Presence Of Different Modes Research Articles

Coupled waveguide model for computing phase and transmission through nanopillar-based metasurfaces.

Dielectric metasurfaces are important in modern photonics due to their unique beam shaping capabilities. However, the standard tools for the computation of the phase and transmission through a nanopillar-based metasurface are either simple, approximating the properties of the surface by that of a single cylinder, or use full 3D numerical simulations. Here we introduce a new analytical model for computing metasurface properties which explicitly takes into account the effect of the lattice geometry. As an example we investigate silicon nanopillar-based metasurfaces, examining how the transmission properties depend on the presence of different modes in the unit cell of the metasurface array. We find that the new model outperforms the isolated cylinder model in predicting the phase, and gives excellent agreement with full numerical simulations when the fill fraction is moderate. Our model offers a waveguide perspective for comprehending metasurface properties, linking it to fiber optics and serving as a practical tool for future metasurface design.

Influence of Temperature on Wave Propagation in Low-Voltage Distribution Cables

Wave propagation in power cables depends on temperature. This paper explores its modeling for low-voltage cables, both main and service cables. Numerical thermal modeling combined with modal analysis, based on known and measured material properties, is employed to simulate waveforms expected in time-domain reflectometry tests. Comparison with laboratory measurements on a main cable shows that the main characteristics and their temperature dependency agree. The effect on wave propagation of rapid temperature rise in the conductor of a service cable during a fault is investigated. The predicted change in propagation velocity is confirmed by a field test. The perspectives of employing temperature dependent material characteristics, in particular the dielectric permittivity, on wave propagation for diagnostic techniques are briefly discussed. By accounting for the presence of different modes, the accuracy of locating the fault by means of time-domain reflectometry can be increased.

The Assembly of the Mixture of Two Ionic Surfactants in Polyols Media at Variable Temperatures: Combined Conductivity and Theoretical Investigations

AbstractHerein, the aggregation phenomena of the two cationic amphiphiles, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), has been investigated in the presence of monosaccharide (glucose) and disaccharide (maltose) at varying compositions and temperatures. The critical micelle concentration (cmc), degree of ionization (g), and several thermodynamic properties have been estimated applying the conductivity measurement technique. To explore the consequence of additives on the mixed micellization of TTAB + CTAB, glucose as monosaccharide having two concentrations (1% & 5% (w/w) glucose) and maltose as disaccharide containing single concentration (1% (w/w)) have been employed. Together with the mixture of TTAB and CTAB, investigation of the physicochemical parameters of pure amphiphiles in glucose and maltose solutions was quantified. The efficiency of the additives in depressing the cmc values followed the order: 1 (w/w) % maltose >5 (w/w) % glucose >1% (w/w) glucose. The ideal cmc (cmcid), activity coefficients, and β values suggested the synergistic attraction (attractive force) between these two surfactants. By utilizing the Rubingh model, the evaluated micellar mole fractions of CTAB (α1) coupled with the ideal mole fraction () imply the increase of the contribution of CTAB in the mixed micellization with rising the α1 values. The values of the negative excess free energy () implied the stability of the mixed micelle formed. The changes in standard enthalpy (ΔH°m) and changes in standard entropy (ΔS°m) of micellization reveal the presence of different modes of interactions like electrostatic, ion‐dipole, H‐bonding, and hydrophobic interactions among the studied components.

