Presence Of Asiaticoside Research Articles

Actions and Therapeutic Potential of Madecassoside and Other Major Constituents of Centella asiatica: A Review

Centella asiatica is a popular herb well-known for its wide range of therapeutic effects and its use as a folk medicine for many years. Its therapeutic properties have been well correlated with the presence of asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic and madecassic acids, the pentacyclic triterpenes. The herb has been extensively known to treat skin conditions; nevertheless, several pre-clinical and clinical studies have scientifically demonstrated its effectiveness in other disorders. Among the active constituents that have been identified in Centella asiatica, madecassoside has been the subject of only a relatively small number of scientific reports. Therefore, this review, while including other major constituents of this plant, focuses on the therapeutic potential, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of madecassoside.

Determination and quantification of asiaticoside in endophytic fungus from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a highly considered medicinal plant owing to its secondary metabolites asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid. The asiaticoside, one of the most important constituents of the plant, is a triterpenoid saponin having memory enhancement property. Given its medicinal properties, we isolated and characterized endophytic fungi from this plant with the aim to screen these microorganisms for asiaticoside production. In total, we isolated 13 endophytic fungi from the leaves of the plant, out of which one of the isolates produced asiaticoside. This asiaticoside producing isolate was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by internal transcribed spacer-based rDNA sequencing. The presence of asiaticoside in ethyl acetate extract of C. gloeosporioides was confirmed by LC-MS. The production of asiaticoside measured in relation to incubation time and subculture generation revealed presence of 62.29 ± 3.36µg/100mL of asiaticoside by C. gloeosporioides on the 15th day in first subculture generation followed by a decrease in subsequent generations. A similar trend was also shown by yield and growth curve of C. gloeosporioides. The asiaticoside production and yield were found to be positively correlated. This paper reported the production of asiaticoside by an endophytic fungus C. gloeosporioides for the first time. The present findings definitely provide an impetus to the production of asiaticoside by utilizing the endophytic source. Chemical compound studied in this article: Asiaticoside (PubChemCID: 108062).

Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Asiaticoside Quantification in Different Skin Layers after Topical Application of a Centella asiatica Extract.

The topical application of Centella asiatica extract has been commonly used for many different purposes but especially for cosmetic use in the treatment of gynoid lipodystrophy. Asiaticoside, the most active component in this extract, is responsible for its therapeutic activities. However, little is known to date about asiaticoside skin penetration. Thus, an analytical method for asiaticoside quantification in different skin layers after the topical application of C. asiatica extract was developed and skin permeation studies were performed with the plant extract to apply the analytical method developed. An extraction procedure to recover asiaticoside from the biological matrix was also developed. Asiaticoside was assayed by HPLC/UV (high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection) using a gradient of ACN (acetonitrile) and 0.2% phosphoric acid (flow rate of 1.0 mL/min). The analytical procedure was validated according to U. S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Selectivity was shown, as endogenous skin components did not interfere with the asiaticoside peak. Analytical curve was linear (3 to 60 µg/mL) and the lower limit of quantification was determined (3 µg/mL). Asiaticoside recoveries from skin samples were 95.1% and 66.7% for the stratum corneum and remaining skin, respectively. After 48 h of in vitro permeation studies, a substantial amount of asiaticoside was quantified in the skin layers. The presence of asiaticoside was also detected in the receptor solution of Franz diffusion cells after 48 h (5.81 ± 1.00 µg/mL). The method was reliable and reproducible for asiaticoside quantification in skin samples, thereby making it possible to determine the cutaneous penetration profile of this drug in permeation studies.

Medicinal value of asiaticoside for Alzheimer's disease as assessed using single-molecule-detection fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, laser-scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and in silico docking.

