Presence Of Archaea Research Articles

Impacts of micro- to nano-sized carbon supplements on mixed and archaea-free halophilic cultures when used for bioenergy recovery from saline wastewater

Due to the growing interest in enhancing dark fermentation and anaerobic digestion via carbon-based additives to exploit different lucrative synergies, process-based optimizations and mechanistic analyses are crucial. Herein, we studied the impacts of carbon supplements on halophilic microbial cultures as a process intensification way towards bioenergy recovery from saline wastewater. Three additives, i.e., powdered activated carbon, multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphene, were examined. Two sets of parallel batch experiments were conducted using archaea-free (for dark fermentation) and mixed (for anaerobic digestion) halophilic cultures at different supplement doses. Adding 30 mg/L of graphene and 100 mg/L of powdered activated carbon exhibited the maximum improvements in dark fermentation (H2-production) and anaerobic digestion (biogas production), i.e., ∼28% and ∼27% over the control, respectively. This underscored the dose-dependent impact of different-sized carbon amendments. Both the electron transport system activity and extracellular polymeric substances were improved with all amendments, indicating a stimulated electron transfer flux. However, distinct bacterial compositions were identified when using mixed and archaea-free cultures along with indicators for direct interspecies electron transfer establishment in the presence of archaea. Beyond this, such findings also supported the expanded role of conductive additives on H2-producing bacteria, including Clostridium. According to a techno-economic analysis, powdered activated carbon emerged as the best for optimizing bioenergy recovery (in terms of H2 or biogas) from saline wastewater, providing a solid basis for relevant applications.

Effect of Pharmaceutical Sludge Pre-Treatment with Fenton/Fenton-like Reagents on Toxicity and Anaerobic Digestion Efficiency.

Sewage sludge is successfully used in anaerobic digestion (AD). Although AD is a well-known, universal and widely recognized technology, there are factors that limit its widespread use, such as the presence of substances that are resistant to biodegradation, inhibit the fermentation process or are toxic to anaerobic microorganisms. Sewage sludge generated by the pharmaceutical sector is one such substance. Pharmaceutical sewage sludge (PSS) is characterized by high concentrations of biocides, including antibiotics and other compounds that have a negative effect on the anaerobic environment. The aim of the present research was to determine the feasibility of applying Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) harnessing Fenton's (Fe2+/H2O2) and Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2) reaction to PSS pre-treatment prior to AD. The method was analyzed in terms of its impact on limiting PSS toxicity and improving methane fermentation. The use of AOP led to a significant reduction of PSS toxicity from 53.3 ± 5.1% to 35.7 ± 3.2%, which had a direct impact on the taxonomic structure of anaerobic bacteria, and thus influenced biogas production efficiency and methane content. Correlations were found between PSS toxicity and the presence of Archaea and biogas yields in the Fe2+/H2O2 group. CH4 production ranged from 363.2 ± 11.9 cm3 CH4/g VS in the control PSS to approximately 450 cm3/g VS. This was 445.7 ± 21.6 cm3 CH4/g VS (1.5 g Fe2+/dm3 and 6.0 g H2O2/dm3) and 453.6 ± 22.4 cm3 CH4/g VS (2.0 g Fe2+/dm3 and 8.0 g H2O2/dm3). The differences between these variants were not statistically significant. Therefore, due to the economical use of chemical reagents, the optimal tested dose was 1.5 g Fe2+/6.0 g H2O2. The use of a Fenton-like reagent (Fe3+/H2O2) resulted in lower AD efficiency (max. 393.7 ± 12.1 cm3 CH4/g VS), and no strong linear relationships between the analyzed variables were found. It is, therefore, a more difficult method to estimate the final effects. Research has proven that AOP can be used to improve the efficiency of AD of PSS.

