Presence Of Bacterial Species Research Articles

The impact of nutritional immunity on Group B streptococcal pathogenesis during wound infection.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a Gram-positive pathobiont that can cause adverse health outcomes in neonates and vulnerable adult populations. GBS is one of the most frequently isolated bacteria from diabetic (Db) wound infections but is rarely found in the non-diabetic (nDb) wound environment. Previously, RNA sequencing of wound tissue from Db wound infections in leprdb diabetic mice showed increased expression of neutrophil factors, and genes involved in GBS metal transport such as the zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and putative nickel (Ni) import systems. Here, we develop a Streptozotocin-induced diabetic wound model to evaluate the pathogenesis of two invasive strains of GBS, serotypes Ia and V. We observe an increase in metal chelators such as calprotectin (CP) and lipocalin-2 during diabetic wound infections compared to nDb. We find that CP limits GBS survival in wounds of non-diabetic mice but does not impact survival in diabetic wounds. Additionally, we utilize GBS metal transporter mutants and determine that the Zn, Mn, and putative Ni transporters in GBS are dispensable in diabetic wound infection but contributed to bacterial persistence in non-diabetic animals. Collectively, these data suggest that in non-diabetic mice, functional nutritional immunity mediated by CP is effective at mitigating GBS infection, whereas in diabetic mice, the presence of CP is not sufficient to control GBS wound persistence. IMPORTANCE Diabetic wound infections are difficult to treat and often become chronic due to an impaired immune response as well as the presence of bacterial species that establish persistent infections. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most frequently isolated bacterial species in diabetic wound infections and, as a result, is one of the leading causes of death from skin and subcutaneous infection. However, GBS is notoriously absent in non-diabetic wounds, and little is known about why this species thrives in diabetic infection. The work herein investigates how alterations in diabetic host immunity may contribute to GBS success during diabetic wound infection.

Microbial Quality and Public Health Risks of Selected Herbal Remedies Sold in Open Markets in Owerri Metropolis, South Eastern, Nigeria

Herbal medicines are presently widely used in developed and developing countries for health care due to their affordability, accessibility and availability.
 Objective: The microbial quality of selected herbal remedies sold in open markets in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria was studied.
 Methods: The samples were bulked according to type and then serially diluted. The spread plate technique was used in inoculating the samples on the appropriate culture medium and then incubated. Standard laboratory protocols for microbiological studies and biochemical tests were employed for the identification of the microorganisms present in the samples.
 Results: The presence of bacterial species namely Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp was recorded. They were all gram positive and bacterial counts ranged from 1.0 x 106 to 7.8 x 107cfu/ml. Fungal isolates included Mucor, Saccharomyces and Penicillium spp. and fungal counts ranged from 3.0x103 to 1.3x108 cfu/ml respectively.
 Conclusion: The presence of these microorganisms in herbal remedies do not only make them hazardous, but might also change the physical, chemical and natural properties of the herbal remedies by altering the contents of active ingredients or converting them to toxic products. The production and consumption of herbal remedies should be properly supervised and monitored to ensure that only good quality products get to the consumers.

Bacterial infection of the urinary tract and glucose level in patients presented with urinary tract infection in tertiary care hospital, Bihar

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the bacterial Infection of the Urinary Tract and Glucose Level in patients presented with Urinary Tract Infection in tertiary care hospital. Methods: Sterilized universal (glass) containers were used in collecting early morning midstream urine from patients. Subjects were instructed to void 5mls of Mid-Stream urine. Two hundred early morning, mid-stream urine samples was collected from one hundred patients of urinary tract infection, age between 1 to >60 years with the presence of bacterial species and 2mls of blood was obtained for glucose screening (glycosuria). Testing for Glucose, macroscopic Examinations, and gram stain procedures were performed to all blood samples. Results: Most of the patients 46(23%) were in age group of 51-60 years. 43(21.5%), 39(19.5%) and 35(17.5%) patients were in age group of 21-30 years, 41-50 years and 31-40 years respectively. most predominant isolated bacteria causing urinary tract infection were Escherichia coli 27(32.53%). Other isolated microorganisms were staphylococcus species 18(21.67%), streptococcus species 18(21.67%), 16(19.27%) Klebsiella species and 2(2.41%) proteus spp, pseudomonas spp. Prevalence of UTI was higher in females 49(59.04%) than males 34(40.96%). out of 200 samples, 83(41.5%) samples were infected. Among them, 24(28.92%) had both bacterial infection with glucose.

