Presence Of Chemical Elements Research Articles

DETERMINATION Of ANTIOXIDANTS In HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS By HPLC and X-RAY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DETECTOR In A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SYSTEM

An herbal supplement made with thyme, mint, cilantro, and rowan and viburnum fruit has been used to fortify wheat bread with antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of raw materials and bread was determined by the spectrophotometric method. To determine substances with antioxidant properties, the HPLC method was used. The chromatogram of the alcoholic extract of the herbal supplement showed that the supplement contains organic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The HPLC method was used to determine the amount of flavonoids in the supplement and bread. Micrographs of the surface of slices of bread with a phytonutrient were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of chemical elements with antioxidant properties was determined using an X-ray EMF detector in the scanning electron microscope system. The use of phytonutrients in bread technology has been found to lead to an increase in the quality of the product and its antioxidant activity.

Surface morphology studies and corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed Cr3C2/8YSZ composite coating on SS316

Austenitic Stainless Steel (SS316) is a commonly used material in marine and offshore locations. The components’ surface in such environments degrades due to chloride and moisture exposure. Hence, adding a ceramic coating to the surface enhances its functionality. In the present work, Cr3C2 and 8YSZ powders are mixed in an equal ratio to deposit unique composite coated layers on the SS316 substrate by plasma spray coating method. The performance of the composite coating is also compared to that of uncoated, Cr3C2-coated, and 8YSZ-coated substrates. The surface morphology and cross-sectional microstructures of the coated SS316 substrate are examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, and The presence of chemical elements in the coatings is determined using Energy Dispersive x-ray Analysis (EDAX) with elemental mapping. Further, the corrosion resistance of the substrate is evaluated using potentiodynamic polarisation and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The results show that the composite coating has a decreased porosity of 1.33% area and a higher microhardness of 880.02HV compared to bare and other coated surfaces. The corrosion analysis reveals that the composite coating has a decreased corrosion current density (Icorr) of 3.233 × 10–6 mA cm−2 and an enhanced charge transfer resistance of 2396.23 ohms.cm2 due to strong passivation and restricted electrolyte penetration into the coating. Further, the electrochemical corrosion study reveals that the composite coating exhibits the lowest corrosion rate of 0.00004306 mm / year.

Photocatalytic activities of Mg doped NiO NPs for degradation of Methylene blue dye for harmful contaminants: A kinetics, mechanism and recyclability

The pure Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) and Mg doped NiO (Mg:NiO) were prepared by one pot-auto combustion process in the presence of citric acid. Phase identification of Mg: NiO NPs was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The values of crystallite sizes 20.5, 20.1 19.8, 20.0, and 19.2 nm and lattice strains 1.225 x10−4, 1.473x 10−4, 0.977x 10−4, 1.597x 10−4,and 0.742x10−4 have been evaluated using Williamson-Hall plots analysis of the prepared NPs. Spherical shape morphology of Mg:NiO NPs was observed by FESEM images. The average particle size distributions were evaluated as 48.4, 60.8, 28.0, 33.4, and 35.3 nm for 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 wt% Mg: NiO NPs, respectively. The presence of chemical elements, and their stoichiometric amount in prepared Mg:NiO NPs were determined by EDAX. The oxidation states Ni (2P3/2), Ni (2P1/2), O (1s), and Mg (2s) were recorded by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Kubelka-Munk (K-M) function was employed to determine the optical band gaps of the prepared NPs by recording diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The energy gaps of 3.538, 3.535, 3.487, 3.532, and 3.490 eV were estimated for 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt% Mg: NiO, respectively. Methylene blue (MB) dye solution was employed to investigate the photocatalytic activity of as-prepared NPs in the presence of UV light. The degradation of MB was examined using visible photo application of pure NiO and Mg: NiO NPs. The 3 wt% Mg:NiO photocatalyst degrades the MB dye up to 98% after 75 min under UV light irradiation. Photocatalytic degradation of 3 wt% Mg:NiO NPs results showed that the NiO NPs are potential photocatalysts in the degradation of MB dye and can be utilized in wastewater treatment.