Characterisation of Early Microbial Colonisers within the Spiral Colon of Pre- and Post-Natal Piglets

Initial enteric microbial colonisation influences animal health and disease, hence an understanding of the first microbial colonisers within the piglet is important. The spiral colon of piglets that were stillborn (n = 20), born-alive (n = 10), and born alive and had sucked (n = 9) were collected from 28 sows to investigate whether initial microbial colonisation occurs pre- or post-partum and how it develops during the first 24 h post-partum. To examine this, DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA amplicon analysis was performed to allow analysis of microbial communities. The results indicate that microbial colonisation of the spiral colon had occurred in stillborn pigs, suggesting microbial exposure prior to birth. Alpha diversity metrics indicated that the number of taxa and community richness were higher in piglets that sucked (p < 0.001) and community evenness was lower in stillborns in comparison to born-alive (p < 0.001) but was not affected by colostrum consumption (p < 0.001). Additionally, when compared with stillborn piglets, the bacteria colonising the spiral colon during the first 24 h post-partum included the potentially pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium celatum, and potentially beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus reutueri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. The relative presence of Archaea was high in stillborn piglets but decreased with post-natal environmental exposure. It is evident that stillborn piglets have bacteria present within their spiral colon, however further studies are needed in order to determine the time at which colonisation is initiated and the mechanisms determining how colonisation occurs. Additionally, as expected, the immediate post-natal environment largely influences the microorganisms colonising, while colostrum consumption further contributes to the microbial community enrichment.

Pyrrolysine in archaea: a 22nd amino acid encoded through a genetic code expansion.

The 22nd amino acid discovered to be directly encoded, pyrrolysine, is specified by UAG. Until recently, pyrrolysine was only known to be present in archaea from a methanogenic lineage (Methanosarcinales), where it is important in enzymes catalysing anoxic methylamines metabolism, and a few anaerobic bacteria. Relatively new discoveries have revealed wider presence in archaea, deepened functional understanding, shown remarkable carbon source-dependent expression of expanded decoding and extended exploitation of the pyrrolysine machinery for synthetic code expansion. At the same time, other studies have shown the presence of pyrrolysine-containing archaea in the human gut and this has prompted health considerations. The article reviews our knowledge of this fascinating exception to the 'standard' genetic code.

Tobacco-smoking-related prevalence of methanogens in the oral fluid microbiota

The oral fluid microbiome comprises an important bacterial diversity, yet the presence of archaea has not been reported so far. In order to quest for the presence of methanogenic archaea (methanogens) in oral fluid, we used a polyphasic approach including PCR-sequencing detection, microscopic observation by fluorescence in-situ hybridization, isolation and culture, molecular identification and genotyping of methanogens in 200 oral fluid specimens. In the presence of negative controls, 64/200 (32%) prospectively analysed oral fluid specimens were PCR-positive for methanogens, all identified as Methanobrevibacter oralis by sequencing. Further, fluorescence in-situ hybridization detected methanogens in 19/48 (39.6%) investigated specimens; with morphology suggesting M. oralis in 10 cases and co-infecting Methanobrevibacter smithii in nine cases. M. oralis was cultured from 46/64 (71.8%) PCR-positive specimens and none of PCR-negative specimens; and one M. smithii isolate was co-cultured with M. oralis in one specimen. Multispacer Sequence Typing found one M. oralis genotype per specimen and a total of five different genotypes with 19/46 (41%) of isolates all belonging to spacer-type four. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between the PCR-detection of methanogens in oral fluid and tobacco smoking. These data indicate that M. oralis and M. smithii are oral fluid-borne methanogens in tobacco smokers. Both methanogens could be transmitted during intimate contacts such as mother-to-child contacts and kissing.

Methanogenic archaea associated to Microcystis sp. in field samples and in culture

Cyanobacterial mass developments impact the community composition of heterotrophic microorganisms with far-reaching consequences for biogeochemical and energy cycles of freshwater ecosystems including reservoirs. Here we sought to evaluate the temporal stability of methanogenic archaea in the water column and further scrutinize their associations with cyanobacteria. Monthly samples were collected from October 2009 to December 2010 in hypereutrophic Pampulha reservoir with permanently blooming cyanobacteria, and from January to December 2011 in oligotrophic Volta Grande reservoir with only sporadic cyanobacteria incidence. The presence of archaea in cyanobacterial cultures was investigated by screening numerous strains of Microcystis spp. from these reservoirs as well as from lakes in Europe, Asia, and North-America. We consistently determined the occurrence of archaea, in particular methanogenic archaea, in both reservoirs throughout the year. However, archaea were only associated with two strains (Microcystis sp. UFMG 165 and UFMG 175) recently isolated from these reservoirs. These findings do not implicate archaea in the occurrence of methane in the epilimnion of inland waters, but rather serve to highlight the potential of microhabitats associated with particles, including phytoplankton, to shelter unique microbial communities.

