Presence Of Crowding Research Articles

TOWARDS PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS WITH CROWDS

Abstract. Except in emergency cases, indoor crowds could also decrease the walking speed of pedestrians in daily life. To investigate daily-based accessibility of locations to a pedestrian in the presence of crowds, this paper proposes a method of indoor accessibility analysis. We adopt a hierarchical spatial model to represent indoor environments and evaluate the varied accessibility to a user. The first level refers to a door network representing door connectivity. On the second level, spaces are gridified so that crowd density can be readily measured, and its obstruction to pedestrians can be quantified at different time slots. Instead of generating specific obstacle-avoidance paths in a short period, we depict accessibility variation with two types of paths, i.e., central and periphery paths inside rooms. Based on the hierarchical model, pathways are pre-computed between doors for a user and indexed in the grid model. In a path query, a sequence of doors is derived from the door network, and the pre-computed pathways are readily retrieved to form the two types of paths. Accordingly, walking time can be estimated with crowd density in these grids at each time slot. We conducted an initial test on a building floor to demonstrate the use of the proposed method. We sampled the locations of simulated crowds (50 persons) every 10 seconds, and the time cost between given doors in both paths are compared. A slowdown occurred in the central path, and the periphery path involves the minimum time in the test scenario. In the future, the relationship between crowd density and the possibility of blockage to pedestrians will be further investigated.

Risk-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robot Crowd Navigation

Ensuring safe and efficient navigation in crowded environments is a critical goal for assistive robots. Recent studies have emphasized the potential of deep reinforcement learning techniques to enhance robots’ navigation capabilities in the presence of crowds. However, current deep reinforcement learning methods often face the challenge of robots freezing as crowd density increases. To address this issue, a novel risk-aware deep reinforcement learning approach is proposed in this paper. The proposed method integrates a risk function to assess the probability of collision between the robot and pedestrians, enabling the robot to proactively prioritize pedestrians with a higher risk of collision. Furthermore, the model dynamically adjusts the fusion strategy of learning-based and risk-aware-based features, thereby improving the robustness of robot navigation. Evaluations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the proposed method in both low- and high-crowd density settings. The results exhibited remarkable navigation success rates of 98.0% and 93.2% in environments with 10 and 20 pedestrians, respectively. These findings emphasize the robust performance of the proposed method in successfully navigating through crowded spaces. Additionally, the approach achieves navigation times comparable to those of state-of-the-art methods, confirming its efficiency in accomplishing navigation tasks. The generalization capability of the method was also rigorously assessed by subjecting it to testing in crowd environments exceeding the training density. Notably, the proposed method attains an impressive navigation success rate of 90.0% in 25-person environments, surpassing the performance of existing approaches and establishing itself as a state-of-the-art solution. This result highlights the versatility and effectiveness of the proposed method in adapting to various crowd densities and further reinforces its applicability in real-world scenarios.

Food Safety Practices during Hajj: On-Site Inspections of Food-Serving Establishments.

The presence of crowds during Hajj increases the risk of foodborne infection. Yet, research on the practices of food handlers during Hajj is limited. This study aimed to assess compliance with food safety practices and its associated factors during Hajj 2022. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Mecca and Madinah before and during Hajj 2022 and involved 195 food-serving establishments (FSEs) contracted for Hajj catering. Collected data included visit time, establishment location, licensure, whether food handlers had food safety training (professional training), and whether FSEs were under supervision from a consulting office (professional supervision). The included FSEs were 168/195 (86.2%). Two-thirds of FSEs surveyed (113, 67.3%) were under professional supervision, and 91 (54.2%) hired trained food safety workers. Compliance rates varied between outcomes (72.67 ± 17.21% to 88.3 ± 18.8%). Compared to Mecca, Madinah FSEs were more adherent to cleanliness (80.5 ± 27.9% vs. 91.5 ± 19.9%, respectively, p = 0.006). FSEs with trained workers were more likely to comply with proper food safety practices compared to those with untrained workers: cleanliness (OR: 7.2, 95% CI [2.6-20.23], p < 0.001); workers' commitment to health requirements (OR: 2.8, 95% CI [1.1-6.9], p = 0.025); handling of refrigerated and frozen food (OR: 5.27, 95% CI [1.83-15.20], p = 0.004); and food storage practices (OR: 12.5, 95% CI [2.0-12.5], p < 0.001). The role of professional training in increasing food safety practices compliance was highlighted. FSEs in Madinah were more compliant with food safety practices than those in Mecca. Therefore, Mecca FSEs may need stringent safety measures.

