Presence Of Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Incidence and Pitfalls of Adipose Tissue Encountered in Prostatic Transurethral Resections and Related Specimens.

While the presence of adipose tissue and its involvement by prostatic cancer (extraprostatic extension) is well-recognized in prostate biopsies, adipose tissue in transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) is largely unexplored. Herein, 200 consecutive TURPs and related specimens were reviewed, including a separate 3-year analysis of specimens containing prostatic cancer, with the following data collected: presence of fat, presence of cancer within fat, and quantity of fat. For specimens with both fat and prostatic cancer, specimen weight and tumor volume were recorded. Within the 200 consecutive TURPs and related specimens, adipose tissue was identified in 20%; 55% had 2.5 mm of adipose tissue; the number of fragments with adipose tissue ranged from 1 to 14. No correlation between specimen weight and measured extent of adipose tissue or number of fragments with adipose tissue was identified. Of all the specimens with prostatic cancer, 15/56 (27%) involved adipose tissue, with two specimens with large cancer volume (>90%) demonstrating extensive involvement of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is frequently present within TURP and related specimens with variability in extent. The etiology behind encountering adipose tissue is uncertain, and it could represent resection into peri-prostatic fat, intraprostatic fat, or bladder neck fat sampling. Although encountering adipose tissue involved by cancer in TURP and related specimens may imply extraprostatic extension (pT3a), further studies are needed to corroborate these findings as well as to determine if these should be included in reported synoptics.

Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in primary immune thrombocytopenia - a retrospective single-center study

The pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) involves immune-mediated platelet destruction. The presence of adipose tissue in obese individuals creates an inflammatory environment that could potentially impact the clinical course and outcomes of ITP. However the relationship between obesity and ITP outcomes has not been well described. We evaluated ITP outcomes in 275 patients diagnosed with primary ITP from 2012 to 2022. Patients were categorized into four groups based on their body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis. Female gender was associated with a lower platelet count at the time of diagnosis at any BMI. Patients with high BMI had lower platelet counts at diagnosis and at platelet nadir (p < 0.001), an increased likelihood of requiring therapy (p < 0.001) and requiring multiple lines of therapy (p = 0.032). Non-obese patients who required corticosteroid treatment experienced a longer remission duration compared to obese patients (p = 0.009) and were less likely to be steroid-dependent (p = 0.048). Our findings suggest that obesity may be a significant risk factor for developing ITP and for ITP prognosis. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of weight loss intervention in improving ITP outcomes.

Spatial transcriptomic and proteomic insight into Trop-2, HER2, and AR expression: A pathway to tailored therapies in triple-negative breast cancer.