THE DEPENDENCE OF SPERM PROGRESSIVE MOTILITY AND SEMINAL PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON BACTERIAL LOAD IN DUROC BOAR SEMEN

Interactions between spermatozoa and bacterial species in ejaculates comes along with deleterious effects on the structure and function of male gametes. However, the effect of bacterial load on the seminal plasma remains unexplored. Therefore, this study was focused on the identification of bacterial species present in Duroc boar semen (n=18), quantification of the bacterial load (CFU) and alterations to the biochemical parameters of seminal plasma. The computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) analysed the progressive motility (PRO; motility≥25µm/s) of spermatozoa, their concentration and kinematic parameters. The MALDI Biotyper was used for the bacterial characterization of fresh ejaculates. Seminal plasma was separated and biochemical analysis was carried out using the Randox RX Monza analyzer. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total proteins (TP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), cholesterol (CHOL), bilirubin (BR), albumins (ALB) and uric acid (UA) were subjected to the Pearson correlation with CFU and PRO. The bacterial identification showed the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The correlation analysis showed that the progressive motility of spermatozoa was strongly dependent (-0.799; P<0.01) on the seminal bacterial load. Moreover, a negative significant correlation (-0.810; P<0.001) was detected between CFU and Mg concentration. Also ALT (-0.647; P<0.01) and ALB (-0.484; P<0.05) were negatively affected by the bacterial load. Altogether, the presence of bacterial species may adversely affect the progressive motility as well as the biochemical composition of seminal plasma and thereby create unfavorable conditions for the sperm survival. Further analyses are necessary to reveal interactions between semen and bacteria.

Cefoxitin versus piperacillin–tazobactam as surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionAlthough antibiotic prophylaxis is established in reducing postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs), the optimal antibiotic for prophylaxis in pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) remains unclear. The study objective is to evaluate if administration...

The composition and functional protein subsystems of the human nasal microbiome in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a pilot study

BackgroundEar, nose and throat involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is frequently the initial disease manifestation. Previous investigations have observed a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with GPA, and chronic nasal carriage has been linked with an increased risk of disease relapse. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated changes in the nasal microbiota including a detailed analysis of Staphylococcus spp. by shotgun metagenomics in patients with active and inactive granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Shotgun metagenomic sequence data were also used to identify protein-encoding genes within the SEED database, and the abundance of proteins then correlated with the presence of bacterial species on an annotated heatmap.ResultsThe presence of S. aureus in the nose as assessed by culture was more frequently detected in patients with active GPA (66.7%) compared with inactive GPA (34.1%). Beta diversity analysis of nasal microbiota by bacterial 16S rRNA profiling revealed a different composition between GPA patients and healthy controls (P = 0.039). Beta diversity analysis of shotgun metagenomic sequence data for Staphylococcus spp. revealed a different composition between active GPA patients and healthy controls and disease controls (P = 0.0007 and P = 0.0023, respectively), and between healthy controls and inactive GPA patients and household controls (P = 0.0168 and P = 0.0168, respectively). Patients with active GPA had a higher abundance of S. aureus, mirroring the culture data, while healthy controls had a higher abundance of S. epidermidis. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, generally assumed to be a pathogen of cats and dogs, showed an abundance of 13% among the Staphylococcus spp. in our cohort. During long-term follow-up of patients with inactive GPA at baseline, a higher S. aureus abundance was not associated with an increased relapse risk. Functional analyses identified ten SEED protein subsystems that differed between the groups. Most significant associations were related to chorismate synthesis and involved in the vitamin B12 pathway.ConclusionOur data revealed a distinct dysbiosis of the nasal microbiota in GPA patients compared with disease and healthy controls. Metagenomic sequencing demonstrated that this dysbiosis in active GPA patients is manifested by increased abundance of S. aureus and a depletion of S. epidermidis, further demonstrating the antagonist relationships between these species. SEED functional protein subsystem analysis identified an association between the unique bacterial nasal microbiota clusters seen mainly in GPA patients and an elevated abundance of genes associated with chorismate synthesis and vitamin B12 pathways. Further studies are required to further elucidate the relationship between the biosynthesis genes and the associated bacterial species.