BackgroundIdentifying agents that inhibit amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) aggregation is the ultimate goal for slowing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. This study investigated whether the glycoside asiaticoside inhibits Aβ1–42 fibrillation in vitro.MethodsFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), evaluating the Brownian diffusion times of moving particles in a small confocal volume at the single-molecule level, was used. If asiaticoside inhibits early Aβ1–42 fibrillation steps, more Aβs would remain free and rapidly diffuse in the confocal volume. In contrast, “weaker or no inhibition” permits a greater number of Aβs to polymerize into oligomers, leading to fibers and gives rise to slow diffusion times in the solution. Trace amounts of 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled Aβ1–42 in the presence of excess unlabeled Aβ1–42 (10 μM) was used as a fluorescent probe. Steady-state and kinetic-Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorospectroscopy, laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy (LSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also used to monitor fibrillation. Binding of asiaticoside with Aβ1–42 at the atomic level was computationally examined using the Molegro Virtual Docker and PatchDock.ResultsWith 1 h of incubation time for aggregation, FCS data analysis revealed that the diffusion time of TAMRA-Aβ1–42 was 208 ± 4 μs, which decreased to 164 ± 8.0 μs in the presence of asiaticoside, clearly indicating that asiaticoside inhibited the early stages Aβ1–42 of fibrillation, leaving more free Aβs in the solution and permitting their rapid diffusion in the confocal volume. The inhibitory effects were also evidenced by reduced fiber formation as assessed by steady-state and kinetic ThT fluorospectroscopy, LSM, and TEM. Asiaticoside elongated the lag phase of Aβ1–42 fibrillation, indicating the formation of smaller amyloid species were impaired in the presence of asiaticoside. Molecular docking revealed that asiaticoside binds with amyloid intra- and inter-molecular amino acid residues, which are responsible for β-sheet formation and longitudinal extension of fibrils.ConclusionFinally, asiaticoside prevents amyloidogenesis that precedes neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Protection of DNA From Ionizing Radiation-Induced Lesions by Asiaticoside.

This study aims to investigate whether asiaticoside, a triterpene glycoside, can afford protection to DNA from alterations induced by gamma radiation under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions. In vitro studies were done on plasmid pBR322 DNA, ex vivo studies were done on cellular DNA of human peripheral blood leukocytes, and in vivo investigations were conducted on cellular DNA of spleen and bone marrow cells of mice exposed to whole-body gamma radiation. The supercoiled form of the plasmid pBR322 DNA upon exposure to the radiation was converted into relaxed open circular form due to induction of strand breaks. Presence of asiaticoside along with the DNA during irradiation prevented the relaxation of the supercoiled form to the open circular form. When human peripheral blood leukocytes were exposed to gamma radiation, the cellular DNA suffered strand breaks as evidenced by the increased comet parameters in an alkaline comet assay. Asiaticoside, when present along with blood during irradiation ex vivo, prevented the strand breaks and the comet parameters were closer to that of the controls. Whole-body exposure of mice to gamma radiation resulted in a significant increase in comet parameters of DNA of bone marrow and spleen cells of mice as a result of radiation-induced strand breaks in DNA. Administration of asiaticoside prior to whole-body radiation exposure of the mice prevented this increase in radiation-induced increase in comet parameters, which could be the result of protection to DNA under in vivo conditions of radiation exposure. Thus, it can be concluded from the results that asiaticoside can offer protection to DNA from radiation-induced alterations under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions.

RAPID DETECTION OF ASIATICOSIDE BY IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY

s. PHYTOPHARM 2012 M 62 Obzory po kliniceskoj farmacologii i lekarstvennoj terapii [Reviews of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy] ТОМ 10/2012/2 RAPID DETECTION OF ASIATICOSIDE BY IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY © Sritularak B., Juengwatanatrakul T. , Putalun W ., Tanaka H. , Morimoto S. 4 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Asiaticoside (AS), [6[[3,4-dihydroxy-6(hydroxymethyl)-5(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] 10,11-dihydroxy-9(hydroxyme-thyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11, 12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1h-picene-4a-carboxylate, has been identified as the most active compound in Centella asiatica (l.) urb. in order to screen large numbers of samples for the presence of AS, a rapid and simple technique is required for application to small quantities of test samples. immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies could be useful for the determination of small quantities of AS in plant extracts (1). in this study, an immunochromatographic strip test has been developed for the detection of AS in plant samples using monoclonal antibody against AS (2). The qualitative assay was based on a competitive immunoassay in which the detector reagent consisted of colloidal gold particles coated with the respective AS antibodies.The capture reagent was an AS-human serum albumin (hSA) conjugate immobilized onto a test strip membrane. The sample containing AS and the detection reagent were incubated with the immobilized capture reagent. The AS in the sample competed in binding to the limited amount of antibodies in the detection reagent with the immobilized AShSA conjugates and, hence, positive samples showed no color in the capture spot zone. The detection limit for the strip test was 12.5 μg/ml. The immunochromatographic strip test is useful as a rapid and simple screening method for the determination of small quantities of AS in plant extracts, body fluids and foods.