The Relationship Between Geological and Environmental Aspects with the Anomalies of Track Elements and Heavy Metal Elements in the Volcanic Area of the Muria Peninsula

The Muria Peninsula is a complex of volcanic activity located in the back arc of Sunda, which includes Kudus, Jepara, and surrounding districts. Volcanic activity on Mount Muria, can be used to study geological conditions, which were closely related to chemical elements. The presence of chemical elements in the river sediments of the Muria Peninsula was also influenced by anthropogenic heavy metal pollutants present in river deposits along the Muria Peninsula. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the geological conditions and the environmental conditions of the Muria Peninsula with the anomaly of track elements and heavy metal elements. The methods used in this research were the pick test method, XRF geochemistry and the results were correlated into a geochemical anomaly map. The results showed that there were trace elements anomalies of Ce and Nd in Jepara area which were influenced by Muria shoshonitic rocks. Anomaly of Cu element was found in Jepara area, anomaly of Mn element was found in Jepara and Demak, and anomaly of Zn element was found in Jepara and Demak. Anomaly of Cu, M,n and Zn elements were high in upstream area and caused by land use of dry agriculture, paddy fields and settlement areas.

One-Pot Hydrothermal Preparation of Hydroxyapatite/Zinc Oxide Nanorod Nanocomposites and Their Cytotoxicity Evaluation against MG-63 Osteoblast-like Cells.

In the present study, HAp-ZnO nanorod nanocomposites were successfully prepared using a customized hydrothermal reactor and studied for their compatibility against MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. The crystallinity, morphology, presence of chemical elements, and surface area properties were studied by XRD (X-ray diffraction), FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectrum) and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm techniques, respectively. Further, the mechanical strength and thermal analysis were carried out using the nanoindentation method and thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimeter (TG/DSC) methods, respectively. Moreover, in vitro biocompatibility studies for the prepared samples were carried out against human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63). The crystalline nature of the samples without any impurity phases was notified from XRD results. The formation of composites with the morphology of nanorods and the presence of desired elements in the intended ratio were verified using FE-SEM and EDS spectra, respectively. The TG/DSC results revealed the improved thermal stability of the HAp matrix, promoted by the reinforcement of the ZnO nanorods. The nanoindentation study ensured a significant enhancement in the mechanical stability of the prepared composite material. Finally, it demonstrated that the HAp matrix's mechanical strength and thermal stability were improved by the reinforcement of ZnO, and the cytotoxicity evaluation affirmed the biocompatible nature of the biomimetic hydroxyapatite in the composite.

Assessment of natural and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of chemical elements in soil from the Skopje region, North Macedonia

The main objective of this study is to present the distribution of different chemical elements in soil samples from the Skopje region, North Macedonia. To determine the level of presence of chemical elements, soil samples are collected from a total of 60 locations. From each location, from an area of 5 × 5 km2 samples of soil are collected: topsoil (0–5 cm) and subsoil (20–30 cm). The soil samples were analyzed for 69 elements by using two instrumental methods: inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for macro-elements and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace elements. A factor analysis was applied to analyze the factors affecting the linear combination variables grouped at the same factor. Spatial distribution maps of each factor as well as distribution maps for the analyzed elements were prepared by universal kriging interpolation. It was found that the distribution of most elements follows the lithology of the examined area, except for some elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) whose higher contents are found in the area of the city of Skopje as a result of urban and industrial activities (traffic, metal processing, fossil fuel combustion for heating).

Increasing the corrosion resistance of turbine

The reliability of the vane apparatus of steam turbines largely determines the operation of the turbine as a whole. The results of scientific research indicate that the surface operation of the blades in the wet - steam flow is caused by a combination of corrosion and drip erosion. The presence of chemical elements and compounds in the working fluid intensifies the process of blade wear. The pH value of the working environment, which can fluctuate significantly during operation, has a significant effect on the wear characteristics. The influence of methods of strengthening the leading edges of steam turbine blades made of steel is analyzed 15Х11МФ on corrosion resistance. Corrosion tests of blade samples were carried out, the inlet edges of which were strengthened in three ways: high current amplification, electrospark alloying with T15K6 alloy, electrospark alloying with steel 15Х11МФ According to the results of the tests, the layer strengthened by hardening by high-frequency currents has the lowest corrosion rate, the layer strengthened by electrospark alloying with T15K6 hard alloy has the highest. The corrosion rate of the layer reinforced by electrospark alloying of steel 15H11MF is 2.1 less than that of the layer reinforced with T15K6 alloy.

CORROSION RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED LAYERS OF 15Х11МФ STEEL STEAM TURBINE BLADES

The reliability of the vane apparatus of steam turbines largely determines the operation of the turbine as a whole. The results of scientific research indicate that the surface operation of the blades in the wet-steam flow is caused by a combination of corrosion and drip erosion. The presence of chemical elements and compounds in the working fluid intensifies the process of blade wear. The pH value of the working environment, which can fluctuate significantly during operation, has a significant effect on the wear characteristics. The influence of methods of strengthening the leading edges of steam turbine blades made of steel is analyzed 15H11MF on corrosion resistance. Corrosion tests of blade samples were carried out, the inlet edges of which were strengthened in three ways: high current amplification, electrospark alloying with T15K6 alloy, electrospark alloying with steel 15H11MF. According to the results of the tests, the layer strengthened by hardening by high-frequency currents has the lowest corrosion rate, the layer strengthened by electrospark alloying with T15K6 hard alloy has the highest. The corrosion rate of the layer reinforced by electrospark alloying of steel 15H11MF is 2.1 less than that of the layer reinforced with T15K6 alloy.

