Presence Of Breast Tissue Research Articles

A Rare Case of Accessory Breast Mimicking Lipoma in a Male

Accessory breast tissue is a rare condition in which there is a presence of breast tissue in an ectopic site in addition to normal site. It occurs in about 0.4-6% of women and 1.68% occurrence is seen in men. The obstacle to management comes in the diagnosis of the accessory breast tissue. The commonest site is the axilla, and the other sites of occurrence are groin, buttock and thigh. The disease may present as a unilateral swelling with changes occurring during the time of pregnancy, lactation and menses due to the influence of hormones. This breast tissue also undergoes the changes that occur in a normal breast tissue such as fibrocystic changes or carcinomatous changes. A case of accessory breast tissue was reported in a 28-year-old-male which was initially suspected to be a pedunculated lipoma in the right axillary region and later on histopathological evaluation diagnosed to be an accessory breast tissue.

Talking about breast symmetry in the breast cancer clinic: What can we learn from an examination of clinical interaction?

BackgroundBreast asymmetry is a common post‐operative outcome for women with breast cancer. Quality of cosmetic result is viewed clinically as a critical endpoint of surgery. However, research suggests that aesthetic standards governing breast reconstruction can be unrealistic and may problematically enforce feminine appearance norms. The aim of reconstructive procedures is to help women live well with and beyond breast cancer. Therefore, understanding how patients and clinicians talk about surgical outcomes is important. However, we lack evidence about such discussions.ObjectiveTo examine clinical communication about breast symmetry in real‐time consultations in a breast cancer clinic.DesignSeventy‐three consultations between 16 clinicians and 47 patients were video‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using conversation analysis.ResultsIn most cases, patients do considerable interactional work to persuade clinicians of the validity of their concerns regarding breast asymmetry, and clinicians legitimize these concerns, aligning with patients. In a significant minority of cases, patients appear more accepting of their treatment outcome, but clinicians prioritize symmetry or treat symmetry with the presence of breast tissue as normative, generating misalignment between clinician and patient.ConclusionCurrent clinical communication guidelines and practices may inadvertently reinforce culturally normative assumptions regarding the desirability of full, symmetrical breasts that are not held by all women. Clinicians and medical educators may benefit from detailed engagement with recordings of clinical communication like those analysed here, to reflect on which communicative practices may work best to attend to a patient's individual stance on breast symmetry, and optimize doctor‐patient alignment.

Fibroadenoma of Ectopic Breast Tissue in the Groin – A Rare Disease Entity

Abstract Introduction/Objective Ectopic breast tissue (EBT) is a well-documented anomaly of the breast and commonly presents along the embryonic milk line extending between the axilla and groin. Reported incidence of accessory breast is 0.4–6% in females. Pathologies developing in an EBT are reported as a rare entity in the literature. Carcinoma is reported as the common pathology followed by inflammation and fibroadenoma Methods We present a case of 43-year- old female who presented with a painless mass in her right groin for the past year which gradually increased in size. CT abdomen pelvis with contrast showed a 2.2 x 3.0 x 4.4 cm superficial soft tissue mass in the right groin which was suspected to be a lymph node. Further investigation and histopathological report of biopsy showed ectopic breast tissue with admixed chronic inflammation and reactive changes.However, excision of the mass three months later showed showed proloferation of both glandular and stromal elements. Results The tissue from the biopsy was positive for GATA 3, mammoglobin, GCDFP and CD 10 and the histological features on excision was confirmatory of fibroadenoma. Conclusion In conclusion, when tumors or nodules are found along the mammary line, the presence of breast tissue should be considered during the investigation. It is clinically wise to evaluate and screen carefully cases of supernumerary breast for any pathology and for any associated urogenital anomalies such as supernumerary kidneys, polycystic kidneys and renal cell adenocaricnoma. In our case, patient had no associated urogenital anomalies and she is on follow up.

Abstract P2-01-22: The long term outcomes of Metasin RTqPCR intra-operative sentinel node analysis in early breast cancer

Abstract Background: Axillary lymph node involvement is a prognostic factor in breast cancer and it is used to guide adjuvant therapy. Axillary clearance remains the standard of care in lymph node positive disease in most parts of the world. Usually this is performed as second procedure but immediate intra-operative node analysis allows clearance to be performed as part of the initial procedure where necessary. The Metasin assay targets the breast epithelial cell markers CK19 and mammaglobin mRNA and detects the presence of breast tissue (metastatic disease) in the sentinel nodes. Evidence shows the Metasin assay to be fast (average assay time 41.2min) and accurate with a discordance rate below 4% compared with histology. The cost effectiveness of the assay has been reported in our previous studies. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the risk of axillary recurrence following the use of the Metasin assay to guide axillary management. Method: This is a single centre retrospective study which included all patients presenting to a district general hospital with early clinically node negative breast cancer undergoing sentinel node biopsy between Oct 2011 and Dec 2014. Alternate 2 mm slices of the node were examined intraoperatively using the Metasin assay and the remainder sent for histological examination. The results of the Metasin assay and histology were compared. The risk of axillary recurrence using the Metasin test to select patients for immediate axillary clearance was assessed. Results: 1073 sentinel nodes from 545 patients were analysed during this three-year period. 2 patients were lost to follow up. 94 patients were node positive and underwent axillary clearance as part of their primary surgery. 449 patients had sentinel node biopsy with no further axillary procedure. There were 36 nodes (3.34%) with discordant results. Median follow up was 32 months (range 18 to 55 months). Fourteen patients presented with recurrences (2.56%). The mean event free interval was 15 months. Of the 14 patients, 5 patients tested with Metasin had macrometastases and underwent immediate axillary clearance during the primary surgery. 7 patients were node negative and 2 patients were shown to have micrometastases. 11 patients recurred with distant metastases, 3 patients with local recurrence and 2 patients (0.36%) with axillary recurrences. The two axillary recurrences occurred at 3 and 5 months after primary surgery. Both patients underwent Metasin intraoperative analyses of sentinel nodes which were negative. Subsequent histological examination confirmed no metastatic node involvement in one patient but micro-metastases in the other. Both of these patients had aggressive disease with local, axillary and distant metastasis and subsequently died of their disease. Conclusions: The Metasin assay is a reliable intraoperative test for sentinel node involvement and when used to guide surgical axillary management is associated with very low axillary recurrences (0.36% with a median follow up of 32 months). Citation Format: Udayasankar S, Ashley E, Jenkins KS, Huws A, Sharaiha Y, Sai-Giridhar P, Thomas D, Munir A, Holt S, Khawaja S. The long term outcomes of Metasin RTqPCR intra-operative sentinel node analysis in early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-22.

