Presence Of Groundwater Research Articles

Influence of Hydraulic Distribution Pattern on the Rock Slope Stability under Block Toppling Failure

In this paper, an analytical model for the stability analysis of rock slope subjected to block toppling pertaining to different hydraulic forms has been developed. In the traditional analytical model, ground water pressure is considered to be varied hydrostatically. To better reflect the physical situation, three different hydraulics forms have been considered in developing a stability model for a rock slope susceptible to block toppling. It is well known fact that presence of ground water causes the instability in a rock slope. The present study observes that hydraulic distribution forms also significantly influence the stability of the rock slope. Ground water pressure markedly increases the toppling forces on the blocks and reduces the normal and shear force at the base of block along failure plane, thereby causing instability. The increase in toppling force and reduction in the factor of safety on the blocks are more prominent when the flow slit is blocked, indicating a condition of permanent or seasonal frozen strata. The study highlights that adopting the traditional hydraulic form to analyse block toppling stability, considering presence of ground water would not be suitable for all field conditions. This necessitates the selection of an appropriate hydraulic distribution form based on the encountered field conditions.

DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE DON DELTA IN THE LACK OF WATER CONDITIONS

Lack of water and regulation of the Don river runoff led to an irreversible transformation of natural hydrological and hydrochemical processes. At the end of 2022, despite of the shortage of river water, the region began laying a water pipeline to the Donbass, with a capacity of up to 300,000 cubic meters of water per day. Are there enough reserves of water resources for ever-increasing economic needs, throughout the year? The work is based on a targeted study of the chemical composition of water under different regimes and sea levels on the Taganrog coast of the Don Bay and Delta. The experiment covers the period from December 2, 2022 to January 30, 2023, and separate measurements, for comparison, on February 21; 30.03; 17.04.2023. Summary, three types of ionic composition were distinguished, which characterizes the Svinoe arm of the Don delta. Marine - with dominance (more than 80%) of summary amount of sodium and potassium ions, chlorides and salinity up to 7–9 g/L. The Don waters correspond to low mineralization (less than 2 g/l), an increased proportion of Na+ + K+ (50–60%), a close amount of SO\(_{4}^{{2 - }}\) and HCO\(_{3}^{ - }\) (30–40% each). Since 2018, the presence of ground waters has been regularly recorded when the level decreases. There are brackish waters with a salt content of more than 5 g/L. They typically have a high content of sodium and potassium (more than 60%) and sulfate ions (60–80%). Monitoring shows, that the shortage of fresh drinking water will increase, and as its withdrawal increases, it will accelerate in time. It will be replaced (up to 5–7‰) with mineralized ground and Black Sea water. In what proportions will be pumped (redistributed by seasons) weakly brackish (2–4 g/L) and brackish (4–8 g/L) water into water pipelines remains to be explored.

Identification of Groundwater Using Geoelectrical Method VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) in Karimunjawa City, Central Java

Efforts to reduce the clean water crisis do research in Karimunjawa. Research in Karimunjawa at UTM coordinates 437524.656 m Easting and 9351066.022 m Northing aim to describe the location groundwater, distribution of brackish water and freshwater conditions so that could make as a consideration in making well drill or the usual later could reduce clean water crisis. Research in Karimunjawa uses the geoelectric resistivity method of the Schlumberger configuration. Schlumberger configuration was used to get focused data by vertical to know groundwater's presence and the layer's amount. The results were obtained in this study using the Schlumberger configuration. The first track, the groundwater aquifer, was found at KJ-08 to KJ-15, with a depth from the surface of 66.7 m with a distance of less than 1050 m. The second track of the groundwater aquifer was only found at a depth not enough from 10 m with a distance of less than 903 m. The third track of the groundwater aquifer was only found at less depth than 10 m with a distance of less than 563 m. In the fourth track, the groundwater aquifer was found at KJ-09 to KJ-12 with a depth from the surface to a depth of 66.7 m with a distance of less than 494 m.