Corrosion of steam turbine blades made of steel 15Х11МФ

Problem statement.The reliability of the vane apparatus of steam turbines largely determines the operation of the turbine as a whole. The results of scientific research indicate that the surface operation of the blades in the wet-steam flow is caused by a combination of corrosion and drip erosion. The presence of chemical elements and compounds in the working fluid intensifies the process of blade wear. This problem is especially acute for the blades of the last stages of low-pressure cylinders, corrosion and erosion wear of which largely determines the service life of their work. A complex phenomenon, such as the destruction of the surface of the scapula feather as a result of aggressive environmental factors requires experimental studies. One of the ways to reduce the erosion wear of the blades is to increase the efficiency of anti-erosion properties by forming on the inlet edges of the protective layers that can withstand the effects of operational factors. The purpose of thearticle.Analysis of the influence of methods of strengthening the inlet edges of steam turbine blades made of steel 15Х11МФ on corrosion resistance. Conclusion. Corrosion tests of blade samples were carried out, the inlet edges of which were strengthened in three ways: high current amplification, electrospark alloying with T15K6 alloy, electrospark alloying with steel 15Х11МФ According to the results of the tests, the layer strengthened by hardening by high-frequency currents has the lowest corrosion rate, the layer strengthened by electrospark alloying with T15K6 hard alloy has the highest. The corrosion rate of the layer reinforced by electrospark alloying of steel 15Х11МФ is 2,1 less than that of the layer reinforced with T15K6 alloy.

Behavior of barium titanium trioxide with cupric oxide and oxynickel doping: Experimental investigation of structural and opto-magnetic properties

In this work, we present a top down approach method to synthesize the cupric oxide (CuO) and oxynickel (NiO) doped barium titanium trioxide (BaTiO3) material. The prepared doped BaTiO3 samples were tested with the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy X-ray Dispersive (EDX), UV–visible spectra and Magnetization-Applied field (M-H) curves for finding their crystalline phase, particles topography, presence of chemical elements, optical band gap and magnetic nature. We detected an antiferromagnetism in the M-H curve for all the doped BaTiO3 samples.

Tabela periódica: uma proposta pedagógica para o ensino fundamental

O artigo apresenta uma proposta pedagógica envolvendo tabela periódica aplicada em turmas do nono ano do ensino fundamental, utilizando recursos didáticos variados com características lúdicas e que permitam uma participação ativa dos alunos, com o objetivo de facilitar a apresentação de conceitos abstratos e simbólicos da química, favorecendo sua compreensão por parte dos estudantes. A atividade foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, com a primeira empregando a técnica da memória estimulada para identificar os conhecimentos dos alunos sobre a presença de elementos químicos no seu cotidiano, envolvendo seus nomes, símbolos e estado físico, e a segunda apresentando a tabela periódica a partir do uso de história em quadrinhos e atividade de pesquisa. Envolveu um estudo de caso, tendo como forma de coleta de dados a gravação das aulas, a produção de material por parte dos alunos e o diário de aula da professora. As etapas foram bem aceitas pelos alunos, permitindo a socialização de ideias e conhecimentos, com a participação ativa das turmas.

Identification of Climate and Psammotherapy Results at Tavan Els Kidney Sanatorium in the Western Mongolia

In this study, we have presented the climate and psamotherapy results at the Tavan Els Kidney Sanatorium of Mongolia. Patient variety for 10 years, since 2001-2011 there admitted 2000 patients in their remission of chronic kidney illness. Contents of renal diseases diagnoses are as following: glomerulonephritis 52%, phylonephritis 35%, hydronephrosis 3%, obstructive renal disease 2%, chronic renal failure 7% and debatic nephropathy 1%. Sand sauna therapy is lain into heated sand baths for adults 8 to 20 mins and for child 7 to 15 mins long, and it is performed twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 2 or 3 weeks once a year. Particularly, the sanatorium offers a type of physiotherapy through the application of thermally warmed sand and a combination of healthy micro-bioclimate, purity of the natural environment, and the presence of fresh and healthy local foods to treat a wide range of medical conditions. The sand sauna treatment most likely affects the body by means of the sand’s high temperature and the presence of chemical elements those are biologically important. Its specific climate and geographical condition of sanatorium is unique by length of sunshine, wind and content, color of sand.