The Reverse Transcriptases Associated with CRISPR-Cas Systems

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and associated proteins (Cas) act as adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea. Some CRISPR-Cas systems have been found to be associated with putative reverse transcriptases (RT), and an RT-Cas1 fusion associated with a type III-B system has been shown to acquire RNA spacers in vivo. Nevertheless, the origin and evolutionary relationships of these RTs and associated CRISPR-Cas systems remain largely unknown. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of these RTs and associated Cas1 proteins, and classified their CRISPR-Cas modules. These systems were found predominantly in bacteria, and their presence in archaea may be due to a horizontal gene transfer event. These RTs cluster into 12 major clades essentially restricted to particular phyla, suggesting host-dependent functioning. The RTs and associated Cas1 proteins may have largely coevolved. They are, therefore, subject to the same selection pressures, which may have led to coadaptation within particular protein complexes. Furthermore, our results indicate that the association of an RT with a CRISPR-Cas system has occurred on multiple occasions during evolution.

Comparative analysis of microbial diversity in two hot springs of Bakreshwar, West Bengal, India

Various aspects of hot springs at Bakreshwar (Lat. 23°52′48″N; Long. 87°22′40″E) in West Bengal, India have been investigated since the middle of 20th century, but comprehending the complete diversity and the complexity of the microbial population therein has been in the continuing process. Some of these microorganisms are found to have immense industrial importance. Microbes generally exist in milieus of varying complexities and diversities. Attempting the usually employed cultivation-based techniques in experimentation with those microbes had confronted various limitations. To overcome these limitations a strategy based on high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis was employed for studying the differential diversity and the detailed nature of microbial population of the two hot springs of Bakreshwar (54°C & 65°C). Paired-end libraries of amplified V-3 hyper-variable 16S rDNA fragments from sets of samples that varied in their contents, ranging from a single bacterium to highly complex communities were sequenced. The comparison revealed the differential aspects in the two hot spring waters; the samples at 54°C showed the bacterial phylum Firmicutes (65.85%) and Synergistetes (27.24%) predominating and those from hot spring water at 65°C showed the abundance of the phyla Firmicutes (96.10%) and Proteobacteria (3.36%). The presence of Archaea in the hot springs could not be ascertained.

Oxidation of glucose by syntrophic association between Geobacter and hydrogenotrophic methanogens in microbial fuel cell.

To investigate a syntrophic interaction between Geobacter sulfurreducens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens in sludge-inoculated microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems running on glucose with an improved electron recovery at the anode. The presence of archaea in MFC reduces Coulombic efficiency (CE) due to their electron scavenging capability but, here, we demonstrate that a syntrophic interaction can occur between G. sulfurreducens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens via interspecies H2 transfer with improvement in CE and power density. The addition of the methanogenesis inhibitor, 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES), resulted in the reduction in power density from 5.29 to 2W/m3, and then gradually increased to the peak value of 5.5W/m3 when BES addition was stopped. Reduction of H2 partial pressure by archaea is an efficient approach in improving power output in a glucose-fed MFC system using Geobacter sp. as an inoculum.

Presence of Archaea in the Indoor Environment and Their Relationships with Housing Characteristics.