An Inventory Tool for Receiving Practicum Report Based on IoT by Using ESP32-CAM and UV Sterilizer: A Case Study at Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo

Currently, there are several problems related to practicum report collection inthe electrical engineering laboratory at the Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo. The firstproblem is the presence of crowds during practicum report collection that have theirdangers, specifically during the Covid-19 pandemic. Another problem is the absence oflaboratory assistants in the electrical engineering laboratory when there are students whowill collect reports. A tool that can receive practicum reports was made from these problems,and it can be monitored remotely by a laboratory assistant. By putting an RFID card to theRFID sensor on the box so that the solenoid can open the box door and the student can putthe report into the box. At the same time, ESP32-CAM takes pictures of students collectingthe report. Then, notification in the form of photos and student information will be sent tothe laboratory assistant through the Telegram application. After the report is placed into thebox, the UV Sterilizer will turn on to disinfect the report. The expectation of making this toolis to facilitate the collecting report process of practicum results and reduce the crowd in thelaboratory.

Hierarchical generator of tracking global hypotheses

The presence of crowds, crossing people, occlusions, and individuals entering and leaving the monitored scenario turns the automatization of Multi-Object Tracking into a demanding task. Due to the difficulties in dealing with those situations, the data association between the incoming observations and their corresponding identities could produce split, merged, and even missed tracks. This article proposes a Hierarchical Generator of Tracking Global Hypotheses (HGTGH) to prevent those errors. In this method, the data association process is divided into hierarchical levels according to multiple factors, such as the duration of tracking on the individuals or the number of frames in a row where they have been missed. A dedicated formulation of the association cost at each level properly combines various affinity metrics. Instead of generating hypotheses for each individual and analyzing them through a batch of future frames, the proposed method immediately generates a global hypothesis that describes the assignment of a whole set of identities on every incoming frame. The generated hypothesis is also able to render new people entering the scene. Thanks to this advantage, the proposed method simultaneously addresses the reduction of identity switches and the problem of starting new tracks. This novel data association method constitutes the core of an online tracking algorithm, which has been evaluated over the MOT17 dataset to demonstrate its effectiveness.

P075 Travel or cheers? Examining the drivers and mechanisms of home court advantage in the 2020/2021 NBA regular season

Abstract Introduction Home court advantage (HCA) in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is well-documented, yet the co-occurring drivers responsible for this advantage have proven difficult to examine in isolation. The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in the elimination of crowds in ~50% of games during the 2020/2021 NBA season, whereas travel remained unchanged. Using this ‘natural experiment’, we investigated the impact of crowds and travel-related sleep and circadian disruption on NBA HCA. Methods 1080 games from the 2020/2021 NBA regular season were analyzed using mixed models (fixed effects: crowds, travel; random effects: team, opponent). Results In games with crowds, home teams won 58.65% of the time and outrebounded (M=2.28) and outscored (M=2.18) their opponents. In games without crowds, home teams won significantly less (50.60%, p = .01) and were outrebounded (M=-0.41, p &amp;lt; .001) and outscored (M=-0.13, p &amp;lt; .05) by their opponents. Further, the increase in home rebound margin fully mediated the relationship between crowds and home points margin (p &amp;lt; .001). No significant sleep or circadian effects were observed. Discussion Taken together, these results suggest that HCA in the 2020/2021 NBA season was predominately driven by the presence of crowds and their influence on the effort exerted by the home team to rebound the ball. Moreover, we speculate that the strict NBA COVID-19 policies may have mitigated the travel-related sleep and circadian effects on the road team. These findings are of considerable significance to a domain wherein marginal gains can have immense competitive, financial, and even historical consequences.

