Presence Of Flavanoids Research Articles

Effects of Abelmoschus esculentus Extracts and Fractions on Embryos and Adult Individuals of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) and on Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. In Brazil, there are reports of infection by the Schistosoma mansoni species, which has the Biomphalaria glabrata snail as one of its intermediate hosts. The present work aimed to test the effects of different Abelmoschus esculentus seed extracts and fractions on adults and embryos of B. glabrata and S. mansoni cercariae. A total of four crude extracts and thirteen fractions with different organic solvents were used for the bioassays. The extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Molluscicidal activity was assessed in 24-well plates, after which the LC50 and LC90 were calculated. Assays with B. glabrata embryos and S. mansoni cercariae were also performed. These findings indicate the presence of flavanoids in the hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol crude extracts. For the molluscicidal activity assays, eight fractions had an LC90 value less than that recommended by the WHO. The methanol fraction of the dichloromethane extract (FrMeOH EDM) had the most promising results, with an LC90 of 37.15 mg/L and 100% mortality in embryos of B. glabrata and cercariae. FrMeOH, EDM, and other fractions are possible candidates for new drugs for the combat of schistosomiasis.

Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-oxidant activities of Ethanolic extract of Lantana camara Leaves

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate In-vivo Anti–hyperglycemic and anti–oxidant activities of ethanolic Lantana camara leaves extract (LCE). The extract was prepared by cold percolation process. Phytochemical screening indicates that the presence of flavanoids, phenols, carbohydrates etc. The Anti-hyperglycemic activity of the extract was studied by In-vivo using Streptozotocin induced diabetes rat models. Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug to compare the blood glucose level. The groups treated with Lantana camara leaves extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg prevented the diabetes condition in a dose related manner. LCE and Glibenclamide treated rats showed decreased LPO that is associated with increased activity of SOD and catalase. The increase in the level of lipid peroxides in plasma generally is thought to be the consequence of increased production of and liberation in to the circulation of tissue lipid peroxides due to pathological changes. This action shows the Anti-peroxidative effect of LCE. The results obtained thus suggest that 50% ethanolic Lantana camara leaves extract possesses potent Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-oxidant activity.

Evaluation of genetic resource of Chinese potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius) for abiotic stress management — a review

Tropical tuber crops are mainly grown in limited scales even in the areas where they are consumed as staple foods. Due to change in the feeding habits tuber crops are gradually disappearing from the human diet. There is a necessary to promote the tuber crops cultivation by realizing their nutritional value and adaptability to harsh weather conditions. Chinese potato is one of the important minor tuber crops of nutritional and commercial value in tropical regions of the world. Chinese potato (Plectranthus rotundifolius) belongs to the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) of order Lamiales with a chromosome number of 2n= 64. It has several medicinal properties due to the presence of flavanoids that help to lower the cholesterol level of blood. It is facing several production problems like photosensitivity, low yield and poor tuberization. Moreover, very less genetic variation is available in the country. As germplasm serves as an invaluable source of variation, there is a necessity to collect, conserve and make utilisation of it.

IMMUNOMODULATORY, ANTICANCEROUS & ANTIOXIDANTACTIVITIES OF CYCLEA PELTATA (LAM.) HOOK.F. & THOMSON

Introduction: Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson is an important plant listed in Ayurveda. The plants are used in digestive, diuretic and inflammatory disorders.
 Aim: The present study was to study the immunomodulatory, anticancerous and antioxidative properties of the fraction isolated from Cyclea peltata.
 Methods: The immunomodulatory activity was evaluated in lymphocytes and THP-1 macrophage cell lines. The anticancer activity of the fraction was determined by MTT assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and total antioxidant assays.
 Results: The fraction showed the presence of flavanoids which induced lymphocyte proliferation and also could induce nitrite production in THP-1 cell lines at 1mg/ml. It also exhibited good anticancerous activity at 100 μg/ml after 48h of incubation. The antioxidant activity was less at this concentration and was found to be equivalent to 79± 0.03 μg/ml of ascorbic acid.
 Conclusion: The fraction containing flavonoid, isolated from Cyclea peltata have shown to have good immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anticancerous property.

