up intensity of magnetic field increase as and therefore, fluid temperature increases.

Circular plastics technologies: depolymerization of polymers into parent monomers

Abstract While most commodity plastics were not designed to easily depolymerize, some common plastics can be broken down into their parent monomers in the presence of heat, pressure, catalysts, and/or solvent. Here, we provide a high-level overview of the depolymerization technologies that have been studied and/or scaled as promising monomer-loop recycling processes for selective plastic waste streams. Namely, commodity plastics that are considered unzippable/depolymerizable include polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, polymethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene. Monomer-loop recycling technologies are one of several pathways toward a circular economy for plastics.