e12576 Background: Triple-negative breast cancer’s (TNBC) dismal prognosis demands more effective therapy selection. Previously described molecular subtypes reveal its heterogeneity but lack spatial insight and are not currently used in clinical practice. Here, we aim to evaluate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the expression of key biomarkers in TNBC and its correlation with spatial gene expression obtained by spatial transcriptomics (ST). Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort of 92 patients (pts) treated at the Institut Jules Bordet in Belgium with primary surgery for early TNBC. ST (Visium Spatial Gene Expression, 10X Genomics) was previously performed on fresh frozen surgical samples. Using serial sections of these samples, we performed duplex IHC staining for Trop-2/androgen receptor (AR) and HER2/Ki-67. IHC staining was scored using H-score (Trop-2), Allred score (AR), and current guidelines (Ki67/HER2), adding the ultra-low and null HER2 categories. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney test, and Kaplan-Meier with log-rank tests for estimating outcome distribution. Results: Of 92 pts included, 4 (4.3%), 25 (27.2%), 28 (30.4%), and 35 (38%) pts had HER2 2+, 1+, ultra-low, and null, respectively, tumors. Importantly, we observed a significant difference in tumor cell-derived ERBB2 gene expression of HER2 ultra-low versus HER2 null tumors ( p&lt;0.0001), while there was no difference in ERBB2 expression between HER2 ultra-low and HER2 1+ tumors ( p=0.49). HER2 expression was not correlated with prognosis. Trop-2 expression by IHC was high, medium, and low in 67%, 23%, and 10% of pts, respectively. IHC expression correlated well with tumor-derived gene expression (r=0.54), with intrasample heterogeneity observed both in IHC and spatial gene expression. Trop-2 expression was prognostic, pts with high Trop-2 H-score tumors having significantly worse outcome ( p=0.021). In this cohort, 25%, 40.2%, and 34.8% of pts had AR Allred scores of 0-2, 3-5, and 6-8, respectively. Tumor AR gene expression was well correlated with IHC AR expression (67.7%). IHC AR expression was associated with the presence of adipose tissue in the stroma (r=0.23, p=0.025) but not with prognosis. Of note, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, for TNBC, AR expression both in tumor and stroma cells, both at the IHC and gene expression levels. Importantly, we could construct a classifier that identifies luminal androgen receptor tumors, using AR Allred score &gt; 5 and Ki67 ≤ 40%, with a PPV of 93% and an NPV of 96%. Conclusions: ST data has the potential to improve easily accessible IHC classifiers, with the aim of refining patient selection for ADC and anti-AR therapies in TNBC.

Spindle Cell Lipoma and Pleomorphic Lipoma in the Head and Neck: A Comprehensive Study of Six Cases With Review of Literature.

Spindle cell lipomas (SL) and pleomorphic lipomas (PL) are rare variants of lipomas, occurring predominantly in the head and neck region. Laryngeal SL/PL is very uncommon and causes obstructive symptoms needing immediate intervention. These tumors are often challenging in radiology due to the admixture of elements and the presence of adipose tissue may help in diagnosis. From a surgeon's perspective, understanding the nuances of SL/PL is paramount. Histology is the gold standard for diagnosis; however, it often causes diagnostic challenges in biopsy. Method: A retrospective review of the clinical and pathologic features of archival cases of SL/PL was performed. A total of six cases of head and neck region SL/PL were identified. The age of patients ranged from 21 to 58 years and the male-to-female ratio was 5:1. The tumors were distributed in the nape of the neck (n=3), laryngeal region (n=2), and orbit (n=1). Histology in all the cases showed a low-grade neoplasm composed of a variable amount of spindle cells and adipose tissue. The stroma was myxoid in most cases. CD34 was diffusely positive in all the cases. SLs are a rare and uncommon variant of lipoma with a predilection in the head and neck region. They are low-grade neoplasms with a propensity to recur after years. Having knowledge of this tumor can improve surgical outcomes and better patient care.

Adipose tissue in the small airways: How much is enough to drive functional changes?

Obesity is a contributing factor to asthma severity; while it has long been understood that obesity is related to greater asthma burden, the mechanisms though which this occurs have not been fully elucidated. One common explanation is that obesity mechanically reduces lung volume through accumulation of adipose tissue external to the thoracic cavity. However, it has been recently demonstrated that there is substantial adipose tissue within the airway wall itself, and that the presence of adipose tissue within the airway wall is related to body mass index. This suggests the possibility of an additional mechanism by which obesity may worsen asthma, namely by altering the behaviour of the airways themselves. To this end, we modify Anafi & Wilson’s classic model of the bistable terminal airway to incorporate adipose tissue within the airway wall in order to answer the question of how much adipose tissue would be required in order to drive substantive functional changes. This analysis suggests that adipose tissue within the airway wall on the order of 1%–2% of total airway cross-sectional area could be sufficient to drive meaningful changes, and further that these changes may interact with volume effects to magnify the overall burden.