Anti-Obesity Activity of Vateria indica linn. Stem Bark in Rats

Vateria indica Linn. is a tree belonging to Family Dipterocarpaceae and has been traditionally used for lipid disorders. The present study was performed to study the antiobesity effect of Vateria indica Linn. stem bark against high fat diet induced obesity models in albino wistar rats. Rats were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Aqueous extract of Vateria indica stem bark (AVIB) was administered orally in three doses i.e. 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight to the treatment groups. The following parameters were recorded – body weight, organ weights and various biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in body weights, liver weight, kidney weight, spleen weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL after treatment with AVIB on HFD fed rats. Hence AVIB showed a significant dose dependent antiobesity effect against HFD model. Preliminary phytochemical qualitative analysis of the aqueous extract of Vateria indica stem bark showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavanoids, resins, tannins and saponins. Hence the probable mechanism by which the Vateria indica stem bark showed anti-obesity activity could be due to its bile acid sequestering property or due to the presence of flavanoids. The bark of Vateria indica may be a potential candidate for further research leading to the development of herbal therapeutic agent for obesity.

Protective Effect of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Loranthus globosus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; on Stress-Induced Major Organ Dysfunctions in Mice

The biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, MDA, and uric acid levels were investigated for the assessment of stress-induced dysfunction after immobilization stress on the Swiss albino mice. Stress induction caused the elevation of SGOT (7.7 ± 0.2 vs 88.8 ± 0.3; control vs stress), SGPT (10.3 ± 0.5 vs 110.5 ± 5.2), MDA (3.9 ± 0.2 vs 9.4 ± 0.2 in the serum and 4.0 ± 0.3 vs 13.9 ± 0.2 in brain; control vs stress) and uric acid (7.0 ± 0.1 vs 17.2 ± 0.3; control vs stress) levels in the serum. Histopathology of the liver, kidney heart and lung were also examined, and morphology indicated the degradation of each of the organ by the stress induction. The bark of Loranthus globosus was extracted with methanol and then fractionated with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CF) and ethyl acetate (EA). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavanoids and phenolics in all fractions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro assays using total antioxidant capacity and DPPH- free radical scavenging activity. The results demonstrated that among all the extractives of L. globosus EA fraction exhibited highest total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. The EA fraction of L. globosus (12 mg/kg b. w.) successfully reduced the increased biochemical parameters (stress vs stress + EAF); SGOT (88.8 ± 0.3 vs 9.9 ± 0.9), SGPT (110.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA (9.5 ± 0.2 vs 5.5 ± 0.1 in the serum; and 13.9 ± 0.2 vs 7.5 ± 0.2 in the brain) and serum uric acid (17.2 ± 0.3 vs 8.9 ± 0.1) on stress-induced mice. Histopathological analysis also supported the beneficial effects of EA fraction of L. globosus . Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg b. w.) was used as standard drug. The results suggested that the EA fraction of L. globosus might have some beneficial effects in preventing stress-induced organ dysfunction presumably through the neutralization of oxidative-stress generated during immobilization of mice. However, further study is necessary in order to precisely determine the exact molecular mechanisms.

In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. bark, a folklore medicine of Mizoram

Natural products have played an exceptionally important role in health care and prevention of diseases for thousands of years and are one of the greatest sources of medicine. Mizoram is a home to a rich variety of flora and fauna however; very less systematic survey and documentation were carried out to date. The plant diversity of Mizoram is not adequately studied as compared to other states of north east India. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb., known as kaihzawl in Mizo and dog teak in English, is one of the endangered plants that is yet to be explore. The Mizo communities use the decoction of D. pentagyna bark to treat different stomach ailments, inflammation and diabetes. In this perspective, the methanolic extract of the bark of D. pentagyna was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory properties. The extract showed the presence of flavanoids, triterpenoids, steroids, phenolics, saponins, fixed oils and others exerting varied pharmacological activities. The methanolic extract of this plant was found to contain active constituents such as betulinic acid and β-sitosterol which are found to actively interact with the inflammatory mediators and suppressed the inflammation when evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The present study suggests that the methanolic extract of D. pentagyna bark showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. This study also support the folkloric used of the plant in diseases related to inflammatory condition.

Larvicidal Activities of Leaf Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Adansonia digitata&lt;/i&gt; L. (Malvales: Malvaceae) and &lt;i&gt;Ficus sur&lt;/i&gt; Forssk (Rosales: Moraceae) against &lt;i&gt;Culex quinquefasciatus&lt;/i&gt; Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)