Archaea are widespread and abundant in soils, oceans, or human and animal gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. However, very little is known about the presence of Archaea in indoor environments and factors that can regulate their abundances. Using a quantitative PCR approach, and targeting the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes in floor dust samples, we found that Archaea are a common part of the indoor microbiota, 5.01 ± 0.14 (log 16S rRNA gene copies/g dust, mean ± SE) in bedrooms and 5.58 ± 0.13 in common rooms, such as living rooms. Their abundance, however, was lower than bacteria: 9.20 ± 0.32 and 9.17 ± 0.32 in bedrooms and common rooms, respectively. In addition, by measuring a broad array of environmental factors, we obtained preliminary insights into how the abundance of total archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies in indoor environment would be associated with building characteristics and occupants' activities. Based on the results, Archaea are not equally distributed within houses, and the areas with greater input of outdoor microbiome and higher traffic and material heterogeneity tend to have a higher abundance of Archaea. Nevertheless, more research is needed to better understand causes and consequences of this microbial group in indoor environments.

The igneous oceanic crust – Earth's largest fungal habitat?

In recent years the igneous oceanic crust has been recognized as a substantial microbial habitat and a scientific frontier within Geology, Biology, and Oceanography. A few successful metagenomic investigations have indicated the presence of Archaea and Bacteria, but also fungi in the subseafloor igneous crust. A comprehensive fossil record supports the presence of fungi in these deep environments and provides means of investigating the fungal presence that complements metagenomic methods. Considering the vast volume of the oceanic crust and that it is the largest aquifer on Earth, we put forward that it is the largest fungal habitat on the planet. This review aims to introduce a yet unexplored fungal habitat in an environment considered extreme from a biological perspective. We present the current knowledge of fungal abundance and diversity and discuss the ecological role of fungi in the igneous oceanic crust.

Correcting Inconsistencies and Errors in Bacterial Genome Metadata Using an Automated Curation Tool in Excel (AutoCurE).

Whole-genome data are invaluable for large-scale comparative genomic studies. Current sequencing technologies have made it feasible to sequence entire bacterial genomes with relative ease and time with a substantially reduced cost per nucleotide, hence cost per genome. More than 3,000 bacterial genomes have been sequenced and are available at the finished status. Publically available genomes can be readily downloaded; however, there are challenges to verify the specific supporting data contained within the download and to identify errors and inconsistencies that may be present within the organizational data content and metadata. AutoCurE, an automated tool for bacterial genome database curation in Excel, was developed to facilitate local database curation of supporting data that accompany downloaded genomes from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. AutoCurE provides an automated approach to curate local genomic databases by flagging inconsistencies or errors by comparing the downloaded supporting data to the genome reports to verify genome name, RefSeq accession numbers, the presence of archaea, BioProject/UIDs, and sequence file descriptions. Flags are generated for nine metadata fields if there are inconsistencies between the downloaded genomes and genomes reports and if erroneous or missing data are evident. AutoCurE is an easy-to-use tool for local database curation for large-scale genome data prior to downstream analyses.

Ammonia-oxidising bacteria not archaea dominate nitrification activity in semi-arid agricultural soil

Ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) are responsible for the rate limiting step in nitrification; a key nitrogen (N) loss pathway in agricultural systems. Dominance of AOA relative to AOB in the amoA gene pool has been reported in many ecosystems, although their relative contributions to nitrification activity are less clear. Here we examined the distribution of AOA and AOB with depth in semi-arid agricultural soils in which soil organic matter content or pH had been altered, and related their distribution to gross nitrification rates. Soil depth had a significant effect on gene abundances, irrespective of management history. Contrary to reports of AOA dominance in soils elsewhere, AOA gene copy numbers were four-fold lower than AOB in the surface (0–10 cm). AOA gene abundance increased with depth while AOB decreased, and sub-soil abundances were approximately equal (10–90 cm). The depth profile of total archaea did not mirror that of AOA, indicating the likely presence of archaea without nitrification capacity in the surface. Gross nitrification rates declined significantly with depth and were positively correlated to AOB but negatively correlated to AOA gene abundances. We conclude that AOB are most likely responsible for regulating nitrification in these semi-arid soils.

Characterization of Fatty Acids in Crenarchaeota by GC-MS and NMR.