‘Surging Like the Sea’: Re-Thinking the Spectacle of the Crowd in Early Modern London

Many texts of early modern London are fascinated with crowds. The city’s growth and resulting crowdedness were essential to the city’s theatrical spaces, as the presence of crowds ‘turn[ed] London into a theater’. But even as it is celebrated as a symbol of civic life, evocations of the urban crowd brim with anxiety over its illegibility and unsettling of the very performance space it helps to create. This article re-assesses the London crowd as just such an essential but essentially unstable spatial and rhetorical phenomenon. Working with an array of period texts, this article reads their figuring of the urban crowd specifically in terms of Soja’s socio-spatial theory of Thirdspace and the improvisational power of urban spatial relations.

Towards crowd-aware indoor path planning

Indoor venues accommodate many people who collectively form crowds. Such crowds in turn influence people's routing choices, e.g., people may prefer to avoid crowded rooms when walking from A to B. This paper studies two types of crowd-aware indoor path planning queries. The Indoor Crowd-Aware Fastest Path Query (FPQ) finds a path with the shortest travel time in the presence of crowds, whereas the Indoor Least Crowded Path Query (LCPQ) finds a path encountering the least objects en route. To process the queries, we design a unified framework with three major components. First, an indoor crowd model organizes indoor topology and captures object flows between rooms. Second, a time-evolving population estimator derives room populations for a future timestamp to support crowd-aware routing cost computations in query processing. Third, two exact and two approximate query processing algorithms process each type of query. All algorithms are based on graph traversal over the indoor crowd model and use the same search framework with different strategies of updating the populations during the search process. All proposals are evaluated experimentally on synthetic and real data. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of our framework and query processing algorithms.

Post COVID-19 Fractal Economics and Economies

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its accompanying 'lockdowns', Global economic growth will be nil or negative for some time to come. Due to large scale quarantine measures, economic activity that entails social gatherings or presence of crowds is also no longer possible or encouraged. This paper deals with providing a solution by envisaging a wholly different Post COVID-19 economy. Such Economies will be Fractal economies. First, we discuss the Impact of COVID-19 on the Global economy. Then I introduce the concept of a Fractal economy dependent on Social and Economic Lines of Interaction (SELOI). Finally, we discuss the various aspects of Fractal economies that make it radically different from the Pre COVID-19 economies that earlier existed.

Prediction of Crowd in Three Levels: a Foot Step to Anomalies Prevention

Crowd is a huge number of people meet jointly in a disorganized or unmanageable way. Crowd in any atmosphere may leads to suspicious events. Nobody can predict the crowd and some anomalies might happen in the presence of crowd. So prevention of crowd well in advance is the only remedy to tackle the situation. Advance crowd detection is an important subfield in video surveillance. Prior detection or prevention of crowd has so much of importance while we are considering the present scenarios all over the world. So now-days, an automatic crowd prevention technique is needed for all the countries to protect their land, provide safety for their citizens and law enforcement. Crowd prevention system using manual operators are weak due to many physiological and non-physiological factors but it will provide better performance than automatic system in case of decision making. Many models have been developed so far to detect the crowd automatically. Our system aims to predict the crowd well in advance in three levels and so the automatic system or the operator will get enough time to respond or take a decision. To detect the formation of crowd well in advance, all the human objects in a frame was identified by Gaussian mixture model and object classification, shadow was eliminated and crowd was predicted using the object rectangle model and center vertical line model. The pixel distance between the each rectangles and center line is used to predict the formation of crowd. This paper also gives some suggestions to crowd modelling.

Healthcare Acquired Respiratory Infections-Considerations and Strategies for Prevention and Control

