Presence Of Different Constituents Research Articles

Wear behaviour of hybrid (boron carbide-graphite) aluminium matrix composites under high temperature

Aluminium MMCs are among the many metal composites and are regarded as progressive engineering materials in numerous industries because of their advantages compared to standard aluminium alloy. Among the reinforcements in MMCs, ceramic particles are preferred for their superior wear resistance, temperature resistance, and adhesion to their matrix, making them a popular choice. This research work has been carried out to synthesise ceramic particle-reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites and to evaluate their tribological properties at different temperatures (50–300℃). Al2618 alloy was selected as the matrix, and boron carbide (B4C) and graphite (Gr) were selected as reinforcements. Hybrid composites are prepared through stir casting by varying the wt.% of B4C and Gr reinforcement particles with a ratio of 3:2. Microstructural observation shows the uniform distribution of B4C and Gr particles throughout the matrix without any agglomeration, and it also exhibits excellent scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was performed to verify the presence of different constituents in the developed material. Samples S4 (Al 2618 + 12 wt.% B4C—8 wt.% Gr) and S5 (Al 2618 + 15 wt.% B4C—10 wt.% Gr) exhibit enhanced wear resistance (16.45%) due to the incorporation of a higher quantity of Gr solid lubricants alongside B4C within the temperature range of 50 to 300℃. The thickness and stability of the glazed layer exhibited adequate resistance to wear.

Formulation and development of Oral herbal liquid dosage form with its quality evaluation parameters

The present work deals with the formulation and development of oral herbal liquid dosage and its comparative study with marketed dosage for quality evaluation parameters. We have used different Poly-herbs for the formulation of syrup because they expressed high effectiveness in a vast number of diseases. As aforementioned the therapeutic effect of herbal medicines is exerted due to the presence of different constituents and the effects are further potentiated when compatible herbals are formulated together in PHFs (Poly-herbal formulations). PHF show compatible effect with those of standard allopathic drugs. We had tested its Quality control pre and post-formulation evaluation parameters. The Quality control tests for developed herbal syrup include: Physical appearance (Color, Odor, and Taste), Clarity tests, solubility tests, pH, Density, Viscosity, Specific gravity, Refractive index, FTIR study of active constituent used in herbal syrup. This syrup is also tested for acute oral toxicity study (LD50), Antioxidant activity by using Nitric oxide free radical scavenging method, and hepato-protective activity by using paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. From the obtained results, we concluded that formulated poly-herbal syrup passed all quality control tests and also proved its effectiveness. The formulation F2 and F3 were the best poly-herbal formulation and it was selected for further study. In hepato-protective activity, F2 formulation when compared with the standard formulation of silymarin have shown good results.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of Gomphocarpus purpurascens A. Rich (Asclepiadaceae) in Mice.

Regardless of the availability of drugs many people still experienced pain and inflammation because current medications often trigger potentially serious adverse effects. A range of medicinal plants with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been widely used by traditional healers. Among them, Gomphocarpus purpurascens is one however there are no experimental studies that support this traditional use. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanolic leaf and root extracts of G. purpurascens. Air-dried leaves and roots of G. purpurascens were extracted with 80% methanol and an acute oral toxicity study was conducted for the 80% methanolic extract of G. purpurascens according to OECD guideline version eighteen. Preliminary phytochemical screening for the presence of different constituents was carried out. The hot plate method was used to evaluate centrally mediated analgesic activity while peripheral analgesic activity was tested by an acetic acid-induced writhing test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema test and formalin-induced pedal edema test were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing test was observed in mice by 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of root extract with respective values of 16.6%, 68.9%, and 83%. In the hot plate method, the root extract at doses of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed a significant (p < 0.05) analgesic effect. Maximum anti-inflammatory effects by all doses of leaf extracts were observed from 2-4hr post-induction in carrageenan-induced paw edema; and all tested doses of the extract inhibited the formalin-induced inflammation significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). The presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, steroids, and phenols might be responsible for these activities. This study shows that the extract had potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity which supports the traditional claim.