Lipids composed of condensed isoprenyl units connected to glycerol backbones by ether linkages are a distinguishing feature of Archaea. Data suggesting that fatty acids with linear hydrocarbon chains are present in some Archaea have been available for decades. However, lack of genomic and biochemical evidence for the metabolic machinery required to synthesize and degrade fatty acids has left the field unclear on this potentially significant biochemical aspect. Because lipids are energy currency and cell signaling molecules, their presence in Archaea is significant for understanding archaeal biology. A recent large-scale bioinformatics analysis reignited the debate as to the importance of fatty acids in Archaea by presenting genetic evidence for the presence of enzymes required for anabolic and catabolic fatty acid metabolism across the archaeal domain. Here, we present direct biochemical evidence from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the presence of fatty acids in two members of the Crenarchaeota, Sulfolobus solfataricus and Ignicoccus hospitalis. This is the first report providing biochemical data for the existence of fatty acids in these Crenarchaeota, opening new discussions on energy balance and the potential for the discovery of new thermostable enzymes for industry.

Phylogenomic reconstruction of archaeal fatty acid metabolism.

While certain archaea appear to synthesize and/or metabolize fatty acids, the respective pathways still remain obscure. By analysing the genomic distribution of the key lipid-related enzymes, we were able to identify the likely components of the archaeal pathway of fatty acid metabolism, namely, a combination of the enzymes of bacterial-type β-oxidation of fatty acids [acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase] with paralogs of the archaeal acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, an enzyme of the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. These three β-oxidation enzymes working in the reverse direction could potentially catalyse biosynthesis of fatty acids, with paralogs of acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase performing addition of C2 fragments. The presence in archaea of the genes for energy-transducing membrane enzyme complexes, such as cytochrome bc complex, cytochrome c oxidase and diverse rhodopsins, was found to correlate with the presence of the proposed system of fatty acid biosynthesis. We speculate that because these membrane complexes functionally depend on fatty acid chains, their genes could have been acquired via lateral gene transfer from bacteria only by those archaea that already possessed a system of fatty acid biosynthesis. The proposed pathway of archaeal fatty acid metabolism operates in extreme conditions and therefore might be of interest in the context of biofuel production and other industrial applications.

Detection of ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea within coral reef cyanobacterial mats

Coral-reef filamentous cyanobacterial mats are complex communities of microbes. We used DGGE and eubacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA and amoA ammonium monooxygenase subunit A primer sets to explore the presence of genes mediating nitrogen conversion within cyanobacterial mats from Hawaii. DGGE band analysis revealed the presence of halophiles such as Halococcus salifodinae and of Nitrosopumilus-like organisms. Twenty seven out of 31 clone sequences exhibited a 95 % or greater 16S rRNA gene identity with known archaeal ammonia oxidizers such as Nitrosopumilus maritimus. The presence of Archaea within those mats, as well as the co-occurrence of both ammonia-oxidizing Archaea and ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria suggests importance of the former in the cyanobacterial mat community, and suggests greater than anticipated diversity of nitrogen conversion processes and organisms in those systems.

Age, Dietary Fiber, Breath Methane, and Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Are Interrelated in Archaea-Positive Humans1–3

Recent attention has focused on the significance of colonic Archaea in human health and energy metabolism. The main objectives of this study were to determine the associations among the number of fecal Archaea, body mass index (BMI), fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and dietary intakes of healthy humans. We collected demographic information, 3-d diet records, and breath and fecal samples from 95 healthy participants who were divided into 2 groups: detectable Archaea (>106 copies/g; Arch+ve) and undetectable Archaea. Dietary intakes, BMI, and fecal SCFAs were similar in both groups. The mean number of Archaea 16S rRNA gene copies detected in Arch+ve participants' feces was 8.9 ± 0.2 log/g wet weight. In Arch+ve participants, there were positive correlations between breath methane and age (r = 0.52; P = 0.001), total dietary fiber (TDF) intake (r = 0.57; P = 0.0003), and log number of fecal Archaea 16S rRNA gene copies (r = 0.35; P = 0.03). In the Arch+ve group, negative correlations were observed between TDF/1000 kcal and fecal total SCFA (r = −0.46; P ≤ 0.01) and between breath methane and fecal total SCFA (r = −0.42; P = 0.01). Principal component analysis identified a distinct Archaea factor with positive loadings of age, breath methane, TDF, TDF/1000 kcal, and number of log Archaea 16S rRNA gene copies. The results suggest that colonic Archaea is not associated with obesity in healthy humans. The presence of Archaea in humans may influence colonic fermentation by altering SCFA metabolism and fecal SCFA profile.