DISCOURSE REALIZATION OF METONYMIC / METAPHTONYMIC CONCEPTUALIZATION OF FILM CRITICISM OBJECTS IN THE BRITISH FILM REVIEW

The article concentrates on the characteristic features of the discursive realization of the metonymic / metaphtonymic conceptualization of film criticism objects in the British film review. There are certain reasons why a speaker violates logical and grammatical rules by resorting to metonymic transferences, while the same tasks can, theoretically, be realized using standard language schemes, and, in film reviews, this is caused by the presence of different modes or semiotic codes that create certain additional meanings and semantic associations created by tropes. The relevance of the chosen topic is justified by the need to analyze language units in different types of discourse, in particular, the film criticism objects reflected in the texts of film reviews through the use of metonymic models. The methodological basis of the study includes the method of continuous sampling, descriptive method, methods of contextual, discursive, interpretive-textual and stylistic analysis as well as conceptual analysis. The study presents the concepts of metonymy and metaphtonymy; it has been determined that the conceptualization of the film criticism objects in the British film review can be both metonymic and metaphtonymic. The study reveals that the main film criticism objects verbalized by metonymy / metaphtonymy in the British film review are represented by the domains STYLE / GENRE OF THE FILM, FORM / CONTENT OF THE FILM, FILM SCORE and ACTORS. In such metonymies / metaphtonymies, a real connection between the vehicle and the target can be actually absent but their associative closeness remains. These metonymies / metaphtonymies are characterized by a pronounced discursive nature which leads to the fact that they cannot be completely understood by those who are not proficient in the field of cinema.

The role of nanotechnology for improving crop production

Today, green nanotechnology has great importance due to the presence of different modes of restrictive action against various pathogens such as fungi and bacterial species. The use of nanomaterials has recently increased in agriculture and plant-tissue culture thanks to their unique different properties such as; magnetic, electrical, mechanical, optical, and chemical properties. Optimum use of iron increases protein content in the wheat grain. They also enhance plant growth by improving disease resistance and increase stability of the plants by anti-bending and deeper rooting of crops. It has been reported by many researchers that Nano-fertilizers significantly influenced the seed germination which demonstrated the effect of Nano fertilizers on seed and seed vigor. Chemical methods have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Developing Nano-biotechnology is generating interests in research towards eco-friendly, cost effective and biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles systems have been combined into plant fungal disease controlpractices. Using nanoparticles as biosensors in plant disease diagnostics is also illustrated.

Global healthcare business development: The case of non-patient collaborations abroad for U.S. hospitals

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess the size and scope of non-patient collaborations undertaken by U.S.-based hospitals and health systems and the impact of these collaborations on international inpatient volumes at the U.S.-based campus of these organizations. This study included in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews with leaders from international programs in U.S. health systems. Interview questions included the presence of different modes of non-patient collaborations abroad, financial and other organizational motivations for engaging in non-patient collaborations abroad, and institutional commitment for global and international activities. Of the 40 organizations participating in this study, 83% provided international education programs, 50% provided consulting and advisory services, 20% provided management services, and 10% owned patient care or educational facilities abroad. U.S.-based hospitals and health systems with international patient programs frequently engage in non-patient collaborations abroad. Organizations may engage in non-patient collaborations abroad for revenue diversification, fulfillment of the organization’s education mission and cross-subsidization of other activities. U.S.-based hospitals and health systems can use these results for future business development purposes.

MRI Based Bayesian Personalization of a Tumor Growth Model.

The mathematical modeling of brain tumor growth has been the topic of numerous research studies. Most of this work focuses on the reaction-diffusion model, which suggests that the diffusion coefficient and the proliferation rate can be related to clinically relevant information. However, estimating the parameters of the reaction-diffusion model is difficult because of the lack of identifiability of the parameters, the uncertainty in the tumor segmentations, and the model approximation, which cannot perfectly capture the complex dynamics of the tumor evolution. Our approach aims at analyzing the uncertainty in the patient specific parameters of a tumor growth model, by sampling from the posterior probability of the parameters knowing the magnetic resonance images of a given patient. The estimation of the posterior probability is based on: 1) a highly parallelized implementation of the reaction-diffusion equation using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), and 2) a high acceptance rate Monte Carlo technique called Gaussian Process Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (GPHMC). We compare this personalization approach with two commonly used methods based on the spherical asymptotic analysis of the reaction-diffusion model, and on a derivative-free optimization algorithm. We demonstrate the performance of the method on synthetic data, and on seven patients with a glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor. This Bayesian personalization produces more informative results. In particular, it provides samples from the regions of interest and highlights the presence of several modes for some patients. In contrast, previous approaches based on optimization strategies fail to reveal the presence of different modes, and correlation between parameters.