Identification and characterization of phytochemicals and constituents in Desmodium velutinum stem using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

The aim of this study was to analyse and identify phytochemicals and bioactive constituents present in Desmodium velutinum stem. Fresh stems of Desmodium velutinum were air-dried at room temperature for 3 days. The stems were pulverized into a fine powder which was extracted with methanol (80% v/v). The concentrated extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethylacetate, and aqueous methanol. Phytochemical analyses and bioactive composition were done using standard methods and HPLC. The fractionation of 40 g Desmodium velutinum stem methanol extract using aqueous methanol gave a 16 % percentage yield. The phytochemical analyses showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids with concentrations 5.02±1.22 mg/g, 2.64±0.01 mg/g, 7.02±1.18 mg/g and 3.61±0.04 mg/g respectively. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the aqueous fraction of Desmodium velutinum stem showed the presence of different constituents of flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in varying concentrations. The flavonoids include rutin hydrate and apigenin. The phenols identified were p-coumaric acid, rutin, ferrulic acid, and apigenin while the tannins identified were tannic acid. These phytochemicals identified in Desmodium velutinum stem have been reported to possess antioxidant properties which may be used in preventing and alleviating diseases. Desmodium velutinum may therefore be a potential source of new drugs in orthodox medicine. Most of these phytocompounds form part of the components of Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as African Traditional Medicine.

Physical, Corrosion and Microstructural Analysis of A356/SiC Nanocomposites Fabricated through Stir Casting Process

Porosity is one of the main difficulty to fabricate the superior quality of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) because it effects the surface finish of the casting, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Therefore, porosity must be minimum as possible so that better casting can be produced with optimal properties of the composites. In this study, aluminium matrix nanocomposites (A356/SiC or AMNCs) were fabricated through two-step stir casting via mechanical alloying using ball mill. The matrix alloy (A356) was reinforced with SiC nanoparticles of 40-55 nm avarage particle size (APS). The corrosion was performed by simple immersion corrosion test method for a predefined environment (3.5% NaCl solution) and for the specified duration. The results showed that density and porosity increase with the addition of reinforcement. The corrosion resistance get reduced with the incorporation of SiC due to the increase in porosity and number of nucleation sites. The substantial correlation between the corrosion rate and the amount of SiC are depicted. Moreover, the corrosion rate decreased with the increase in exposure time which is due to the formation of passive layer. The EDS spectrum shows the presence of different constituents in the composites. The formation of the cracks, oxides, pitting corrosion, and localized corrosion are found by the SEM results. Further, SEM of the corroded surface verifies the presence and good distribution of the SiC nanoparticles in the fabricated nanocomposites.

Amalgamation of Industry 4.0 and Healthcare within Biomedical Engineering

Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntz is an important herb which is having higher medicinal properties. Through all most all of the parts are used in the traditional system of medicines. The bioactive compounds or phytochemicals present in the plant show many pharmacological activities like wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, immunostimulant and, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of, A.brasiliana leaves showed the presence of phenol and alkaloids and A.brasiliana stem extracts showed the presence of different constituents like alkaloids flavonoids steroids glycosides and saponin. The DPPH and ABTS methods were followed for studying antioxidant activities of extracts. The wound healing potential of extracts is determined by the in-vitro method by using chick embryo fibroblast cell line study revealed that both stem and leaf showing wound healing activity. From the extracts the ethanolic extracts showing great wound healing potential at a time interval. Ethanolic stem extracts show comparatively higher wound healing potency. This paves way for future studies on this plant for isolation and commercialization of phytochemicals which are responsible for wound healing property of the plant Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntz. Keyword : Alternanthera brasiliana, antioxidant, DPPH and ABTS, wound healing, MTT assay.

Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L.

Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7–8.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Alternanthera Braseliana Kuntz Leaves and Stem Extracts

Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntz is an important herb which is having higher medicinal properties. Through all most all of the parts are used in the traditional system of medicines. The bioactive compounds or phytochemicals present in the plant show many pharmacological activities like wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, immunostimulant and, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of, A.brasiliana leaves showed the presence of phenol and alkaloids and A.brasiliana stem extracts showed the presence of different constituents like alkaloids flavonoids steroids glycosides and saponin. The DPPH and ABTS methods were followed for studying antioxidant activities of extracts. The wound healing potential of extracts is determined by the in-vitro method by using chick embryo fibroblast cell line study revealed that both stem and leaf showing wound healing activity. From the extracts the ethanolic extracts showing great wound healing potential at a time interval. Ethanolic stem extracts show comparatively higher wound healing potency. This paves way for future studies on this plant for isolation and commercialization of phytochemicals which are responsible for wound healing property of the plant Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntz. Keyword : Alternanthera brasiliana, antioxidant, DPPH and ABTS, wound healing, MTT assay.

Phyto-Engineered Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) with Potential Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Activities Under in vitro and in vivo Conditions.

BackgroundA diabetic ulcer is one of the major causes of illness among diabetic patients that involves severe and intractable complications associated with diabetic wounds. Hence, a suitable wound-healing agent is urgently needed at this juncture. Greener nanotechnology is a very promising and emerging technology currently employed for the development of alternative medicines. Plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been intensively investigated and regarded as an alternative strategy for overcoming various diseases and their secondary complications like microbial infections. Hence, we are interested in developing phyto-engineered gold nanoparticles as useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of infectious diseases and wounds effectively.Methods and ResultsWe have synthesized phyto-engineered gold nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Acalypha indica and characterized using advanced bio-analytical techniques. The surface plasmon resonance feature and crystalline behavior of gold nanoparticles were revealed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the extract demonstrated the presence of different constituents, while major functional groups were interpreted by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as the various stretching vibrations appeared for important O-H (3443 cm−1), C=O (1644 cm−1) and C-O (1395 cm−1) groups. Scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results revealed a distribution of spherical and rod-like nanostructures with 20 nm of size. The gold nanoparticle-coated cotton fabric was evaluated for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bacterial strains which revealed remarkable inhibition at the zone of inhibition of 31 mm diameter against S. epidermidis. Further, antioxidant activity was tested for their free radical scavenging property, and the maximum antioxidant activity of the extract containing gold nanoparticles was found to be 80% at 100 µg/mL. The potent free radical scavenging property of the nanoparticles is observed at IC50 value 16.25 µg/mL. Moreover, in vivo wound-healing activity was carried out using BALB/c mice model with infected diabetic wounds and observed the stained microscopic images at different time intervals (day 2, day 7 and day 15). It was noted that in 15 days, the wound area is completely re-epithelialized due to the presence of different morphologies such as spherical, needle and triangle nanoparticles. The re-epithelialization layer is fully covered by nanoparticles on the wound area and also collagen filled in the scar tissue when compared with the control group.ConclusionThe pharmacological evaluation results of the study indicated an encouraging antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the greener synthesized gold nanoparticles tethered with aqueous extract of Acalypha indica. Moreover, we demonstrated enhanced in vivo wound-healing efficiency of the synthesized gold nanoparticles through the animal model. Thus, the outcome of this work revealed that the phyto-engineered gold nanoparticles could be useful for biomedical applications, especially in the development of promising antibacterial and wound-healing agents.

Quality Control Assessment of Dhatryadi Ghrita with HPTLC Method

Background: Standardization of herbal formulation is mandatory for the quality check of drugs for assurance of their therapeutic value. According to the World Health Organization reports, about 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional medicine. Dhatryadi Ghrita, a polyherbal preparation containing eleven ingredients, has a sweet taste, cold potency and sweet post-digestive effects. Objective: In this research article, quality control for ghrita has been assessed for some of the ingredients of Dhatryadi Ghrita. Materials &amp; Methods: Quality control assessment was done with the aid of the HPTLC method. Precoated silica gel GF 254 was used as the stationary phase and the developed method used benzene:ethyl alcohol (9:1v/v). Scanning and quantification of the plates were performed at 254 nm and 366 nm. Result: The study confirms the presence of different constituents of Ghrita. Conclusion: routine analysis of Ghrita was facilitated with simple, accurate and cost-effective HPTLC method. Data has been provided to demonstrate the present and future applicability of the methods of quality control assessment of Dhatryadi Ghrita.

Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Retrieval of Water Quality Indicators in Case-II Waters: A Case Study of Hong Kong

Anthropogenic activities in coastal regions are endangering marine ecosystems. Coastal waters classified as case-II waters are especially complex due to the presence of different constituents. Recent advances in remote sensing technology have enabled to capture the spatiotemporal variability of the constituents in coastal waters. The present study evaluates the potential of remote sensing using machine learning techniques, for improving water quality estimation over the coastal waters of Hong Kong. Concentrations of suspended solids (SS), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and turbidity were estimated with several machine learning techniques including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Cubist regression (CB), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Landsat (5,7,8) reflectance data were compared with in situ reflectance data to evaluate the performance of machine learning models. The highest accuracies of the water quality indicators were achieved by ANN for both, in situ reflectance data (89%-Chl-a, 93%-SS, and 82%-turbidity) and satellite data (91%-Chl-a, 92%-SS, and 85%-turbidity. The water quality parameters retrieved by the ANN model was further compared to those retrieved by “standard Case-2 Regional/Coast Colour” (C2RCC) processing chain model C2RCC-Nets. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) for estimating SS and Chl-a were 3.3 mg/L and 2.7 µg/L, respectively, using ANN, whereas RMSEs were 12.7 mg/L and 12.9 µg/L for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and Chl-a concentrations, respectively, when C2RCC was applied on Landsat-8 data. Relative variable importance was also conducted to investigate the consistency between in situ reflectance data and satellite data, and results show that both datasets are similar. The red band (wavelength ≈ 0.665 µm) and the product of red and green band (wavelength ≈ 0.560 µm) were influential inputs in both reflectance data sets for estimating SS and turbidity, and the ratio between red and blue band (wavelength ≈ 0.490 µm) as well as the ratio between infrared (wavelength ≈ 0.865 µm) and blue band and green band proved to be more useful for the estimation of Chl-a concentration, due to their sensitivity to high turbidity in the coastal waters. The results indicate that the NN based machine learning approaches perform better and, thus, can be used for improved water quality monitoring with satellite data in optically complex coastal waters.

Injectable Nano Whitlockite Incorporated Chitosan Hydrogel for Effective Hemostasis.

Uncontrolled bleeding can lead to many complications that might cause multiple organ failures and even death. Of all the hemostatic agents used, chitosan has been reported to show better hemostatic potential. It acts through one mechanism involved in hemostasis that is plug formation by adhering to the injured site. Hence our focus is to enhance the hemostatic potential of chitosan (Ch) hydrogel by incorporating nano whitlockite (nWH: Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) that would release Ca2+, Mg2+, and PO43- ions that would simultaneously initiate the coagulation cascade. Ch-nWH composite hydrogel can act simultaneously on different mechanisms involved in hemostasis and bring about rapid bleeding control. The nWH particles were synthesized using precipitation technique and were characterized. Particle size of nWH was found to be 75 ± 5 nm. Composite hydrogel was characterized using FTIR and XRD to confirm the presence of different constituents of the hydrogel. Rheological studies showed the shear-thinning property and increased elastic modulus of the composite hydrogel compared to Ch hydrogel. 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel was observed to be cytocompatible with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). In the in vitro blood clotting analysis using citrated human whole blood, 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel showed rapid blood clot formation compared to control 2%Ch hydrogel. Further in vivo experiments performed on liver and femoral artery injuries created on Sprague-Dawley (S.D) rat model reveals that 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel promoted rapid bleeding control and less volume of blood loss compared to Ch hydrogel. These in vitro and in vivo results showed that incorporation of nWH has enhanced the hemostatic potential of Ch hydrogel. Therefore, the synthesized 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel may be a promising system that could bring about rapid hemostasis during life threatening bleeding.

Tribological properties of plasma-nitrided AISI 4340 steel in vacuum

Tribological properties of nitrided AISI 4340 steel are evaluated using ball-on-disk tribometer in vacuum. Optical microscopy and Vickers hardness tester are used to analyse compound layer thickness and case depth. X-ray diffraction is used to observe the presence of different constituents of nitrided surface before and after the wear tests. The wear mechanisms are investigated by microscopic observations of the worn surface using scanning electron microscopy. At 200 rpm, mild adhesive wear forms the main wear mechanism under the lower load. With increasing the normal load, the dominant wear mechanism changes to mild plastic deformation and abrasive wear. At 600 rpm, the wear mechanisms vary from the mild plastic deformation to severe plastic deformation, abrasive wear and even delamination with increasing the normal load.