Tumor and peritumoral adipose tissue crosstalk: De-differentiated adipocytes influence spread of colon carcinoma cells

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer and often has a fatal course. There are many studies in the literature that have described a close functional relationship between the tumor mass and surrounding tissue, or tumor stroma, which is affected by the continuous metabolic exchange that occurs at the interface between tumor and tissues in contact with it. There is much evidence that the presence of adipose tissue in stroma plays a fundamental role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and promote tumor development, growth, and angiogenesis due to its endocrine characteristics. In this analysis, we have studied the alterations of adipose tissue surrounding colorectal tumors with MRI and optical imaging in vivo techniques to monitor tumor progression and also performed histological and molecular analysis. We detected differences in the principal adipose markers expressed by adipocytes residing around the rectal colon and observed that peritumoral adipose tissue is exposed to a mesenchymal transition process that leads to the acquisition of a less differentiated phenotype of adipocyte that represents the main cellular type present in tumor stroma. The mesenchymal transition correlated with the acquisition of more aggressive tumor phenotype and could represent a valid target for tumor therapy.

Botox for Unremitting Chronic Migraine: Assessment of Muscle Function and Strength, Efficacy and Safety after More Than 10 Years of Continuous Treatment

Objectives: Our objectives were 3-fold: Assess the impact of the injection paradigms on muscle function and strength, assess the efficacy and safety over 10 years of repeated treatments every 3 months, identify risk factors maintaining chronicity in this unremitting migraine population. Method: One hundred patients were injected with a Botox dilution ratio of 1:1 with a sterile 0.9 % saline solution, 50 patients with a 100u vial of Botox in one, 1cc tuberculin syringe, and 50 patients with a 200u vial of Botox in two-1cc tuberculin syringe during 10 years. Results: The strength of the paracervical and first portion of the trapezius muscle was altered in 6% (100u) and 18% (155u) of subjects. The strength of the second portion of the trapezius muscle was altered in 2% (100u) and 10% (155u) of subjects. Muscle function of the paracervical and first portion of the trapezius muscles was altered in 34% (100u) and 28% (155) of subjects. For the second portion of the trapezius, muscle 58% (100u) and 52% (155) of subjects. The efficacy of Botox was constantly maintained during the 10 years of treatment. 72% (100u), and 74% (155u) of subjects had less than 7migraine days /month (77% improvement). Early onset of migraine, comorbid emotional burden and chronic neck pain, should be considered as risk factors for the unremitting condition. Conclusion: Muscle strength, and function alteration did not have an impact on esthetics of the face and on normal daily muscle function in both cohorts. In both cohorts, more than 70% of patients had more than 75% improvement in monthly migraine days. Depth of the toxin injection, diffusion and presence of adipose tissue (lean versus obese patients) may be responsible for muscle strength and function alteration.

Анатомія великого чепця у людей похилого віку

The purpose of the study was to investigate the external structure, topographic and morphometric variability of the arteries of the greater omenta in elderly women and men in normal cases. Materials and methods. The greater omenta of elderly women and men were examined using anatomical preparation, somatoscopic and morphometric methods. Greater omenta were examined on 20 corpses of elderly people. The deceased had no pathology in the abdominal cavity. Based on the value of the body mass index, the body type of people was determined. Results and discussion. The greater omentum is supplied by the right and left gastroepiploic arteries. These arteries form the superior arterial arch in 15 of 18 cases, and in 3 cases the arch was absent. The inferior arterial arch was evident in 1 of 20 cases. The left gastroepiploic artery in 2 of 20 cases was absent on the anterior plate of the greater omentum and was detected in the thickness of the posterior plate of the greater omentum. From the right gastroepiploic artery central, right medial, right intermediate and right lateral arteries depart. In two out of 20 cases, the left accessory artery departed from the right gastroepiploic artery, which was located in the left half of the greater omentum. The central artery of the greater omentum has a greater length and outer diameter in men. The branches of the right gastroepiploic artery supply the right half of the greater omentum and reach the lower edge of its free part. The left gastroepiploic artery branches into the left medial, left intermediate and left lateral arteries, which branch in the thickness of the left half of the omentum, supplying it without reaching the lower edge of its free part. In 45% quadrangular, 15% – triangular and 40% – irregular shape of the greater omentum with two or more lobes were revealed. The zone of the central, and in its absence, the right medial and left medial arteries of the greater omentum is most convenient for excision of the flap for transplantation with quadrangular and triangular forms of the greater omentum in the elderly. Conclusion. In elderly people, the shape of the greater omentum does not depend on their body type. The quadrangular omenta have the largest area, the smaller triangular and irregular ones. The presence of adipose tissue in the greater omentum depends on body weight. It is advisable to perform laparoscopy before omentoplasty in a patient with excessive body weight. With age, the appearance of the greater omentum changes due to the presence of adipose tissue. We have identified the following forms of the greater omentum, depending on the presence of the severity of adipose tissue: it was transparent, like fine lace; large omentum with excessively developed adipose tissue covering the omentum with a continuous layer