Periodontopathogens Detection in White-Cheeked Spider Monkey (Ateles marginatus)

Background: Control of oral lesions contributes directly to the survival, and welfare of captive animals, and studies show that the genus Ateles has a higher prevalence of widespread periodontal disease compared to other genera. Anaerobic microbial species, considered as periodontal pathogens, are part of the biofilm community that contributes to the development of periodontitis. The present study aimed to detect periodontopathogenos in the oral cavity of two captive white-cheeked spider monkeys (Ateles marginatus) submitted for assessment oral and subgingival curettage.Case: We evaluated one pair of captive white-cheeked spider monkeys, one male (A) and one female (B), of 15 years of age with an average weight of 7 kg. Animals were fed daily with rations for primates, including fruit, vegetables, and raw eggs. The animals underwent oral evaluation, and following the charting of odontogram and photographic documentation, both were classified with periodontal disease stage III, according to the AVDC (American College of Veterinary Dentistry). They presented with moderate periodontitis, characterized by a loss of 25 to 50% of periodontal insertion and exposure of furcation degree 2, measured through clinical survey. During intraoral review, animals underwent subgingival curettage with curette of Gracey on the surface of the canine vestibular (C) and four top bilateral premolars (4PM). Antibiotics were not used at the time of collection, for dealing with routine procedures of clinical evaluation. The animals showed an increase in the volume of hemorrhagic features in the vestibular region between C and the second pre molar (2PM) on the upper right. Incisional biopsy was collected immediately at the end of the assessment, for the purpose of histopathological analyses. The samples from subgingival collection were immediately deposited in microtubes containing 500 µL of 0.9% saline solution and kept at -18°C until the time of genomic DNA extraction. The extracted DNA were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia. All the samples detected in PCR were confirmed by partial sequencing of genes. Fusobacterium spp., P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia were detected in both individuals A and B. The identification of P. intermedia was exclusive to animal A and histopathological analysis of the gingival fragment showed severe and diffuse neutrophilic infiltrates, confirming the of gingivitis for this individual, with greater severity in the disease progression.Discussion: Older animals in captivity have a higher incidence of periodontal disease and high expression of inflammatory cytokines and immune receptors involved in the induction of inflammation as compared to younger animals, as well as free-living animals. Gingivitis and periodontitis are associated with an increase in the frequency of anaerobic, gramnegative microorganisms, whereby the production of pigments and a variety of enzymes damages the periodontal tissues. Knowing that the presence of bacterial species directly affects the periodontal condition and that the participation of these microorganisms favors the installation and progression of the disease, this study describes the first molecular detection of periodontopathogens related to periodontal disease in white-cheeked spider monkeys. We concluded that these pathogens are present in the oral cavity of white-cheeked spider monkeys, highlighting the importance of routine and proper food handling in captive animals.

The presence of bacterial species in bovine semen and their impact on the sperm quality

The presence of bacterial species in bovine semen and their impact on the sperm quality