An Applied Study for the Restoration and Conservation of a Museum-Stored Colored Stone Coffin lid from the Late Period

The colored stone coffin lids are exposed to many different deterioration factors, whether in the burial or exposure environment. In the burial environment, these colored coffin lids are subjected to the pressure of soil sediments, which leads to their being crushed into parts, especially since the case study is made of limestone. In the soil, caused by the presence of ground water, which leads to the crystallization of salts and the growth of microorganisms. Also, false excavation of these colored stone coffins lids and their transfer from equilibrium in the burial environment to the exposure environment leads to exposing to other pressures and may lead to irreversible damage and loss of color, as the temperature difference in the exposure environment and burial environment will lead to fissures and cracks as well. Crystallization of salts in the case of high temperature, as well as the difference in relative humidity levels, will lead to the dissolution of the color-bonding material and the dissolution of the air pollution gases, which leads to the formation of acids that interact with the material of these stone coffins lids to form water-soluble compounds, which leads in the end to the loss and deterioration of them. The selected object of study is a colored stone coffin lid no. 1939, broken into several parts of limestone (about 13 parts), dated to the Late Period and saved in Atifyah museum store – Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities- Giza – Egypt, samples were taken from limestone, red and black pigments and examined by optical microscope, polarizing microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) also analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The restoration processes are summarized in cleaning, consolidation, assembling and loss- compensation for the selected colored stone coffin lid.

Analysis of velocity groundwater in unconfines aquifer zone using infiltration measurement

The presence of ground water is strongly influenced by the presence of recharge zones. Changes in land use can affect the availability of ground water due to changes in the rate of groundwater flow into the ground. One of the causes of flooding and inundation, this occurs because the reduction in the catchment area is accompanied by a decrease in the infiltration rate coupled with an uneven distribution of rainfall throughout the year, thus triggering inundation problems. In this study by analyzing the value of groundwater flow velocity in the free aquifer zone. The study area has various hydraulic conductivity values with values ranging from 0.69 cm / minute to 0.02 cm / minute. The very high category is in the southern part of the research area with an area of 150 Ha, the high category is in the West, East, South and North research area with an area of 21,355 Ha, and the rather high category is in the northern part with an area of 740 Ha. The study area has various infiltration velocity values ranging from 0.22 cm / minute to 1.41 cm / minute. The fast category is in the South and North parts of the research area with an area of 17,355 Ha, the rather fast category is in the North and West parts of the research area with an area of 4152 Ha. Potential groundwater catchment areas are limited by areas consisting of breccia’s, pasufufaan, or clay tuffs, fast infiltration rates - rather fast, and high hydraulic conductivity - very high. The main groundwater catchment potential zone has an area of 10,417.63 Ha, while the additional groundwater catchment potential zone has an area of 11,673.24 Ha.

Studies on Uranium Hydrogeochemistry in Kamalavathi River Basin, Gulbarga and Yadgir Districts, Karnataka

Uranium is a radioactive element and its presence in ground water, used for human consumption, forms a serious societal issue. The present study, deals with the occurrence and geochemistry of uranium in the aquifers underlying parts of Gulbarga and Yadigir districts of Karnataka State. The study area is confined to Kamalavathi river basin, where groundwater is the major source for domestic use. High uranium (>30 ppb) is found in the north eastern part of the study area. The present study deals with the geochemistry of uranium in ground water of Kamalavathi river basin. The data was subjected to statistical analysis to understand the inter relationship between various elements. The 2D and 3D maps of groundwater flow directions and uranium concentrations were used to understand the variation of uranium concentration along the groundwater flow. Detailed uranium geochemistry and Eh-pH diagrams were used to understand the lithological controls on occurrence of uranium in groundwater.

Assessment of the Performance of Stone Columns through the Seismic Wave Test: A Review

The geophysical testing is increasingly being employed in many geotechnical applications. It is preferred in monitoring the mechanical characteristics of the ground because of its economy, not time consuming and non-destructive nature. Seismic wave test is one of the geophysical methods which showed a potential in observing the general behaviour of the reinforced soil with stone columns. Findings in most cases showed that the seismic wave measurements was integrated with or compared to the conventional tests such as standard penetration test or cone penetration test. There was a noticeable success in identifying the enhancement achieved to the ground upon the strengthening with the column, specifically when the associated surveys can produce a clear image of the underground which interprets the variation in the soil properties not prior to the soil treatment only, but even after the treatment occurring. However, from practical point of view, there were still some restrictions with applying such a method, specifically relating to the extent of data gathered, technical concerns and the difficulty of measuring the waves or interpreting results with the presence of ground water. This paper summarizes the recent publication work concerning this technique with a key focus on advantages and limitations within this type of ground improvement.

The use of open-source electronic platforms to monitor the efficiency of Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems (BTES) in porous materials by means of lab scale modeling

In the framework of heating and cooling of buildings, the underground can be used as thermal energy storage to smooth the difference between production and demand. The heat transfer performances vary significantly depending on the type of soil where the plant is set up, but also with the water content and the presenceof groundwater flow. A lab scale modelling aimed at the simulation of thermal energy storage behaviour in porous materials was begun by Giordano et al. (2013) in order to better design the field scale living lab set up in Torino (Giordano et al., 2016). In this work, an implementation of the laboratory device is proposed with a monitoring system made of a low-cost open-source electronic platform based on Arduino®. With respect to the previous version, the heat sources have been eplaced with small scale borehole heat exchangers fed by a heating bath circulator equipped with in/out temperature sensors and flow rate control. Temperature and moisture monitoring within the medium has been improved with new and more accurate sensors. In addition, load sensors have been set up below the box to monitor the moisture migration induced during the heat injection. All the sensorsare read by Arduino® boards and shields thanks to on purpose scripts and the data are monitored by a lab PC.