Neuroinflammation in Primary Cultures of the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn Is Attenuated in the Presence of Adipose Tissue\u2013Derived Medicinal Signalling Cells (AdMSCs) in a Co-cultivation Model

Neuroinflammation within the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) of the spinal cord induces inflammatory pain with symptoms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Glial activation and production of inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines) is associated with modulation of nociceptive signalling. In this context, medicinal signalling cells, e.g. obtained from adipose tissue (AdMSCs), gained attention due to their capacity to modulate the inflammatory response in several diseases, e.g. spinal cord injury. We applied the recently established mixed neuroglial primary cell culture of the rat SDH to investigate effects of AdMSCs on the inflammatory response of SDH cells. Following establishment of a co-cultivation system, we performed specific bioassays for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6, RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry to detect changes in cytokine production and glial activation upon inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) by SDH cells was significantly attenuated in the presence of AdMSCs. Further evidence for anti-inflammatory capacities of AdMSCs derived from a blunted LPS-induced TNFα/IL-10 expression ratio and suppressed nuclear translocation of the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in SDH microglial cells. Expression of IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) was detected in AdMSCs, which are putative candidates for anti-inflammatory capacities of these cells. We present a novel co-cultivation system of AdMSCs with neuroglial primary cultures of the SDH to investigate immunomodulatory effects of AdMSCs at a cellular level.

Presence of adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border

PurposeThe flexor digitorum longus and posterior tibial tendon as well as the perforating veins are located along the distal posteromedial tibial border. Adipose tissue may surround these structures and possibly play a role in reducing mechanical stress. This study aimed to examine the adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and gross anatomical examination.MethodsThe lower legs of 11 healthy individuals were examined every 3 cm from the medial malleolus using MRI and ultrasound. The fat fraction was calculated using fat fraction images. In addition, the gross anatomy of the flexor digitorum longus origin and adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border was examined in seven fresh cadavers. The fat fraction was compared at different heights along the posteromedial tibial border and in Kager’s fat pads; we also compared the height of the flexor digitorum longus origin and adipose tissue.ResultsIn vivo, the adipose tissue was identified along the entire posteromedial tibial border using MRI and ultrasound. There was no significant difference in fat fraction between Kager’s fat pads and the adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border, except at the 6 cm mark. All seven cadavers presented adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border, significantly more distal than the flexor digitorum longus origin.ConclusionThe adipose tissue was identified along the posteromedial tibial border via MRI, ultrasound, and gross anatomical examination; thus, this tissue may play a role in reducing friction and compressive stress in tendons.