Prevalence of archaea in chronic periodontitis patients in an Indian population

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of archaea in the subgingival crevices of patients with chronic periodontitis in an Indian population. Thirty four chronic periodontitis patients and 16 healthy subjects were included in the study. Thirty four subgingival plaque samples were collected from chronic periodontitis patients, of which 17 samples were from deep pockets and 17 were from shallow pockets. Sixteen subgingival plaque samples were collected from healthy subjects. The presence of archaea in plaque samples was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence of archaea in chronic periodontitis patients was 29.4% and in healthy subjects was 11.8%, which was not a statistically significant difference. However, prevalence of archaea, in deep periodontal pockets was 47.1%, in shallow periodontal pockets was 11.8% and in healthy sulcus was 12.5%, respectively. Thus, showing a statistically significant difference between prevalence of archaea in deep periodontal pockets (47.1%) and healthy sulcus (12.5%) and also between deep periodontal pockets (47.1%) and shallow pockets (11.8%), respectively. Archaea were detected commonly in severe periodontitis suggesting that these microorganisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

Temporal variation of seston biomarkers within the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile (21°S): first simultaneous records on fatty acids,n-alkanes and glycerol-dialkyl-glycerol-tetraethers (GDGT)

Proportions and concentrations of seston fatty acids, n-alkanes and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were used to assess potential differences in the phytoplankton composition and food quality in the Humboldt Current System (winter 2006, summer 2007 and winter 2007) in surface, oxycline, intermediate and bottom water layers. The zone below the intermediate depth was poorer in fatty acids (minimum 15 – maximum 117 µg fatty acids L−1) than the upper water layers (minimum 36 – maximum 210 µg fatty acids L−1), which were richer in saturated fatty acids (SAFA, up to 80%), but had a similar proportion of bacterial markers (13:0.15 iso/anteiso, 15:0, and 17:0 sum up to 67%). Isoprenoid GDGTs showed the presence of archaea in the different water layers. All the water layers also showed long chained fatty acids (22:0, 24:1 and 26:0), which can be considered to be of terrestrial origin. The n-alkanes were used to confirm this potential terrestrial origin through the Carbon Preference Index (CPI), which...

Archaeal Digoxin and Creation of Cellular Plasma State - Molecular/Cellular Electromagnetic Signal Transduction

Objective: Endogenous digoxin can produce sodium potassium ATPase inhibition, a paroxysmal depolarisation shift and a quantal pumped phonon system. It can generate electromagnetic signals of cells and molecules which can be transferred. The study was designed to test the hypothesis. Methods: System I: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)+ cholesterol substrate + plasma + rutile (0.1 mg/ml)+digoxin (0.5 ng/ml). System II: Control phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The system is incubated at 37oC for 1 hour and during the period of incubation both system I and II are kept close to each other. Then to control PBS add cholesterol substrate and incubate both the systems at 37oC for 16-18 hours. Cytochrome F420 was estimated flourimetrically (excitation wavelength 420 nm and emission wavelength 520 nm). The detection of cytochrome F420 indicates the presence of archaea. The fluorescence of cytochrome F420 was estimated at 0 time, after 1 hour and 16-18 hours in the system I and II. The experiment was repeated 7 times and average values given.Results: The test system I after 16-18 hours of incubation showed decrease in intensity of fluorescence due to destruction of archaea by long incubation consequent to exhaustion of substrate as well as digoxin induced cell destruction. There was a 21% increase in fluroscence in system II of PBS with added cholesterol substrate after 16-18 hours of incubation. Conclusion: The experiment indicates that in the presence of digoxin induced quantal pumped phonon system the electromagnetic trace of archaea can be generated and can be transmitted to the PBS+cholesterol substrate system resulting in generation of archaea/cytochrome F420 in the system. Key words: Digoxin; Quantal state; EMF signal; Teleportation; Cytochrome F420