In vitro trypanocidal activity of the Egyptian plant Schinopsis lorentizii against trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas’ disease is a chronic illness caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. According to estimates, approximately 16-18 million people are infected in Latin American. Plant extracts exhibit a wide variety of secondary metabolites and can play an important role in the discovery of new compounds with biological potential. The in vitro trypanocidal activity of the extracts obtained from six plant species collected in Egypt (Parkia africana, Parkia roxburgi, Lagerstromeia speciosa, Schinopsis lorentzii, Lagerstromeia indica, and Sapindus saponaria) was assayed against trypomastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. The cytotoxic activity of the most active extract was also evaluated by conducting MTT assays. S. lorentzii and S. saponaria were the most active extracts against the trypomastigote form; IC50 values were 9.9 and 27.34 g/mL, respectively. The S. lorentzii extract was also evaluated against the amastigote form (IC50 was 111.5 g/mL). The S. lorentzii extract did not exhibit significant cytotoxic activity. The selectivity index value indicated that this extract was highly selective for the parasite. The S. lorentzii and S. saponaria extracts exhibit trypanocidal activity, probably as a result of the presence of different constituents and their concentrations in the extracts.

Electrochemical dissolution of roasted gold ore in cyanide solutions

In free corrosion tests, pure gold (Au) electrode gave more active behaviour than that of roasted gold ore (RGO) electrode. Electrochemical noise measurements of Au electrode generally showed an increasing trend in corrosion rate, while RGO plateaued after the initial 10h until 24h. Scanning reference electrode technique, at open circuit potential, showed higher quasi electromotive force for Au than RGO electrode. Optimal leaching conditions for RGO were found to be 0.04M NaCN concentration, pH10–10.5, and 250rpm agitation speed. It was found that in cyanide solutions saturated with atmospheric oxygen, cathodic Tafel slope only (3.30×10−8±3.27% molm−2s−1) provides representative corrosion rates of gold for RGO to that in practical cyanidation (3.07×10−8±7.03% molm−2s−1). Considering that the anodic curve for Tafel slope or Stern–Geary methods was found to be misleading due to the presence of different constituents. The cathodic reaction on few sites of metallic conductive phase is the rate controlling one. Potentiodynamic scanning of cathodic polarization curve should go directly without cathodic cleaning from corrosion potential to more cathodic ones for both Au and RGO electrodes. SEM analysis indicated that the presence of Fe-oxide products could be the main contributor to the passivation of the gold surface.

Revealing the anti-tumoral effect of Algerian Glaucium flavum roots against human cancer cells

Glaucium flavum (G. flavum) is a plant from the Papaveraceae family native to Algeria where it is used in local traditional medicine to treat warts. G. flavum root crude alkaloid extract inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase cycle arrest and apoptosis without affecting normal cells, which is a highly awaited feature of potential anti-cancer agents. G. flavum significantly reduced growth and vascularization of human glioma tumors on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo. The chromatographic profile of the dichloromethane extract of G. flavum root showed the presence of different constituents including the isoquinoline alkaloid protopine, as the major compound. We report for the first time that G. flavum extract may represent a new promising agent for cancer chemotherapy.

Potential Antidepressant Activity of Areca catechu Nut via Elevation of Serotonin and Noradrenaline in the Hippocampus of Rats

The current study was aimed at investigating the potential antidepressant activity of Areca catechu nut ethanol extract and its various fractions using behavioral (acute and sub-chronic forced swim tests) and biochemical (monoamines and their metabolite levels using high performance liquid chromatography) tests. The areca nut ethanol extract and its aqueous fraction exhibited antidepressant activity in both acute and sub-chronic forced swim tests (IC₅₀ ~ 50 and 20 mg/kg, respectively), which was further confirmed by unaltered locomotor (horizontal and vertical) activities of rats in the activity cage. Phytochemical analysis revealed that saponins of areca nut may be the active component in its antidepressant action. The rats treated sub-chronically with areca nut extract displayed toxic effects, whereas its active aqueous fraction was non-toxic, indicating the presence of different constituents for antidepressant and toxic effects. In the hippocampus of rats, the areca nut extract (50 mg/kg) and aqueous fraction (20 mg/kg) caused a significant elevation of serotonin (around 35%) and noradrenaline (around 30%) compared with the control (261 ± 25 and 512 ± 29 ng/g, respectively). In conclusion, the areca nut possesses potential antidepressant effect via the elevation of serotonin and noradrenaline.