Microbiological analysis and the outcomes of periodontal treatment with or without adjunctive systemic antibiotics-a retrospective study.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the impact of microbiological diagnostics on the outcomes of periodontal treatment with or without adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics. Patient files were screened for microbiological analysis before (T1) and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (T2). Medical history, diagnosis, clinical data, and results of the microbiological analysis were extracted from the patient's file. After descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis was performed to model the presence of 90 and 50% reductions of numbers of sites with probing depths (PD) of ≥ 5mm at T2 (90%-PD5 and 50%-PD5), respectively, against the presence of bacterial species, clinical diagnosis, and adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics. Eighteen patients diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis (AP, 17 with adjunctive antibiotics) and 84 with chronic periodontitis (CP, 31 with adjunctive antibiotics) were included in the analysis. Logistic modeling of bacteria at T1 to 90%-PD5 failed to show any statistical significance. Using 50%-PD5, presence of all Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola and in particular of T. denticola at T1 was associated with good response to therapy. Modeling of bacterial presence to 90-%PD5 and to 50-%PD5 at T2 found an association with absence of T. forsythia (90-%PD5 and 50-%PD5) and of T. denticola and Campylobacter rectus (50%-PD5). Modeling bacteria at T1, antibiotic group and oral hygiene at T2 on 50%-PD5 revealed odds ratio (OR) of the adjunctive antibiotic group between 2.70 and 52.4, of the oral hygiene between 3.27 and 4.11, and of the bacteria at T1 up to 28.6 (Porphyromonas gingivalis, T. forsythia, or T. denticola). Microbiological analysis of the most important species associated with periodontal diseases appears to support a clinically based decision for the adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics. The present findings appear to support the use microbiological testing to strengthen the clinical decision making process for either using or not using systemic antibiotics in conjunction with non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Bacterial Colonization in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa: A Cross-sectional Study of 50 Patients and Review of the Literature.

It is unclear whether bacterial colonization in hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) comprises a primary cause, triggering factor or secondary phenomenon of the disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, the connection between certain bacterial species, the disease severity and its localization is unknown. Bacterial species were isolated from HS lesions to reveal a potential correlation with localization and disease severity. Ninety swab tests were prospectively obtained from 90 HS lesions of 50 consecutive patients. The material was cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The identified species were statistically correlated with Hurley stage and localization of the lesions. The most prevalent isolates were reported. Hurley stage significantly correlated with disease localization. Particular bacterial species were associated with "extended" disease and Hurley III stage with the detection of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and with a higher number of species. The presence of bacterial species is dependent on the local milieu, which correlates with the localization of the disease, its clinical manifestations and its extension.

Prevalence of respiratory colonisations and related antibiotic resistances among paediatric tracheostomised patients of a long-term rehabilitation centre in Italy.

Patients with brain injury are prone to bacterial colonisations because of mechanical ventilation during intensive care and the long-term retention of tracheostomical tubes during rehabilitation. Reduced levels of isolation, typical of rehabilitation, could also contribute to propagate colonisations. We evaluated the presence of bacteria through different stages of healthcare, their antibiotic resistances and their clinical impact in a rehabilitation setting. This retrospective study included all tracheostomised patients referred to the paediatric brain injury unit of the Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea (Italy) over a six-year period. Data were collected from antibiograms regarding the presence of bacterial species and antibiotic resistances; clinical data were collected from medical records. Antibiograms revealed bacteria and antibiotic resistances typical of intensive care, while prevalence patterns were characteristic for each species (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus prevailing in the acute setting, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and others in rehabilitation). Despite very frequent antibiotic resistances, consistent with Italian averages, we observed a limited clinical impact for these colonisations. We analysed risk factors correlating to the development of respiratory symptoms and found a role for the acute clinical course after brain injury (having undergone neurosurgery; duration of intensive care stay) as well as for rehabilitation (duration of coma). Our data suggest that, in a long-term perspective, an appropriate balance is yet to be found between patient isolation and social interactions, to control respiratory colonisations and antibiotic resistances without compromising rehabilitation. They also suggest that regular containment measures should be complemented by thorough training to non-medic personnel and parents alike.

Lab-Test(®) 4: Dental caries and bacteriological analysis.

Dental caries is one of the most common infectious ultifactorial diseases worldwide, characterized by the progressive demineralization of the tooth, following the action of bacterial acid metabolism. The main factors predisposing the onset of the carious process are: 1) the presence of bacterial species able to lower the pH until critical values of 5.5, 2) the absence of adequate oral hygiene, 3) an inefficient immune response anti-caries, 4) the type of alimentary diet and 5) the structure of the teeth. Among the 200 bacterial species isolated from dental plaque the most pathogenic for dental caries are: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomices viscusus and Bifidobacterium dentium. Our laboratory (LAB® s.r.l., Codigoro, Ferrara, Italy) has developed a test for absolute and relative quantification of the most common oral cariogenic bacteria. The test uses specific primers and probes for the amplification of bacteria genome sequences in Polymerase Chain Reaction Real Time. The results provide a profile of patient infection, helpful for improving the diagnosis and planning of preventive treatment to reduce the bacterial load.