A Pilot Study to Determine the Impact of Adipose Tissue Attachment to Polypropylene Fibers In Hernia Mesh

Introduction: Prior publications have demonstrated chemical and physical alteration of hernia mesh analyzed after explantation from the body. The specific alteration documented is oxidative degradation of polypropylene mesh fibers. An animal study recently published has demonstrated that adipose tissue attachment is present instead of reparative fibrous tissue infiltration in an average of 10.9–18.9% of the intramesh healing for a variety of clinically used knitted polypropylene mesh products; 8.0% for knitted polyester meshes. This study also found that in comparison to the knitted mesh products, non-woven polypropylene mesh reduced adipose tissue attachment to 1% or less, which was a statistically significant difference. Materials and Methods: Samples of explanted polypropylene mesh from eight patients were analyzed for the presence of adipose tissue attachment, reparative fibrous tissue infiltration, and oxidative changes. Greater adipose tissue attachment areas were compared with areas of greater reparative fibrous tissue infiltration for evidence of oxidative changes in the mesh to determine if the areas of higher adipose tissue attachment correlated with an increase in oxidative changes. Results: Intra mesh healing of clinically explanted knitted meshes demonstrated adipose tissue content from 0.0% to 49.1% per analyzed segment. The oxidation index, a measure of the degree of oxidative degradation in that portion of the mesh, was higher in seven of the eight areas of greater adipose tissue attachment than areas of greater reparative fibrous tissue infiltration. Conclusion: Adipose tissue attachment does occur in knitted and woven polypropylene hernia meshes. The presence of adipose tissue may contribute to an increase in oxidative changes in knitted polypropylene hernia mesh fibers.

AGE-RELATED EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN GREATER OMENTUM

&#x0D; Currently, the greater omentum is widely used in surgery as a source of grafts in reconstructive plastic surgery. Postmortem studies of the greater omentum taken from male and female died individuals of the second mature, elderly and senile age with brachiomorphic, mesomorphic and dolichomorphic body types were carried out. The methodology included aomatoscopic, morphometric methods and the methods of anatomical preparation. It has been established that the greater omentum consists of two parts: secured and unsecured. The secured part of the greater omentum is located between the great curvature of the stomach and the omental band of the transverse colon and is called the gastrocolic ligament. In the second mature, elderly and senile age, the shape and size of the greater omenta are not dependent on the human body type. At the same age periods, the greater omenta of the quadrangular, triangular and irregular shapes are found in women and men. Quadrangular greater omenta occupy the largest area; while the area occupied by the greater omenta of triangular and irregular shape is less. The quadrangular shape of the greater omentum is more favourable for obtaining the graft for transplantation to organs with a large defect. At all ages, the intensity of the development of the adipose tissue in the greater omentum depends on the prominence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, especially in overweight individuals. In the presence of adipose tissue, the following types of the greater omentum have been identified: 1) the greater omentum without adipose tissue; 2) the greater omentum with moderately developed adipose tissue; 3) the greater omentum with excessively developed adipose tissue. The greater omenta without adipose tissue are plastic with clearly visible vessels and their branching. The adipose tissue is located along the vessels, and the areas without adipose tissue are transparent, resembling a thin lace. In greater omenta with excessively developed adipose tissue, the vessels were not verified due to the numerous fat particles that cover the entire surface of the omentum in a continuous layer. The greater omentum with excessively developed adipose tissue becomes thick and loses its flexibility. Before omentoplasty, laparoscopic examination of the greater omentum of overweight patient is advisable in the preoperative period. One of the causes of bowel entrapment there are through holes in the unsecured part of the greater omentum.

Presence of adipose tissue in aortic valves from aortic regurgitation patients: pathophysiological role and clinical implications