Abstract This paper provides a critical review of existing procedures and practices, including surveillance methods and systems for identifying patients’ risk of acquiring healthcare associated respiratory infections, in different settings. The burden of healthcare associated respiratory infections afflicting patients and healthcare workers is underappreciated. Infection control measures for TB control have been strictly applied in the United States and have decreased rates of disease acquisition below that of the general population. However, in most other countries healthcare workers are greater risk of acquiring TB and other infections. The principles of these TB and general infection control measures can be applied in resource scarce settings and should reduce the transmission of TB in particular but may provide protection from other respiratory infections as well. As facilities vary widely in the complexity of care they provide, a framework of risk assessment should be used to identify and apply engineering controls, work practice controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment and finally education. Novel and creative solutions, including use of telemedicine and mHealth solutions should be further explored. As care becomes more complex in resource constrained settings, the necessary infrastructure related to water, energy, medical records, ability to do preventive maintenance and sterilize (reprocess) devices must be put into place so that the benefits of invasive care exceed the risks to the patients. The volume of water available per patient and family in hospitalized patients is a crude indicator of the quality and sophistication of care that can be provided. As we seek improve infection control as much as possible with simple interventions, it is important to realize that once again, limits are reached without a broader system infrastructure strengthening. Safe care does not harm the patient, the provider or the community. Implementation of safe care requires risk assessments and provision of appropriate ventilation and adequate volumes of water. Because the preconditions for a safe environment of care cannot be assumed in resource scarce settings, there may be limitations in the effective application of US infection control “bundles”. Infection control measures will have to be tested prior to implementation. Unlike in the United States, the impact of infection control measures may have to be extrapolated from studies done at sentinel sites. Measures can then be applied to facilities and evaluated with process control measures. Examples of process control measures include compliance with respiratory symptom screening, available volumes of water, hand hygiene monitoring, employee absenteeism, presence of crowds in areas with low air exchanges, ventilation, and indications for treatment among others. Keywords : Tuberculosis; Respiratory Infections; Healthcare settings; Infection Control

Association between immobile over-retained primary incisors, diet consistency, and the presence of crowding

Context: Immobile over-retained primary teeth often deflect the path of eruption of their corresponding permanent teeth, resulting in ectopic eruption. Although various etiologies have been mentioned in literature, there is little regarding its association with consistency of diet and the presence of crowding. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between the presence of immobile over-retained primary incisors (IOPIs), the consistency of foods consumed, and the presence of crowding. Materials and Methods: A total of 101 children with IOPI were randomly selected for evaluation. The consistency (soft, medium, or hard) of the foods consumed by each child during the day was assessed. The presence of crowding in the arches, the number of IOPI present, and the length of the root of each IOPI following its extraction were also assessed. Statistical Analysis: It was carried out using the SPSS software (version 11.5, IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA). The Chi-square test and the Z test were used. Results and Conclusion: No significant association was found between IOPI, the consistency of foods consumed, and the presence of crowding.

The role of accelerated dental development on the occurrence of aberrant dental traits that indicate malocclusion.

Timing of dental development might help orthodontists to optimize initiation of treatment and to prevent and intercept dental misalignment. This study examines the association between timing of dental development and aberrant dental traits such as crowding, impaction, and hypodontia. This study was performed using 4446 ten-year-old children from a multiethnic birth cohort, the Generation R Study. Dental development was defined using the Demirjian method. Crowding, impaction, and hypodontia were ascertained from 2D and 3D pictures and radiographs. We built three series of logistic regression models to test the associations of dental age with crowding, impaction, and hypodontia. Similar models were built to investigate the associations of the developmental stages of each left mandibular tooth with crowding, impaction, and hypodontia. Inverse associations were found between every 1-year increase in dental age and the presence of crowding [odds ratio (OR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 0.89], impaction of teeth (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.84), and hypodontia (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.56). Lower developmental stages of the second premolar were associated with the presence of crowding (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.98). Lower developmental stages of the second premolar (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.98), first molar (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.90), and the second molar (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.94) were associated with the presence of tooth impaction. Lower developmental stages of all mandibular teeth except the central incisor were associated with hypodontia (P < 0.05). Accelerated dental development is associated with lower occurrence of crowding, impaction, and hypodontia.