Searching for Lower Female Genital Tract Soluble and Cellular Biomarkers: Defining Levels and Predictors in a Cohort of Healthy Caucasian Women

BackgroundHigh concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been previously observed in the genital fluids of women enrolled in microbicide trials and may explain observed increased HIV transmission in some of these trials. Although the longitudinal nature of these studies allows within-subject comparisons of post-product levels to baseline levels, the fact that the physiologic variations of these cytokines and other markers of immune activation are not fully defined in different populations, makes it difficult to assess changes that can be directly attributed to microbicide use as opposed to other biological and behavioural factors.MethodsCervicovaginal lavage samples were collected from 30 healthy Caucasian and assayed for concentrations of ten cytokines/chemokines, total protein content and two antimicrobial proteins using a multiplex immunoassay and ELISA. Cellular markers were characterized by flow cytometry on mononuclear cells collected from the endocervix using flocked swabs. Bacterial quantification was performed using quantitative PCR.ResultsEctopy, menstrual cycle phase, prostate-specific antigen and presence of leucocytes in endocervical cells' supernatant were associated with the concentrations of cyto-/chemokines in cervicovaginal secretions. Approximately 3% of endocervical cells collected were monocytes of which a median of 52% (SD = 17) expressed both CD4 and CCR5 markers. Approximately 1% of the total cells were T-cells with a median of 61% (SD = 10) CD4 and CCR5 expression. Around 5% of the monocytes and 16% of the T-cells expressed the immune activation marker HLA-DR. Higher percentages of T-cells were associated with greater quantities of IL-1RA, GM-CSF and elafin.ConclusionWe demonstrate the presence of selected soluble and cellular immune activation markers and identify their predictors in the female genital tract of healthy women. Future clinical trials should consider ectopy, sexual activity, menstrual cycle phase and presence of bacterial species as possible confounders when evaluating the possible inflammatory effects of microbicide compounds.

A small-scale, low-cost isolation system for the incubation and rearing of low bacterial load chicks as a model to study microbial–intestinal interactions

A small-scale, economical isolator system was adapted to hatch and raise chicks in a bacteria-free environment as a means to observe bacterial interactions with the intestinal mucosa during early development. The design and construction of flexible plastic isolators for incubation and brooding are described along with methodologies for preparation of eggs for entry into the isolators, incubation and hatching. Two trials were conducted, the first in August 2005 and the second in March 2006. Results from both trials showed no differences in body weights of chicks raised in isolation when compared with those raised conventionally. Growth of bacteria was detected from rectal swabs at day 2 post-hatch, with both trials, showing a light growth of Bacillus sp., coagulase-negative staphylococci and haemolytic streptococcus in trial 1, and a light growth of Bacillus cereus only in trial 2. Although not germfree, the growth of bacteria in chicks raised in isolation was decreased or absent when compared with chicks raised conventionally. Feed was negative for contamination and surface swabs of equipment were also negative until day 3 post-hatch, suggesting possible contamination within the eggs themselves. Despite the presence of bacterial species, the isolator system was successful in producing low bacterial load chicks for comparison studies with conventionally raised chicks.

Biodegradation of palmarosa oil (green oil) by Serratia marcescens

Biodegradation of oil depends on the nature of the oil, the type of microbial community and a variety of environmental factors. Green oils are being used as consumer goods and as raw materials in industries such as food processing, pharmaceutical and cosmetic. Microbial contaminations of green oils have been the cause of degradation problems. Serratia Marcessens produced cytochrome oxidase, catalase, Dextrose, Lactose, Manose and sorbitol enzymes were the main reason for the degradation af palmarosa oil. Changes of colour and turbidity was also the evidence for green oil degradation by bacteria. More oxygen included protons (O-CH 2 ) group was produced in the presence of bacterial species and the addition of oxygen took place during bacterial degradation of palmarosa oil. The biodegradation of palmarosa oil by Serratia marcescens have been carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) analysis. Carboxyl group present in the palmorasa oil is utilised as a sole carbon sources for the Serratia marcescens.