Assessment of liquefaction potential of the Erzincan, Eastern Turkey

This study includes determination of liquefaction potential in Erzincan city center. Erzincan Province is situated within first-degree earthquake zone on earthquake map of Turkey. In this context, the earthquake scenarios were produced using the empirical expressions. Liquefaction potential for different earthquake magnitudes (6.0, 6.5, 7.0) were determined. Liquefaction potential was investigated using Standard Penetration Test (SPT). Liquefaction potential analyses are determined in two steps: geotechnical investigations and calculations. In the first steps, boreholes were drilled to obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples and SPT values were obtained. Laboratory tests were made to identify geotechnical properties of soil samples. In the second step, liquefaction potential analyses were examined using two methods, namely Seed and Idriss (1971), Iwasaki et al. (1981). The liquefaction potential broadly classified into three categories, namely non-liquefiable, marginally liquefiable and liquefiable regions. Additionally, the liquefaction potential index classified into four categories, namely non-liquefiable, low, high and very high liquefiable regions. In order to liquefaction analysis complete within a short time, MATLAB program were prepared. Following the analyses, liquefaction potential index is investigated by Iwasaki et al. (1982) methods. At the final stage of this study, liquefaction potential maps and liquefaction potential index maps of the all study area by using IDW (inverse distance weighted) interpolation method in Geostatistical Analyst Module of ArcGIS 10.0 Software were prepared for different earthquake magnitudes and different depths. The results of soil liquefaction potential were evaluated in ArcGIS to map the distributions of drillings with liquefaction potential. The maps showed that there is a spatial variability in the results obtained which made it difficult to clearly separate between regional areas of high or low potential to liquefy. However, this study indicates that the presence of ground water and sandy-silty soils increases the liquefaction potential with the seismic features of the region.

The Development of Geo-Information System for Finding Potential Zones of Water using Environmental Parameters and Engineering

Problem statement: Water is a major natural resource for all the livi ng beings in the world. People's lives and livelihood depends on water. Mos t of the human beings in this world use ground water for drinking purpose. The reason behind that is the ground water is pollution less or less polluted when compared with the surface water. The need for clean water increases continually with the world population growth. People in different ar eas in this world are lack of fresh drinkable water which is important for their survival. Maintaining secure water supplies for drinking, industry and agriculture is not possible without ground water. S o it is necessary to explore the potential ground w ater area to dig a well for the utilization of ground wa ter. Approach: In this study, we have used some parameters to identify the level of water in a part icular area. Then, the ground water identification system is designed with the help of Histogram Equalization , Neural Network and PCA. The collected data is given as input to data normalization and the featur e is computed for every data using PCA. The presence of ground water in particular location is identifie d using the trained neural network. Results: Finally, the experimentation is carried out using the synthetic data to show the performance of the ground water identification system. Conclusion: The potential zones of ground water can be identifi ed if the specified parameters of the particular location can be given as input to the neural network.

Water flow and salt transport in cracking clay soils of the Imperial Valley, California

The principles of irrigation and drainage in cracking soils differ markedly from non-cracking soils, and are not thoroughly understood. This paper presents a conceptual model to simulate water and salt flows in cracking soils of the Imperial Valley, CA, in the presence of ground water that contributes partially to ET demand of crops. A salt reactivity function is introduced in the model to account for mineral precipitation (salt deposition) and mineral dissolution (salt pick up). The conceptual water flow model assumes that surface irrigation water moves into the cracks, infiltrates horizontally to wet the soil profile and a fraction bypasses below the root zone into the shallow ground water and is retained for later crop extraction via upflow. Then, water drains vertically through the soil profile step by step, and root water extractions are calculated. When ET exceeds available water upflow of ground water is calculated. Provision for reclamation leaching before the next crop is also made. The associated conceptual salt transport model involves complete mixing of invading and resident soil water. Salt concentration from ET is subjected to a salt reactivity function to obtain salt deposition of calcite and gypsum to obtain salt concentration after precipitation. This reactivity function is also used in the inverse when two or more waters mix to transform salt after precipitation to salt concentration after ET. The flow of salts follows the water transport algorithum. The model has been applied to a point in the Imperial Valley and observed data from Bali et al. (2001) was used for calibration. Simulated point data from four successive years of alfalfa, reclamation leaching, wheat and lettuce are evaluated in this paper.