PREVALENCIA DE MALOCLUSIONES EN ESCOLARES DE 12 AÑOS DE LA PARROQUIA MACHÁNGARA EN LA CIUDAD DE CUENCA, 2016

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; OBJETIVO. Determinar la prevalencia de maloclusiones en escolares de 12 años de la parroquia Machángara de la ciudad de Cuenca, 2016. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo de corte retrospectivo de 184 fichas epidemiológicas de investigación de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca de la evaluación clínica en los planos sagital, transversal y vertical, mediante un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple utilizando fórmula para prevalencia, odds ratio y Chi cuadrado. Se analizaron las variables género, gestión escolar y tipo de maloclusión. RESULTADOS. La prevalencia fue de un 81 % de maloclusión, la distribución de maloclusión según género fue de un 83 % en el sexo femenino y 79 % en el sexo masculino; y en relación a la gestión escolar obtuvimos un 81 % de maloclusión en escuelas fiscales y un 75 % en escuelas fiscomisionales. El tipo de maloclusión con mayor frecuencia fue la Clase I con un 38 % seguida de Clase II -1 con un 29 %; Clase III con un 26 % y finalmente la Clase II-2 con un 8 %. Las características clínicas observadas con mayor frecuencia fueron 48 % perfil recto, 72 % normodivergencia; 38 % relación molar Clase I; 43 % de relación canina Clase I; 66 % de overjet y overbite normal; 93 % de ausencia de mordida cruzada posterior y 88 % de mordida cruzada anterior; 5 % de mordida abierta; 11 % presencia de diastemas y un 53 % presencia de apiñamiento. CONCLUSIÓN. Existe una alta prevalencia de maloclusiones dentales en escolares de sexo femenino provenientes de escuelas fiscales, de los cuales presentaron una alta frecuencia de características clínicas de maloclusión.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Utilizing RFID for Effective Real Time Retrieval and Translation of Public Advertisements

One of the important characteristics of smart cities is ease in accessibility of information for residents and visitors alike. Language barriers, impairments and presence of crowd should not influence the context-awareness of the visitors in such cities. The information provided via advertisement boards play an important part in this regard. In this paper, we propose Smart ads- RFID based system for real time retrieval and translation of public advertisements. Candidate signs and advertisements are RFID-enabled and the electronic contents of such advertisements/signs are acquired and stored in a cloud database server. The system offers both real time and off-line text/voice translation into user's preferred language and communicates the translated contents to user's smart phone. The system also provides real time GIS map visualization of the RFID enabled advertisements in the city. It collects statistics regarding the number of users subscribed in the system, their locations, preferred language and most frequently used languages to help decision makers to decide when and where to post such advertisements. We described our developed pilot project and we investigated its usability, validity and usefulness using Fuzzy Rule-based System. We believe that such system could provide promising services within the context of smart cities.

Average interradicular sites for miniscrew insertion: should dental crowding be considered?

ABSTRACTObjective: To define a map of interradicular spaces where miniscrew can be likely placed at a level covered by attached gingiva, and to assess if a correlation between crowding and availability of space exists. Methods: Panoramic radiographs and digital models of 40 patients were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Interradicular spaces were measured on panoramic radiographs, while tooth size-arch length discrepancy was assessed on digital models. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate if interradicular spaces are influenced by the presence of crowding. Results: In the mandible, the most convenient sites for miniscrew insertion were in the spaces comprised between second molars and first premolars; in the maxilla, between first molars and second premolars as well as between canines and lateral incisors and between the two central incisors. The interradicular spaces between the maxillary canines and lateral incisors, and between mandibular first and second premolars revealed to be influenced by the presence of dental crowding. Conclusions: The average interradicular sites map hereby proposed can be used as a general guide for miniscrew insertion at the very beginning of orthodontic treatment planning. Then, the clinician should consider the amount of crowding: if this is large, the actual interradicular space in some areas might be significantly different from what reported on average. Individualized radiographs for every patient are still recommended.

Crowded environments reduce spatial memory in older but not younger adults.

Previous studies have reported an age-related decline in spatial abilities. However, little is known about whether the presence of other, task-irrelevant stimuli during learning further affects spatial cognition in older adults. Here we embedded virtual environments with moving crowds of virtual human pedestrians (Experiment 1) or objects (Experiment 2) whilst participants learned a route and landmarks embedded along that route. In subsequent test trials we presented clips from the learned route and measured spatial memory using three different tasks: a route direction task (i.e. whether the video clip shown was a repetition or retracing of the learned route); an intersection direction task; and a task involving identity of the next landmark encountered. In both experiments, spatial memory was tested in two separate sessions: first following learning of an empty maze environment and second using a different maze which was populated. Older adults performed worse than younger adults in all tasks. Moreover, the presence of crowds during learning resulted in a cost in performance to the spatial tasks relative to the 'no crowds' condition in older adults but not in younger adults. In contrast, crowd distractors did not affect performance on the landmark sequence task. There was no age-related cost on performance with object distractors. These results suggest that crowds of human pedestrians selectively capture older adults' attention during learning. These findings offer further insights into how spatial memory is affected by the ageing process, particularly in scenarios which are representative of real-world situations.