Coherent Motion of Monolayer Sheets under Active and Passive Confinement: From Build-up to Consequence

Coherent angular motion of cell collectives plays a vital role in many physiological processes including tissue morphogenesis and glandular formation. Various studies have established the inevitable role of confinement in setting up rotational mode of migration of cells. In the present study, we examine the implications of various confining conditions on built up of coherent motion of cells. As any perturbation of coherent rotation leads to the interruption of the related activities, we also investigate the effects of different perturbations on coherently rotating cells. A self propelled particle based model is used, wherein each cell is assumed as motile particle and interacts with neighboring cells via harmonic forces. Using this model, we show that cells, when confined in circular geometry, exhibit coherent motion with cell density, cell-cell adhesion stiffness and size of the tissue dictating the pattern of the motion. Further we also show that even motile cells confined inside a passive tissue of non-motile cells are capable of exhibiting coherent rotation. In this case, depending upon the properties of external tissue cells, motile cells exhibit different migratory patterns, which suggest that it is not necessary to have a geometric confinement for built up of coherence. In the later part of the study, where the effect of various perturbations are examined, we show that synchronous division of cells can change the direction of coherent rotation of cells. Finally when the confinement is removed, cells are shown to migrate in different pattern depending up on the stiffness of cell- cell connection which determine the cohesivity of the system. Together, these results show how various parameters can regulate the onset and the presence of different modes of coherent motion of tissues.

A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology

A siliceous sponge fauna, consisting of more than 900 specimens, is described from an early Lutetian tuffite horizon in the Chiampo Valley, Lessini Mountains, north-eastern Italy. Thirty-two taxa (15 Hexactinellida, 17 Demospongiae) are determined and illustrated, belonging to 24 genera, two of which are new (Rigonia gen. nov. and Coronispongia gen. nov.). Among these, 10 new species are proposed: Stauractinella eocenica sp. nov., Rigonia plicata gen. et sp. nov., Hexactinella clampensis sp. nov., Camerospongia visentinae sp. nov., C. tuberculata sp. nov., Toulminia italica sp. nov., Coronispongia confossa gen. et sp. nov., Cavispongia scarpai sp. nov., Corallistes multiosculata sp. nov. and Bolidium bertii sp. nov. Of the genera identified at Chiampo, 14 range back to the Cretaceous, three to the Jurassic and one to the Triassic, while six are still extant. The studied fauna shows affinities with sponges from the Eocene of Spain and the Cretaceous of Germany. The sponge fossils are uncompressed and bodily preserved, but the original siliceous skeleton is dissolved and substituted by calcite. Delicate attachments can be nevertheless documented: some sponges attached to a hard substrate by encrustation, while others were anchored on soft sediments by root-like structures. The presence of different modes of attachment suggests heterogeneous substrate conditions. Small, possibly young, sponges are recorded too. The sponge fauna is essentially autochthonous and lived in the middle-outer part of a carbonate ramp, where it formed clusters. This study extends the geographical and stratigraphical range of many sponge taxa, including Camerospongia, Toulminia, Ozotrachelus and Bolidium, previously documented only from the Cretaceous. The Recent calcified demosponge genus Astrosclera is reported here in the Cenozoic for the first time, having been reported previously in the Triassic only. Additionally, this study documents the second worldwide occurrence of the Recent sphinctozoan genus Vaceletia in the Palaeogene, formerly recorded exclusively in Australia.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B3466955-8E20-429A-89BE-42BAEB4002E8

The Concept of Hormesis in Cancer Therapy - Is Less More?