Optimization of powder metallurgy processing parameters of Al2O3/Cu composite through Taguchi method with Grey relational analysis

This article investigates the effect of powder metallurgy processing parameters on multi-responses: mass density and hardness of Al2O3/Cu composite based on Taguchi method coupled with Grey relational analysis. Based on Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array, the experimental trial runs were conducted with four controllable powder processing parameters: milling time, compaction pressure, sintering temperature and holding time. The Grey relational analysis (GRA) was performed to find the optimal powder processing condition with Grey relational grade (GRG) as a measure of performance index. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D surface plots and contour plots were used to express the most influential parameter that affects mass density and hardness of Al2O3/Cu composite. Confirmation tests were conducted to make sure the validity of test results. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the presence of Al2O3 particle in the composite. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectrum indicates the presence of chemical elements: Cu, Al, O in the composite. The results show that the optimal powder metallurgy parameter combination is A2B3C3D1. The mean Grey relational coefficient (GRC) analysis shows that the mass density was more easily influenced by factors considered compare to hardness. The mean GRG result shows that the compaction pressure has the strongest correlation to responses. The result of 3D surface plots, contour plots and ANOVA indicate that the compaction pressure has most influential parameter that affect GRG. The % contribution of parameters shows that the % contribution of compaction pressure is significant (80.22%) compare to other main effects and interaction effects. The confirmation tests revealed that the performance characteristic of Al2O3/Cu composite was improved by GRA based Taguchi technique. The Monte Carlo simulated model summery show that based on Taguchi L18 Orthogonal Array design, one can easily find the reality of what will be happening in a process. Therefore, optimization of processes parameter could be simplified by using the Grey-based Taguchi method.

False low water content in road field compaction control using nuclear gauges: a case study

During the construction of a highway in the north of Portugal, it was verified that in a few places, the compaction control of the road fill materials presented unexpected results with the surface moisture-density gauge (SMDG). The water content was lower than measured by oven drying, and the density and compaction grade were much higher than when using the sand cone. In an effort to understand the reasons for this unexpected offset, the road fill material was tested in situ with two different brands of SMDG, extra sand cone tests were performed and samples were collected at the test sites and tested in the laboratory to determine the water content by oven drying. The local geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and radiation level of the fill materials were studied. It was concluded that the incorrect results were caused by the presence of chemical elements in the road fill materials, mainly manganese, chlorine, cadmium and boron, which are able to capture the neutrons released by the SMDG, delivering a false low water content (FLoW). An index to evaluate the susceptibility of the soil to present a FLoW is proposed. Despite the reliability of the SMDG in most fill control, it must always be used with great care, after cross-checking its results with other direct control tests.

An influence of active additives on the formation of selected indicators of the condition of the X10CrNi18-8 stainless steel surface layer in MQCL conditions

The paper presents the results of the research into the impact of anti-wear added to emulsion mist on the geometrical state of the machined surface of stainless steel after turning. In the research, the following machining conditions were compared: dry machining and cooling with compressed air, emulsion mist, emulsion mist + Crodafos O4A-LQ-(MH) and emulsion mist + Crodafos EHA-LQ-(MH). In the first stage, the influence of modifiers on roughness parameters of the machined surface were established. The aim of the second stage was to submit the machined material to microroentgenospectral analysis. The presence of chemical elements on the machined material surface for the aforementioned conditions of machining was analysed. Research results indicate that the application of cooling with emulsion mist with modifiers reduces the roughness parameters of the machined material even up to 80%. Adequately selected conditions of forming emulsion mist forms border layer, beneficially influencing the cutting conditions.

Contents of chemical elements in tissues of European badger (Meles meles) affected by ovarian tumour – a case report

Higher concentrations of chemical elements in animal tissues may be associated with tumours and may explain cancerogenity. In this study, selected chemical elements were measured in the liver, kidneys, muscles and tissues affected by tumour in a dead female European badger (Meles meles) with a metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the assessment of concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. AMA 254 analyser was used for the assessment of mercury concentration. Concentrations of heavy metals such as As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and total Hg amounted to 0.031, 0.16, 7.74, 44.54, 0.67, 0.67, and 0.36 mg·kg-1 in the tumour tissue. This is the first detection of ovarian tumour in a European badger (Meles meles) which was systematically examined for the presence of chemical elements.