Due to the ineffectiveness of synthetic insecticides for sustainable control of Mosquito vectors, whose transmitted diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world today, attention has been directed towards insecticide formulations of plant origin. This study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the larvicidal potential of the methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of leaves of Adansonia digitata and Ficus sur against fourth larval instar of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. The leaves of the plants were collected from Minna, Nigeria, pulverised, extracted and evaporated using Sohxlet apparatus, with methanol and n-hexane as solvents of extraction. The crude extracts of the leaves were screened for phytochemical constituents following standard methods. The larvae were obtained from a Laboratory colony of mosquitoes raised following standard protocols. Test concentrations of 0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05 mg/L of n-hexane and 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L of the methanolic extracts were prepared and tested for larvicidal activities against the mosquito following the WHO standard protocols. Larval Mortality was recorded after 24 hours of exposure and mean mortalities computed. Lethal concentration values (LC 50 and LC 90 ) of the extracts were determined using Probit regression analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Flavanoids, Tannin, Saponin, Alkaloids, Steroids, Terpenoid, Cardiac glycosides and Anthraquinone, whose presence were solvent- and plant-species-dependent. There were significant differences in the recorded mortality between the various concentrations of each extracts, the solvents types and plant species. The n-hexane extracts of both plants showed significantly higher larvicidal efficacy against the larvae than their methanolic counterpart. While the n-hexane extract of A. digitata was more potent than its F. sur counterpart, the latter’s methanolic extract was more potent than the former. The median (LC 50 ) and upper (LC 90 ) Lethal concentration of methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of A . digitata leaf were 0.15 and 0.008 mg/L, and 1.21 and 0.22 mg/L, respectively, while these values for methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of F. sur were 0.13 and 0.015 mg/L, and 2.64 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively. The plants extracts also elicited dose dependent mortality. The findings of this study suggest that A. digitata and F. sur are promising sources of botanical lead agents in the development of sustainable potent larvicides, for integrated control programmes against mosquito-borne diseases.

In-Vitro and in-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities ofSalvia hispanicaandLinum usitatissiumSeeds in Swiss Albino Rats

Salvia hispanica called as Chia seeds family Lamiaceae and Linum usitatissium called as Flax seeds family Linaceae was evaluated for its invitro and invivo anti-anti inflammatory activities individually and combined in swiss albio rats. Phytochemical screening analysis of both seeds revealed the presence of flavanoids. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis of chia and flax seeds confirmed the presence of amide, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, primary amines, aromatics, esters, ethers, alkyl halides and aliphatic amines compounds, which showed major peaks. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was done on Swiss albino rats (150–250 gms) at two different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) by using 1% histamine induced paw edema test. In-vitro anti-inflammatory test was done by proteindenaturation and the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Data were analyzed by oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's t-test and the test of significance P value <0.05 was considered as the minimum level of significance. The paw volumes and percentages of inhibition of inflammation with chia and flax and standard drugs are reported and were observed that the seeds of chia and flax combination showed Synergistic action of inhibition at two doses compared to individual seeds. The inhibition was the highest at 3 h at 200 mg/kg dose which was slightly lower than Indomethacin effect. In the study of membrane stabilization activity of chia and flax combination at concentration range of 100–200 μg/ml protected significantly in a concentration dependent manner the erythrocyte membrane against lysis induced by hypotonic solution. Acetylsalicylic acid in the concentration of 100 μg/ml used as standard also offered significant (p<0.001) protection of RBC's membrane against damaging effect induced by hypotonic solution. The present research concludes that seeds of Salvia hispanica and Linum usitatissium possess anti-inflammatory activity in dose dependant manner and also proved synergistic activity.

Evaluation of anticancer activity of Asteracantha longifolia in 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in Sprague Dawley rats

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Asteracantha longifolia Nees. (Syn. Hygrophila spinosa, Hygrophila auriculata) is a common weed growing in marshy and water logged areas. It is an important medicinal herb, widely distributed in India, and used by the local population for different medicinal purposes. In Ayurveda, the plant parts are used for the treatment of rheumatism, urinary tract infection, malaria, inflammation, diabetes, dysentery, jaundice, hepatic obstruction, pain, and decreased libido. Aim: The objective of the study is to explore the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of A. longifolia on 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activity of the methanolic whole plant extract of A. longifolia was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats in the mammary tumor induced by DMBA. The doses administered were 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight by oral route. The extracts were administered for 20 consecutive days. The tumor size was determined before and after the administration of the plant extract and compared with the antitumor effect of the standard drug cyclophosphamide (CYC). After the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and subjected to histopathology and biochemical analysis. Results: A. longifolia extracts showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the tumor size of DMBA-induced mammary tumor in mice. The extracts significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavanoids, which are potent antioxidants. Conclusion: The results showed that the methanolic extract of A. longifolia was more effective in inhibiting the tumor growth and safe in DMBA-induced mammary tumor in rats as compared to the standard drug, cyclophosphamide.

In vitro Evaluation of Tephrosia purpurea Pers for Antioxidant Activity

This research was taken up to investigate the antioxidant activity of leaves of Tephrosia purpurea . The in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Tephrosia purpurea was investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging, and nitric oxide scavenging methods. The ethanol extract showed good antioxidant activity in these above methods. This activity may be due to the presence of flavanoids.