The geological strength index: applications and limitations

The geological strength index (GSI) is a system of rock-mass characterization that has been developed in engineering rock mechanics to meet the need for reliable input data, particularly those related to rock-mass properties required as inputs into numerical analysis or closed form solutions for designing tunnels, slopes or foundations in rocks. The geological character of rock material, together with the visual assessment of the mass it forms, is used as a direct input to the selection of parameters relevant for the prediction of rock-mass strength and deformability. This approach enables a rock mass to be considered as a mechanical continuum without losing the influence geology has on its mechanical properties. It also provides a field method for characterizing difficult-to-describe rock masses. After a decade of application of the GSI and its variations in quantitative characterization of rock mass, this paper attempts to answer questions that have been raised by the users about the appropriate selection of the index for a range of rock masses under various conditions. Recommendations on the use of GSI are given and, in addition, cases where the GSI is not applicable are discussed. More particularly, a discussion and suggestions are presented on issues such as the size of the rock mass to be considered, its anisotropy, the influence of great depth, the presence of ground water, the aperture and the infilling of discontinuities and the properties of weathered rock masses and soft rocks.

Temperature variation in high slump drilled shaft concrete and its effect on slump loss

Drilled shaft refers to a deep foundation system where a single large diameter pier is used to replace a whole group of piles. High slump self-compacting concrete is used in drilled shafts due to its high fluidity and less proneness to segregation. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) specifications require that such concrete should have a slump between 7 and 9 in. when placed and should maintain a slump of 4 in. or more throughout the concrete placement time. Furthermore, the mix for the slump loss test should be prepared at a temperature consistent with the highest ambient or initial concrete temperature (whichever is greater) expected during actual concrete placement. It is possible that the temperature of concrete inside the drilled shaft is lower than the ambient or initial concrete temperature due to the presence of ground water. If that is the case, slump loss would be less than the loss determined at the highest ambient or the initial concrete temperature, making the FDOT requirement unrealistic. However, it should be experimentally verified. This experimental study was conducted with the objective to establish profiles of concrete temperature in time from placement to hardening along depth as well as across width of the drilled shaft. Based on the gathered data, it was found that no significant temperature differential existed along the depth and across the width of the drilled shaft during the initial setting of concrete. The temperature of concrete inside the drilled shaft was same as initial concrete temperature before placement at all locations. This finding leads to the conclusion that concrete temperature inside drilled shaft is not affected by ambient temperature and/or the underground temperature conditions.

Detection of Contaminant Plumes by Borehole Geophysical Logging

AbstractTwo borehole geophysical methods—electromagnetic induction and natural gamma radiation logs—were used to vertically delineate landfill leachate plumes in a glacial aquifer. Geophysical logs of monitoring wells near two land‐fills in a glacial aquifer in west‐central Vermont show that borehole geophysical methods can aid in interpretation of geologic logs and placement of monitoring well screens to sample landfill leachate plumes.Zones of high electrical conductance were delineated from the electromagnetic log in wells near two landfills. Some of these zones were found to correlate with silt and clay units on the basis of drilling and gamma logs. Monitoring wells were screened specifically in zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit. Zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit were caused by the presence of ground water with a high specific conductance, generally from 1000 to 2370 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). Ambient ground water in the study area has a specific conductance of approximately 200 to 400 μS/cm. Landfill leachate plumes were found to be approximately 5 to 20 feet thick and to be near the water table surface.

A laboratory study of the biodegradation of an alcohol ethoxylate surfactant by native soil microbes

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the biodegradation of a nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant by native microbes from a contaminated site. Three sets of experiments consisting of 13 microcosms were carried out to evaluate the rate of biodegradation and the effect of nutrients and supplementary oxygen on the degradation process. The results from these active microcosms were compared with those for controlled microcosms in which a biocide was added to inhibit biological activities. In the presence of ground water and sterilized soil, surfactant solutions with initial concentrations of 1000, 650, 250, and 180 mgl −1 were reduced to less than 5 mgl −1 in 36 days, 20 days, 17 days, and 17 days, respectively. The biodegradation rate in microcosms with added nutrients was more than twice the rate in the reactor without nutrients. The results from experiments in which various nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were added showed that a ratio of 10 carbon:2 nitrogen:1 phosphorus was the optimum for the biodegradation of surfactant under the microcosm conditions. The addition of 5 mgl −1 of oxygen in the form of hydrogen peroxide increased the degradation rate of surfactant by 30%. The study showed that microbes indigenous to the soil and ground water at a contaminated site rapidly degrade the low levels of the surfactant that may remain at the site after soil washing, and that the degradation rate can be increased by the addition of nutrients and oxygen.