There has, in recent years, been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of the immune system in the development of cancers. Immune dysregulation, manifesting as chronic inflammation, not only facilitates the growth and spread of tumors but prevents the host from mounting effective immune defenses against it. Many attempts are being made to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies, but there is growing evidence that a radical reevaluation of the mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation is required in the light of advances in immunology.Based on the concept of hormesis – defined as the presence of different modes of action of therapeutic modalities at different doses – a ‘repositioning’ of chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be required in all aspects of cancer management. In the case of chemotherapy, this may involve a change from the maximum tolerated dose concept to low dose intermittent (‘metronomic’) therapy, whilst in radiation therapy, highly accurate stereotactic targeting enables ablative, antigen-releasing (immunogenic) doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumor with sparing of surrounding normal tissues. Coupled with emerging immunotherapeutic procedures, the future of cancer treatment may well lie in repositioned chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and more localized debulking surgery.

Studies on growth and spectral characterization of diglycine fumarate monohydrate single crystals

Single crystals of organic optical material, diglycine fumarate monohydrate (DGFM) has been synthesized and grown from solution by slow evaporation solution growth method. Purity of synthesized materials was increased by continuous recrystallization. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are observed by X-ray diffraction method and the crystal system of grown crystal is identified as monoclinic. The optical transparency range has been investigated by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy method in the range between 190 and 1100nm. The presence of different modes of vibrations is analyzed using FT-IR technique. The carbon and hydrogen atmosphere in molecular structure of DGFM is investigated using FT-NMR method. The thermogravimetrrc analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that the grown crystal has very good thermal stability up to 263°C. The Kurtz–Perry powder SHG test has done for grown crystals.

Reconciling Two Conflicting Tales of the English Health Policy Process Since 1997

This article identifies and investigates the two seemingly conflicting tales that characterise the English health policy process at the national level since 1997. The first tale points to a high degree of central political control over the initiation and development of policy, and the maintenance of the system of strong central government, traditionally referred to as the ‘Westminster and Whitehall model’. The second tale describes a system of ‘network governance’, suggesting a more complex health policy process in which central government (in particular, the Department of Health as its agent) is weaker than before and no longer holds a monopoly over the health policy-making process. The paper reviews the limited empirical evidence on the English health policy process since 1997 to determine which of the two narratives more accurately captures the nature of it at the national level. It concludes that, while many of the trends noted by the ‘from-government-to-governance’ thesis are evident in the case of health policy, the process has been less affected than other areas of public policy by the appearance of new actors, the move to new institutional arenas and the transformation of relationships. Rather than one of the tales being right and the other wrong, as the literature in this area tends to suggest, it is more accurate to describe the current situation as marked by the simultaneous presence of different modes of policy-making — both ‘command-and-control’ as well as a more inclusive, complex set of mechanisms. Indeed, top-down coordination and control of the policy process may be seen as a response to the greater practical difficulties facing the ‘core executive’ in managing policy processes that involve an increased number of influential actors.

Solution rheology of hydrophobically modified associative polymers: Effects of backbone composition and hydrophobe concentration

We investigate the effects of polymer molecular structure on the solution rheology of a hydrophobically modified associative polymer comprised of macromonomers with alkyl hydrophobes attached to a poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) backbone. In particular, the effect of polymer backbone composition with variable proportions of methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl acrylate (EA) are examined. We find that the concentration of the MAA monomer has a large impact on polymer viscoelasticity. Polymers with low MAA content have smaller hydrodynamic size that result in lower viscosities and dynamic elastic moduli compared to polymers with high MAA content. Moreover, the balance between the polymer hydrodynamic size, the chain flexibility, and the aggregation of the EA blocks yield maxima in these material functions with respect to the MAA concentration. The scaling of shear viscosity, high frequency elastic modulus, and creep compliance with polymer concentration exhibits power-law behavior with different exponents. In all cases, three power-law regimes, regardless of the MAA content, are observed that can be attributed to the presence of different modes of hydrophobic interaction. However, the transitions shift to lower concentrations as the MAA content increases. With regards to the effects of the macromonomer side-chain concentration, we observe a substantial increase in viscosity at intermediate macromonomer content (1 mol %), possibly due to an increase in the number of intermolecular junctions as the number of hydrophobes per chain increases. This is in contrast to (i) low macromonomer concentration (0.3 mol %) behavior that reveals low viscosity due to weak hydrophobic associations, and (ii) high macromonomer concentration (1.9 mol %) behavior that favors more intramolecular association resulting in lower viscoelastic properties compared to intermediate macromonomer concentrations.