Selective internalization of ZnAl-HTlc nanoparticles in normal and tumor cells. A study of their potential use in cellular delivery

A colloidal dispersion of zinc aluminum hydrotalcite nanoparticles (ZnAl-HTlc) has been used for in vitro experimental procedures in order to provide reliable data on their potential application in cellular delivery. Two different cell lines (HeLa tumor cells and MDCK normal cells) with a similar epithelial derivation have been used. Sedimentation studies performed in the presence of different constituents of the cell culture medium revealed the importance of serum components to stabilize the colloidal dispersions of nanosized ZnAl-HTlc. Cell viability assay showed for nanosized ZnAl-HTlc a higher cell growth inhibition on tumor cells compared to normal cells whereas LDH test showed the absence of toxicity for both cell lines. Cellular uptake experiments indicated a preferential internalization of ZnAl-HTlc nanoparticles in HeLa tumor cells. Adsorption study and steady state fluorescence measurements on the phenol red/HTlc hybrid were carried out in order to verify the possibility of using phenol red as fluorescent dye for ZnAl-HTlc nanoparticles. The observed spectral behavior indicated a strong interaction between the dye and the inorganic matrix and the preferential adsorption of the dye on the nanoparticle surface has been confirmed by the XRPD data. Fluorescence confocal imaging showed a different localization pattern of nanosized HTlc in the two cell lines and a higher fluorescence signals in tumor cells supporting the occurrence of more efficient internalization processes in the pathogen cell line as observed in the cellular uptake experiments.

Multivariate control charts based on net analyte signal and near infrared spectroscopy for quality monitoring of Nimesulide in pharmaceutical formulations

Multivariate control charts based on the net analytical signal, in conjunction with near infrared spectroscopy, were developed to monitor the quality of a pharmaceutical formulation containing Nimesulide. Three control charts were developed: the NAS chart that corresponds to the analyte of interest (Nimesulide in this case), the interference chart that corresponds to the contribution of other compounds in the sample and the residual chart that corresponds to nonsystematic variation. From the limits estimated for each chart using samples inside the quality specifications, it was possible to identify the samples that were outside the specifications concerning Nimesulide concentration and to identify the presence of different constituents in the standard formulation.

PXII-6 Degradation an aggresome formation of the Gn tail of the apathogenic tula hantavirus

Aggresome formation in cells involves the failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to dispose of proteins destined for degradation by the 26S proteasome. UBB+1 is present in Mallory bodies in alcoholic liver disease and in aggresomes formed in Alzheimer’s desease. The present investigation focuses on the role that UBB+1 plays in cytokeratin aggresome formation in Mallory bodies (MBs) in vitro. Immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin-8 (CK-8) was used. The immunoprecipitate was incubated for 24 h in the presence of different constituents involved in aggresome formation including ubiquitin, UBB+1, the proteasome inhibitor PS341, an ATP generating energy source, a deubiquitinating enzyme inhibitor, a purified proteasome fraction, and an E1–3 conjugating enzyme fraction. MB-like protein aggregates formed in the presence of ubiquitin, plus UBB+1 or PS341. These aggregates stained positively for CK-8. UBB+1, and a proteasome subunit Tbp7, as demonstrated on Western blots. A second approach was used to form MBs in vitro in cultured hepatocytes transfected with UBB+1 protein using Chariot. The cells were double stained using CK-8 and ubiquitin antibodies. The two proteins colocalized in MB-like aggregates. The results support the possibility that aggresome formation is a complex multifactor process, which is favored by inhibition of the proteasome and by the presence of UBB+1.