Nutrients and Trace Elements Content of Wood Decay Fungi Isolated from Oak (Quercus ilex)

The presence of chemical elements and the differences in their concentration in the fruiting bodies of wood decay fungi may reflect their activity either as saprobes or parasites and the intimate physiological relation with the substrate from which they extract their nutrients. In order to test this hypothesis, we carried out a systematic sampling of eight species of wood decay fungi on oak (Quercus ilex). The data show that the concentration of some elements exhibits a very wide range of values for the species tested, which could mean that the relative content of some elements may provide clues about the nature of the substrate and, moreover, about the nutritional physiology. The comparison between the foliar analysis (FA) and the elemental content of fungi may shed light on the specific physiological behaviour of the species. Potassium is an element accumulated in fungal biomass in higher quantities than in the FA. By contrast, calcium appears in foliar analysis in much higher quantities than in fungal fruiting bodies' biomass. Concerning this element, we have also found profound differences between the two species phylogenetic groups and lifestyle. Of all elements measured, we believe that the relative accumulation of K and Ca may be related to the close connection between fungi and the substrate on which they live and may also explain their physiological role as saprobes or parasites. When the lifestyle and the systematic position of the different species sampled were compared, differences also emerged in the content of Na and Ca.

The Content of Elements in Rainwater and its Relation to the Frequency of Hospitalization for Atrial Fibrillation in Opole Voivodship, Poland, During 2000–2002

The elemental composition of rainwater is a suitable indirect indicator of the presence of chemical elements in airborne dust. As such, rainwater is considered a suitable monitor for environmental or natural pollution. The yearly content of chemical elements in rainwater may be considered a good indicator for determining the influence of these environmental factors on human body. We decided to investigate the relationship between chemical elements in rainwater and the frequency of hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation (I48, ICD10) on the population of the region of Opole Voivodship, Poland during the years 2000-2002. The voivodship or province has a population of one million and is divided into 12 counties that have between 44,000 and 151,000 inhabitants. We calculated the yearly average number of hospitalizations by reasons of atrial fibrillation per 10,000 inhabitants in particular counties. The average content of the chosen chemical elements in kilograms per hectare per year was calculated for each county individually and the data evaluated by means of Spearman's correlation coefficient. There is a high positive correlation between chromium in rainwater and hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation (r = 0.62) and mild positive correlation with cadmium (r = 0.57), lead (r = 0.57), zinc (r = 0.50), and chloride (r = 0.48). There are no significant differences between male and female patients. The biological activities of these elements, which may include enhanced adrenergic stimulation, remodeling of calcium or other ion channels, or the cytotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium may explain the positive correlations here reported.

Determination of chemical elements in africanized Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) honey samples from the State of Piauí, Brazil

Honey is a food used since the most remote times, appreciated for its characteristic flavor, considerable nutritional value and medicinal properties; however, little information exists about the presence of chemical elements in it. The objectives of this work were to determine the chemical elements present in 38 honey samples, collected directly from beekeepers from the State of Piaui, Brazil and to verify whether they presented any contamination. The chemical elements were determined by means of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence. The means of three replicates were: K (109.671 ± 17.487), Ca (14.471 ± 3.8797), Ti (0.112 ± 0.07), Cr (0.196 ± 0.11), Mn (0.493 ± 0.103), Fe (1.722 ± 0.446), Co (0.038), Ni (0.728 ± 0.706), Cu (0.179 ± 0.0471), Zn (0.967 ± 0.653), Se (not detected), Br (not detected), Rb (0.371 ± 0.097), Sr (0.145 ± 0.45), Ba (11.681), Hg (not detected), and Pb (0.863) µg g-1.

Environmental chemical study of the Murucupi river – Barcarena, PA, Brazil impacted area for the aluminum production

The present work evaluate the chemical conditions of the Murucupi river with relationship to the physical-chemical parameters and the presence of chemical elements in the water and correlations. The Murucupi river is located in the amazon region close the aluminum production area. Were analyzed the major, minor and trace elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Al, Ba, Mn, Sr, Zn, Ni, Pb e Cu), and physical-chemical parameters, acidity, total alkalinity, organic matter, pH, turbidity, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (OD) and total hardness. 13 collection points were selected along this river. In relation to the physical-chemical parameters the pH and OD only presented values in non conformity with the strip of values established by the resolution 357/05 of CONAMA. In relation to the chemical elements were found only the aluminum (Al: 356.04µg/L) and the iron (Fe: 1080.80µg/L), were in non conformity with the legislation. This results shows the anthropogenic influence in the contamination of the Amazon rivers from the production of aluminum reject.