Abstract Introduction Adipose tissue is a common constituent of the heart and it is located, without great clinical relevance, frequently in the pericardium. The presence of adipose tissue in the aortic valve is rare, with unknown significance on valve structural properties and function. Aortic regurgitation (AR) is the third most prevalent valve disease, although it is uncommon to find it in isolation. Myxoid degeneration may be the cause or result of AR, although the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Purpose To describe and characterize the presence of adipose tissue in the aortic valves from a cohort of AR patients. Methods 116 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement due to severe AR were enrolled. We classified them in two groups according to the histological results showing presence or absence of adipose tissue in the aortic valves. In the valve tissue molecular analysis were performed by RT-PCR, Western Blot and ELISA to analyze markers of adipocytes (leptin, adiponectin, resistin), inflammation (Rantes, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β), extracellular matrix remodeling (metalloproteinases-1, -2 and -9), proteoglycans (aggrecan, hyaluronan, lumican, syndecan-1, decorin) and fibrosis (collagens, fibronectin). Results Adipose tissue was found in 63% of the aortic valves analyzed. Baseline characteristics (age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, left ventricular telediastolic diameter, left ventricular systolic function, ascending aorta) were similar in patients presenting valve adipose tissue as compared with patients without valve adipose tissue. Valves containing adipocytes exhibited a higher leptin content (p&amp;lt;0.001), fibronectin (p&amp;lt;0.01), decorin (p&amp;lt;0,0001), hyaluronan (p=0.03), aggrecan (p=0.04) and metalloproteinase 1 (p=0.03). Interestingly, the presence of adipocytes in the valve was positively correlated with valve thickness measured by echocardiogram (Pearson chi2 statistical significance = 26.3345 p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study that describes the presence of adipose cells in aortic valves from a cohort of AR patients. Aortic valves containing adipocytes were thicker and exhibited significant higher levels of proteoglycans, suggesting that adipocytes could contribute to the myxomatous degeneration process. Our results propose that the valve adipose tissue could play a role in the pathophysiology of AR. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Gobierno de Navarra

Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasms with Lipomatous Stroma: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature

Abstract Introduction/Objective Tumors with mixed adipose tissue and epithelial components are rare in thyroid and parathyroid glands. Most of them are benign and referred to as adenolipoma (or lipoadenoma). A handful of malignant tumors of thyroid follicular cell origin have been reported with abundant adipose tissue known as thyroid carcinoma with lipomatous stroma (TCLS). Adenolipomas of thyroid or TCLS are usually manifested as large thyroid nodules and evaluated by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) which frequently yield low-cellularity samples due to abundant adipose tissue. On FNAB, the adipose tissue usually interpreted as contamination of subcutaneous or perithyroid origin. Similarly, adenolipomas of the parathyroid are not frequently identified because of presence of adipose tissue which is a feature associated with normal parathyroid glands. Therefore, these tumors are not often correctly diagnosed preoperatively. For that reason, pathologist should report additional cases about this rare entity to increase our understanding and to decrease preoperative diagnostic error. Methods We report three cases of thyroid and parathyroid tumors with abundant adipose tissue with sonographic, cytologic and histologic features along with literature review. Results Among the reported cases in the literature and our cases; 10 out of 17 cases of thyroid carcinoma with lipomatous stroma are papillary thyroid carcinomas (58.8%), 3 out of 17 cases are papillary microcarcinomas (17.6%), 2 out of 17 cases are noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) (11.7%), and 2 out of 17 cases are minimally invasive follicular carcinomas (11.7%). No cases of poorly differentiated or anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have been reported. Conclusion Lipomatous stroma in thyroid carcinoma appears to be associated with differentiated carcinomas since no reported cases of poorly differentiated or anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are present to our knowledge. Although the presence of fatty tissue does not appear to alter the prognosis of these lesions, the question of the histogenesis of the adipose component is intriguing. Awareness of this unusual feature and increased utilization of multimodal approaches in the evaluation of this entity may increase preoperative detection and the understanding of the histogenesis and its possible significance.