Shock‐implanted noble gases II: Additional experimental studies and recognition in naturally shocked terrestrial materials

Abstract— Several experimentally and naturally shocked silicate samples were analyzed for noble gas contents to further characterize the phenomenon by which ambient gases can be strongly implanted into silicates by shock and to evaluate the possible importance of this process in capturing planetary atmospheres in naturally shocked samples. Gas implantation efficiency is apparently mineral independent, as mono‐mineralic powders of oligoclase, labradorite, and diopside and a powdered basalt shocked to 20 GPa show similar efficiencies. The retentivity of shock‐implanted gas during stepwise heating in the laboratory is defined in terms of two parameters: activation energy for diffusion as determined from Arrhenius plots, and the extraction temperature at which 50% of the gas is released, both of which correlate with shock pressure. These gas diffusion parameters are essentially identical for radiogenic 40Ar and shock‐implanted 40Ar in oligoclase and labradorite shocked to 20 GPa, suggesting that the two 40Ar components occupy analogous lattice sites. Our experiments indicate that gas implantation occurs through an increasing production of microcracks/defects in the lattice with increasing shock pressure. The ease of diffusive loss of implanted gas is controlled by the degree of annealing of these microcracks/defects.Identification of a shock‐implanted component requires relatively large concentrations of implanted gas which is strongly retained (i.e., moderate activation energy) in order to separate implanted gas from surface adsorbed gases. Literature data on shocked terrestrial samples indicate only weak evidence for shock‐implanted gases, with an upper limit for 40Ar of ∼ 10−6 cm3STP/g. New analyses of shocked samples from the Wabar Crater indicate the presence of shock‐implanted Ar, having concentrations (∼ 10−4 cm3STP/g) and activation energies for diffusive loss which are essentially that expected from experimental studies. Lack of sufficient target porosity or the presence of ground water may explain the sparse evidence for shock‐implanted gas at other terrestrial craters. Although Wabar Crater may represent an unusually favorable environment on Earth for shock‐implanting gases, surfaces of other planetary bodies, such as Mars, may frequently provide such environments. Analyses of returned samples from old Martian terraines may document temporal changes in earlier atmospheric composition.

THE USE OF LANDSAT IMAGERY IN GROUND WATER EXPLORATION1

ABSTRACT: Water supplies in Arizona are becoming increasingly limited because municipal, industrial, and agricultural consumption depletes ground water reserves by three million acre‐feet annually.Additional demands are being created by electric power generation, particularly in northeastern Arizona where ground water pumpage is expected to escalate by sixfold during the next 10 years. The results of a study to determine the ease and feasibility of using satellite imagery as a tool in exploring for new sources of ground water are reported. Lineaments detected on Landsat images of two sites were mapped and correlated with well data in the two study areas by means of well centered grid model. The correlations developed between lineament density and water well data in the two study sites support the hypothesis that a relationship exists between regional geologic structure and the presence of ground water.

Fluorocarbon tracers in hydrology

Fluorocarbons are a stable, non‐reactive, and generally non‐toxic group of chemicals which can be detected in concentrations of 1 part per 1012 by electron capture gas chromatography. A fluorocarbon, freon 11, has been used widely as an aerosol propellant during the past 15 years. Its presence in ground water should indicate recent recharge of the water from atmospheric sources. Another fluorocarbon, which is not as yet detectable in the hydrosphere, has been tested for its suitability as a tracer in streams and ground water. This compound, perfluoro‐1, 3‐dimethyl‐cyclohexane, appears useful for measuring stream discharge and detecting the direction of ground‐water flow.

The Depressions on the Hijiori Pyroclastic Plateau

The depressions caused by the presence of ground water were found on the surfaces of Hijiori pyroclastic plateau.They are of two types; (1) so-caled “sirasu doline” (funnel-shaped depression) and (2) a sort of graben (landslide in embryo).

Artificial Spawning Facilities for Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

Lack of suitable conditions for natural spawning is a limiting factor in brook trout production in waters in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Presence of ground water or springs is considered a major requirement for successful spawning in this species. Two kinds of improved spawning areas have been offered: (1) replacement of unsuitable bottom material with gravel on or near known natural spawning areas; (2) piping and dispersing water through a gravel-filled box. Both types of improvements have been used by brook trout under some conditions. Further studies are required to determine factors responsible for acceptance or rejection of improved areas and to evaluate efficiency in the production of fry.