In vitro production of adventitious roots containing asiaticoside from leaf tissues of Centella asiatica L.

Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) is an important medicinal herb used in a variety of herbal medicines worldwide. Although the whole plant contains important triterpenoids, a significant quantity of pharmacologically important phytochemicals collectively known as centellosides can be extracted from leaf tissues and not from other parts of this plant. Asiaticoside is one of the major centellosides and is used in holistic medicine for treating a variety of human ailments. Genotypes of C. asiatica of Indian origin accumulate significant quantities of asiaticoside in their roots, while genotypes from other continents contain insignificant quantities of this chemical. The main purpose of this study was to manipulate the leaf-derived callus of C. asiatica using a combination of plant growth regulators to generate a large quantity of adventitious roots. The presence of asiaticoside in callus and regenerated roots of C. asiatica was detected by thin layer chromatography as well as by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the accumulation of a significant quantity of asiaticoside was demonstrated by spectrophotometric analysis. The protocol developed for the regeneration of roots was simple, reproducible, and reliable for the possible commercial production of root biomass enriched for asiaticoside.

A rapid one-step immunochromatographic assay for the detection of asiaticoside

Asiaticoside has been identified as the most active compound in Centella asiatica. In order to screen a large number of plant samples for the presence of asiaticoside, a rapid and simple technique is required that utilizes small quantities for test samples. In this study, an immunochromatographic strip test has been developed for the detection of asiaticoside in plant samples that uses a monoclonal antibody against asiaticoside. The limit of detection for the strip test was 12.5 μg/ml. Immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies could be useful for the determination of small quantities of asiaticoside in plant extracts.

Hepatoprotective effect ofCentella asiatica(L) in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats

The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of the Centella asiatica extract in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were treated with alcohol extract of Centella asiatica orally in two doses (20 and 40 mg/kg/day) for 3 mo along with intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Biochemical parameters such as serum total protein, albumin and marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) were estimated both before and after the experiment. Histopathological studies of liver were also carried out to confirm the biochemical changes. Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic effects were evident by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the serum marker enzymes and a decrease in the total serum protein and albumin. Administration of extract of Centella asiatica effectively inhibited these changes in a dose-dependent manner; maximum effect was with 40 mg/kg. Histopathological examination of liver tissue corroborated well with the biochemical changes. Hepatic steatosis, hydropic degeneration and necrosis were observed in carbon tetrachloride-treated group, while these were completely absent in the treatment group. Centella asiatica extract exhibited hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. This effect is attributed to the presence of asiaticoside (14.5%) in the extract.

Dermal fibroblast-associated gene induction by asiaticoside shown in vitro by DNA microarray analysis.

Asiaticoside, isolated from Centella asiatica, promotes fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in wound healing. The precise mechanism, however, in molecular and gene expression levels is still unclear. Using cDNA microarray technology, the alteration of gene expression profiles was determined for human dermal fibroblasts in vitro in the presence of asiaticoside (30 microg mL(-1)). Fifty-four genes, with known functions for cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and synthesis of ECM, were significantly upregulated in our 'genome-nest' expression profile at various time points. Furthermore, the mRNA levels and protein production of certain genes responsible for ECM synthesis (e.g. encoding type I and type III collagen proteins) were evaluated by Northern blot and radioimmunoassay, respectively. We found that there is a close correlation between the gene profile, mRNA and protein production in the response of the cells to asiaticoside stimulation. This information could be used for exploring the response of the target genes to asiaticoside in fibroblasts.

Asiaticoside induction for cell‐cycle progression, proliferation and collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts

Asiaticoside, isolated from Centella asiatica, promotes fibroblast proliferation and extracullar matrix synthesis in wound healing. The precise mechanism, however, in molecular and gene expression levels still remains partially understood. Using cDNA microarray technology, the alternation of genes expression profiles was determined in a human dermal fibroblast in vitro in the presence of asiaticoside (30 microg/ml). Fifty-four genes, with known functions for cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression and synthesis of the extracellular matrix, were significantly up-regulated in our "whole-genes nest" expression profile at various timepoints. Furthermore, mRNA levels and protein productions of certain genes responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis (e.g. encoding type I and type III collagen proteins) were evaluated by Northern blot and radioimmunoassay, respectively. As a result, there is a close correlation among the gene profile, mRNA and protein production in the cells response to asiaticoside stimulation. This information could be used for exploring the target genes in response to asiaticoside in fibroblasts.