Fracture behavior of nylon 6/ABS blends compatibilized with an imidized acrylic polymer

The fracture behavior of blends of nylon 6 and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) compatibilized with an imidized acrylic (IA) polymer was examined by Izod impact testing and single-notch three-point bend (SEN3PB) instrumented Dynatup tests. The effects of the method of fracture surface measurement, ABS content, specimen thickness, compatibilizer content and fracture zone geometry were investigated. Blends containing a fixed (5wt.% IA) compatibilizer content were tough over a broad range of ABS contents; the optimum toughness occurred near 50wt.% ABS. A dual-mode of fracture was observed in SEN3PB specimens whose Izod impact samples with the same composition had ductile–brittle transition temperatures near room temperature. In these SEN3PB samples, ductile deformation occurred in samples with shorter ligament lengths, whereas brittle failure prevailed in samples with longer ligament lengths. The critical ligament length at which the ductile-to-brittle transition occurs was shown to be dependent on the compatibilizer content and specimen thickness. These dual modes of fracture were rationalized in terms of a plane–strain to plane–stress transition. For blends that were super tough and had good low temperature toughness as judged by Izod impact testing, the toughness of SEN3PB specimens was generally insensitive to specimen thickness; these blends were fully ductile over the entire range of ligament lengths. The size of the stress-whitened zone was examined for fractured SEN3PB specimens that were fully ductile over the entire range of ligament lengths. Among specimens of a given composition, the size of the stress-whitened zones was geometrically similar and independent of the size of the original ligament. However, when ductile samples of different composition were compared, the size of the stress-whitened zone was not necessarily proportional to the energy dissipated during plastic deformation. This may be a result of the presence of different modes of energy absorption in the nylon 6 or SAN matrix phase.

Specific versus cooperative regulatory mechanisms of the cytokine genes that are clustered on the same chromosome

The genes for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are known to be clustered on human chromosome 5q and on mouse chromosome 11. IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) genes are located on separate chromosomes. It is well known that upon stimulation by antigen presentation, TH1 and TH2 subsets of T helper cells start to transcribe distinct sets of cytokine genes. Thus mechanisms should exist that transmit extracellular signals into the nucleus, thereby coordinately turning on transcriptional machinery in cell type-specific manners. Several different mechanisms exist in which specific as well as coordinated expression of cytokines are regulated at the transcriptional level. These include (1) regulation by proximalcis-elements, to which specific transcription factors bind, (2) regulation by distal cis-elements, such as enhancers or locus controlling elements, especially those located several kilobases away from the target gene, and (3) enhancement of transcription by viral trans-activators in a pathologic state. In this article, we review the recent studies on the above issues, with particular emphasis on our own results that support the presence of different modes of control mechanisms. We also discuss the possible approaches to the thorough understanding of the coordinated and specific regulation of cytokines. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:174-82.)

Planar hologram gratings in photorefractive waveguides in LiNbO_3

We investigate photorefractive interactions of the waveguide modes in planar optical waveguides in electro-optic crystals. Peculiarities of the planar hologram formation, influenced by the inhomogeneity of interacting fields and the presence of different modes in the waveguide, are revealed. Processes of waveguide interactions that have no absolute volume analogs are investigated and realized.