Expression of NGAL-specific cells and mRNA levels correlate with inflammation in the salivary gland, and its overexpression in the saliva, of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome

Salivary gland involvement is a characteristic feature of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), where tissue destruction is mediated by infiltrating immune cells, and may be accompanied by the presence of adipose tissue. Optimally diagnosing this multifactorial disease requires the incorporation of additional routines. Screening for disease-specific biomarkers in biological fluid could be a promising approach to increase diagnostic accuracy. We have previously investigated disease biomarkers in saliva and tear fluid of pSS patients, identifying Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as the most upregulated protein in pSS. In the current study, we aimed to explore for the first time NGAL expression at the site of inflammation in the pSS disease target organ. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted on minor salivary gland biopsies from 11 pSS patients and 11 non-SS sicca subjects, targeting NGAL-specific cells. Additional NGAL/PNAd double staining was performed to study NGAL expression in high endothelial venules, known as specialised vascular structures. Moreover, NGAL mRNA expression was measured utilising quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on minor salivary gland biopsies from 15 pSS patients and 7 non-SS sicca individuals that served as tissue controls. Our results demonstrated NGAL expression in acinar and ductal epithelium within the salivary gland of pSS patients, where significantly greater levels of acinar NGAL were observed in pSS patients (p < .0018) when compared to non-SS subjects. Also, acinar expression positively correlated with focus score values (r 2 = 0.54, p < .02), while ductal epithelial expression showed a negative such correlation (r 2 = 0.74, p < .003). Some PNAD+ endothelial venules also expressed NGAL. An increase in NGAL staining with increased fatty replacement was also observed in pSS patients. Concurringly, a 27% increase in NGAL mRNA levels were also detected in the minor salivary glands of pSS patients when compared to non-SS tissue control subjects. In conclusion, there is a positive association between increase in NGAL expression and inflammation in the pSS disease target organ, which also coincides with its previously demonstrated upregulation in the saliva of pSS patients. Additional functional analyses are needed to better understand the immunological implications of this potential biomarker.

A rare case report of conjunctival fibrolipoma in an adolescent

Fibrolipomas are a fat-containing lesions that are characterised by the presence of adipose tissue and rich amounts of fibrous tissues. We present a case of a18-year-old female presented with complaints of swelling over outer part of left eye for 2 years . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed T1 and T2 hyper-intense lesion in temporal aspect of left eyeball without any involvement of optic nerve or any hypertrophy of extra-ocular muscles. A careful dissection was done because of proximity of the lesion with lateral rectus and optic nerve, followed by excision. The diagnosis of fibrolipoma was made on histopathological examination. Fibrolipoma is a rare variant of the lipoma and only few cases have been reported in the orbit till date. The case we have reported is first of its kind in India.

Importance of adipocyte browning in the evolution of endothermy.

Endothermy changes the relationship between organisms and their environment fundamentally, and it is therefore of major ecological and evolutionary significance. Endothermy is characterized by non-shivering thermogenesis, that is metabolic heat production in the absence of muscular activity. In many eutherian mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an evolutionary innovation that facilitates non-shivering heat production in mitochondria by uncoupling food-derived substrate oxidation from chemical energy (ATP) production. Consequently, energy turnover is accelerated resulting in increased heat release. The defining characteristics of BAT are high contents of mitochondria and vascularization, and the presence of uncoupling protein 1. Recent insights, however, reveal that a range of stimuli such as exercise, diet and the immune system can cause the browning of white adipocytes, thereby increasing energy expenditure and heat production even in the absence of BAT. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that cause browning of white adipose tissue, and their potential contribution to thermoregulation. The significance for palaeophysiology lies in the presence of adipose tissue and the mechanisms that cause its browning and uncoupling in all amniotes. Hence, adipocytes may have played a role in the evolution of endothermy beyond the more specific evolution of BAT in eutherians. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.