Away from the milky way: An extremely rare case of pulmonary ectopic breast.

Ectopic breast is defined as the presence of breast tissue outside the pectoral region. In this article, we are reporting an extremely rare case of pulmonary aberrant breast tissue. A 79-years-old Caucasian woman with the history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease, presented to the emergency department for worsening dyspnea on exertion and pleuritic chest pain over the last few days. Both thoracic CT scan and the gross evaluation of tumor after its removal by thoracotomy were in favor of a soft tissue tumor such as pulmonary lipoma, whilst surprisingly the histological examinations revealed the mass to be ectopic breast tissue. Although it is extremely rare, this diagnosis should be considered in the evaluation of pulmonary masses.

Duct Ectasia an Unusual Case Presentation and an Overview

Accessory breast is the presence of breast tissue at any part of the body except the normal breast region. Ectasia of the breast is a condition where the lactiferous ducts are blocked by secretions. Both accessory breast and duct ectasia are very common entities presenting separately but coexistence is rarity with a normal breast finding. In this case report, a 24-year-old female presented with bilateral painful axillary mass of 3 months duration which was excised is presented. Gross examination showed fibrofatty tissue with few areas of fibrosis while microscopic examination revealed breast tissue with duct ectasia. This case is reported for its rarity and to give clinicians a differential diagnosis of simultaneous coexistence of accessory breast with duct ectasia with a normal breast finding and a review of relevant aspects of duct ectasia is also included.

Gynecomastia and Premature Thelarche: A Guide for Practitioners

1. Stavros Diamantopoulos, MD* 2. Yong Bao, MD† 1. *Fellow 2. †Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla Gynecomastia is the presence of breast tissue in males. The term comes from the Greek word gyne (woman) and mastos (breast). Gynecomastia is common and often is a concern for families, but it usually is a normal part of adolescent development. Pathologic gynecomastia does occur and can be related to a serious underlying problem. Any abnormal breast development in males warrants evaluation. Premature thelarche ( thely =female, arche =beginning) is isolated breast development in girls younger than 8 years of age. Premature thelarche usually is benign, but may signify a more complicated condition. Practitioners should know how to evaluate early breast development in girls. A mature mammary gland consists of 15 to 25 lactiferous ducts and lobes. Development of the breast tissue anlage is identical in the male and female fetus. Before puberty, the breast consists of the same number of lactiferous ducts ending in small ductules lined with epithelial cells. It is not until puberty that mammary gland development progresses in females, reaching completion during the first pregnancy. The mature terminal alveolar buds formed in early pregnancy are called acini. The units of lactiferous ducts with their lobules compose a lobe. Lobes are separated by dense connective tissue septa. Several hormones influence breast development. Under estrogen stimulation, ductal and stromal components proliferate. Duct growth and division result in lobules that consist of alveolar buds clustering around a terminal duct. Lobules lie within a growing stroma of loose, hormone-sensitive connective tissue that supports the mammary gland. Progesterone promotes acinar differentiation of the ductal system. Prolactin has a trophic effect on the alveolar buds, promoting acinar formation and the secretory differentiation of the mammary epithelium to support lactation. Receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) / human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have been found in mammary tissue; it is believed that these hormones also may …

The inframammary fold: contents, clinical significance and implications for immediate breast reconstruction

The amount of breast tissue within the inframammary fold (IMF) is controversial. Preservation of the IMF during mastectomy facilitates breast reconstruction and led some surgeons to practice conservation of the IMF, contrary to traditional descriptions of total mastectomy. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical significance of IMF tissue content. A total of 50 IMF specimens were studied from 42 patients who underwent mastectomy between January 2001 and December 2002. The amount of breast tissue within each IMF was evaluated. The median patient age was 46 (range 33–86) years. The median body mass index was 23.4 (18.1–38.3) kg/m 2. The median IMF volume resected was 2 (0.2–9.7) cm 3 which was 0.6 (0.1–2.0)% of the breast volume. Ten specimens (20%) contained breast tissue and one (2%) contained breast tissue and an inframammary lymph node. Three specimens (6%) containing fibrofatty tissue without breast parenchyma had intramammary lymph nodes within the IMF. One patient (2%) who had a mastectomy for invasive ductal carcinoma had IMF tissue containing a lymph node within the IMF with breast cancer metastasis. The presence of breast tissue or lymph nodes within the IMF was unrelated to patient age, body mass index, the amount of IMF tissue in relation to breast volume and absolute breast size. Our finding that breast tissue and intramammary lymph nodes are present in 28% of IMF specimens requires re-consideration of the safety of preserving the IMF at mastectomy. If IMF tissue is resected and the immediate breast reconstruction is performed, the superficial fascial system should be reconstructed after excision of the IMF tissue in order to recreate the inframammary crease.

The doughnut sign for presence of breast tissue

The doughnut sign for presence of breast tissue