Crowding on DNA in Protein Search for Targets.

Proteins searching and recognizing specific sites on DNA is required for initiating all major biological processes. While the details of the protein search for targets on DNA in purified in vitro systems are reasonably well understood, the situation in real cells is much less clear. The presence of other types of molecules on DNA should prevent reaching the targets, but experiments show that, surprisingly, the molecular crowding on DNA influences the search dynamics much less than expected. We develop a theoretical method that allowed us to clarify the mechanisms of the protein search on DNA in the presence of crowding. It is found that the dimensionality of the search trajectories specifies whether the crowding will affect the target finding. For 3D search pathways it is minimal, while the strongest effect is for 1D search pathways when the crowding particle can block the search. In addition, for 1D search we determined that the critical parameter is a mobility of crowding agents: highly mobile molecules do not affect the search dynamics, while the slow particles can significantly slow down the process. Physical-chemical explanations of the observed phenomena are presented. Our theoretical predictions thus explain the experimental observations, and they are also supported by extensive numerical simulations.

Buccally Malposed Maxillary Canines in Intermediate Schools Students of Sammawa City

Background: Canines are unique teeth because they have certain characteristics and responsibilities. They are located in the corner of the mouth, assist the incisors in cutting and tearing food, help the posterior teeth by guiding the mandible during the action of mastication. This survey aimed to determine the prevalence and gender difference of buccally malposed maxillary canines and to study the relation of this problem with the sagittal occlusion, crowding, retard deciduous canine and lack of space in the dental arch in a sample of intermediate schools students from Sammawa city. Materials and methods: A total of 3200 students (1600 males and 1600 females) aged 13-14 years old from Sammawa city were examined to detect the buccally malposed maxillary canines. For each diagnosed case, the sagittal occlusion, the sides affected on the maxillary arch, angulation of the canines, presence of crowding, retard deciduous canine and space lacking were determined. Z-score test was used to detect the gender difference, while Chi square test was applied to correlate the canine malposition with other factors. Results : In general 311(9.72%) of total sample have buccally malposed maxillary canines. Of them, 163(10.19%) were males and 148(9.25%) were females. This problem appeared to be higher in class I than other sagittal relations. Mesially angulated canine was more prevalent than distally one and in right more than left with non-significant gender difference. The prevalence of buccally malposed maxillary canines with the presence of crowding and retard primary canines was higher in males than females with non-significant gender difference. There was high significant association between buccally malposed canine and lacking of space. Conclusions: Regular visits of the children to the general practitioners and /or orthodontists are mandatory trying to preserve the deciduous teeth and to educate the parents about the importance of these teeth. In addition to that, the age between 9 to 10 years is important to detect the bulging of canines trying to minimize the possibility of ectopic canine eruption.

Evaluation of the structural reliability of a grandstand subjected to anthropic loads

The presence of crowds in soccer stadia produce dynamic loads which can in turn induce changes to the dynamic properties of the structural system and cause vibrations that exceed admissible comfort levels. The South Grandstand of the Pascual Guerrero Olympic Stadium in Cali, Colombia, has been the traditional stand for the rowdiest groups of fans during the soccer season, making it ideal for studies on human-structure interaction and structural reliability. This paper describes the analysis of the structural reliability of the grandstand using serviceability limit states recommended in international standards,. The methodology included the characterization of the dynamic response of the structure during several soccer matches, the formulation of the load functions for people jumping, simulations of the location of spectators in the stand using fuzzy logic and the incorporation of this information in a finite element model that was updated with experimental results. Structural reliability indexes were obtained for the response of the grandstand to anthropic loads.