Effect of body mass index on vital capacity in young adults - A cross-sectional study

Background: Childhood obesity is rising at an astonishing rate over the last decade globally making the individual highly susceptible to various diseases. It has transformed into a major public health issues in India. These changes may reduce the compliance of the lungs and the thoracic cavity and increase the load on the respiratory muscles. This may end up with the reduction in lung volumes, especially vital capacity (VC). Aim and Objective: The aim of the study is to see the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the VC in young adults. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken over a period of 12 months in the Physiology Department of Sridev Suman Subharti Medical College on 300 healthy individuals with age of 18–35 years old to determine the baseline anthropometric measurement followed by measurement of one stage VC using a student’s spirometer. Subjects having cardio or pulmonary condition were excluded from the study. Two separate groups were assigned according to BMI normal (Group A) with BMI 25 kg/m2. Mean ± SD of BMI and VC for both groups were calculated. Results: The VC showed a statistically significant decline in overweight/obese individuals. The mean BMI in Group A (normal) was 20.80 ± 2.28, whereas in Group B (obese) was 29.27 ± 2.77. The mean VC was 3.83 ± 0.84 L in normal BMI group as compared to 4.05 ± 0.64 L in obese BMI group. Conclusion: The VC showed a compromised status in overweight/obese individuals. This difference can be attributed to the presence of adipose tissue around the ribcage, in the abdomen and visceral cavity loading the chest wall, leading to small airway collapse and subsequent lowering of the VC.

Abstract 4005: Glycemic microenvironment and ovarian cancer risk in underserved minority populations

Abstract Studies have shown that ovarian cancer risk is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, the notion that cancer growth and progression is linked to obesity is also widely accepted. However, the impact of the glycemic and adipose microenvironment is often overlooked. Epidemiologic studies of these microenvironments in medically underserved populations are also overlooked. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between DM and ovarian cancer incidence and progression in underserved minority populations. A retrospective study of ovarian cancer patients diagnosed over at 10 year period (2008 – 2018) at one location was performed. Data abstracted for this study included demographic, pathologic, glycemic, DM and BMI data of 142 women with ovarian cancer. Pearson chi-square (p&amp;lt;0.05) was used to compare variables. 26 (18%) of 141 patients had a DM diagnosis and 128 (91%) of the 141 were from an underserved minority group. There was an inverse relationship between tumor size and stage. Patients in later stages had significantly smaller tumors than those in earlier stages of ovarian cancer. There was also a direct correlation between hemoglobin a1c (HbA1c) levels and tumor staging in patients with more advanced disease having slightly higher HbA1c levels (5.2, 5.5, 5.3 and 5.8 HbA1c levels Stages 1 - 4, respectively) And although there continues to be discussion on the best glycemic indicator for determining risk, we did find a similar correlation between staging and blood glucose levels. Lastly, when investigating the relationship between BMI and ovarian cancer staging, it appears that stage 1 occurrence was irrespective of BMI measurements (range 16.3 – 63.2). However, in stages 2 (range 17 – 22.8), 3 (range 21.5 – 33.9) and 4 (range 20.9 – 41.2), there was a positive correlation between BMI and staging. This result suggests that ovarian cancer progression is associated with BMI. Overall, when using cancer stage as an indicator of ovarian cancer progression, this data suggests that while tumor size is inversely related to progression, the glycemic microenvironment along with the increased presence of adipose tissue is positively correlated with ovarian cancer progression. Citation Format: Desmond Henry, Crystal Washington, Marley Rashad, Guihong Fan, Veena Rao, Monica Frazier. Glycemic microenvironment and ovarian cancer risk in underserved minority populations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4005.

The p53/Adipose-Tissue/Cancer Nexus.

Obesity and the resultant metabolic complications have been associated with an increased risk of cancer. In addition to the systemic metabolic disturbances in obesity that are associated with cancer initiation and progression, the presence of adipose tissue in the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes significantly to malignancy through direct cell-cell interaction or paracrine signaling. This chronic inflammatory state can be maintained by p53-associated mechanisms. Increased p53 levels that are observed in obesity exacerbate the release of inflammatory cytokines that fuel cancer initiation and progression. Dysregulated adipose tissue signaling from the TME can reprogram tumor cell metabolism. The links between p53, cellular metabolism and adipose tissue dysfunction and how they relate to cancer, will be presented in this review.