Presence Of Actinomycetes Research Articles

Observation of the Antimicrobial Activities of Two Actinomycetes in the Harvester Ant Messor orientalis.

Simple SummaryObservations in the animal room have shown that the seeds stored by harvester ants, although in a damp environment, are less likely to mold. It was hypothesized that harvester ants may use actinomycetes to protect their seed stores, given that leafcutter ants use actinomycetes as producers of defensive substances. Two actinomycetes were isolated from the harvester ant Messor orientalis. The fermentation broth of the actinomycetes showed significant inhibitory effects on the three indicator fungi. Coculture experiments supported the observed inhibitory effects. The antifungal activities of actinomycetes in harvester ants were revealed. This research provides a significant theoretical reference for the abovementioned hypothesis and for the potential agricultural applications of these actinomycetes for multiple crops.Observations have shown that seeds collected by harvester ants are less likely to mold. Based on evolutionary analysis and other research, it was hypothesized that harvester ants could apply actinomycetes to protect seeds, similar to the protection of mutualistic fungi by leafcutter ants. Two actinomycetes were successfully isolated from the harvester ant Messor orientalis. The taxonomic status of the actinomycetes was determined by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and biochemical experimental observations. Their inhibitory effects on plant pathogens were measured. One of the bacteria was identified as Brachybacterium phenoliresistens and denoted as B. phenoliresistens MO. The other belonged to the genus Microbacterium. It was named Microbacterium sp. Growth rate determination and coculture experiments were performed to explore the inhibitory effect of actinomycetes on indicator plant pathogens. The inhibition rates of the actinomycetes toward Peronophythora litchii and Rhizoctonia solani were 100% in media containing 30% or more fermentation broth, and they also showed an inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum siamense. The coculture experiment supported this result by showing that the growth of P. litchii and R. solani was inhibited in the presence of actinomycetes. Therefore, the results of this study show the agricultural application potential of these bacteria and may provide a reference for research on the symbiosis of harvester ants with actinomycetes.

The influence of lead acetate and actinomycetes on germination and growth of vetch plant (Vicia sativa L.)

The influence of different lead acetate concentrations (10 -5 M, 10 -4 M, 10 -3 M, 10 -2 M and 2 x 10 -2 M) both with and without presence of actinomycetes on germination and initial growth (root, leaf length and stem height) of vetch plant (Vicia sativa L.) was rated. Different lead acetate concentrations and actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.) of 5, 7 and 9 breed’s types were used to treat vetch plant seeds. It was perceived that high lead acetate concentration of 2 x 10 -2 M has inhibitory effect on the studied parameters. Probes with the highest concentrations of lead with the presence of actinomycetes as much as 60% more seeds germinated compared to the probes without actinomycetes. Low lead acetate concentrations have stimulating effect on these processes, as applied in the presence of microorganisms, and in probes without inoculation.

Efekat različitih načina korišćenja zemljišta na mikrobiološka svojstva zemljišta Centralne Srbije

Aim of the study was to examine the effects of soil use on soil microbial properties at five locations in Central Serbia. The study included 42 samples of soil under certified organic system, 8 samples under conventional system, and 30 samples of abandoned soils. The number of examined microbial groups was assessed using the indirect dilution method followed by plating of soil suspension on different selective media, while dehydrogenase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. The number and activity of microorganisms at the tested plots primarily depended on the soil pH. The acidic soil reaction caused more rapid fungal growth and lower presence of actinomycetes and Azotobacter sp. There were no significant alterations in the number of microorganisms, ammonifiers and fungi under the specific soil use system. Significantly higher dehydrogenase activity was recorded in the abandoned soils and soils under organic systems compared to the conventional farming.

Dynamics of Microbial Functional Groups in Rhizosphere of Spring Barley

Plant rhizosphere is the portion of soil which is in direct contact with the plant roots. From the microbiological point of view, this area is characterized by strong dynamic of functional groups with high specificity towards the substrate available. Spring barley is a crop with high requirements to the composition of the microflora in the rhizosphere, disturbances produced by agronomic inputs affecting the stability of rhizospheric contact interfaces and ultimately the plant growth. Analysis of changes within the microbial community was carried out with the purpose of defining the disruptive impact of mineral inputs and potential of zeolite to reduce these disruptions. Microbial functional groups were analyzed on the basis of the CO2 export under the specific conditions of soil inoculation on specific substrates over a time period of incubation. Microresp detection plates allow evaluation of a large number of samples under identical conditions of inoculation and the establishment of dynamics of the entire microbial community. The dynamics of the entire microbial communities (basal respiration) is stimulated to increase in case of unilateral application of zeolite and zeolite as a buffer for urea fertilization. General growth trend of microbial communities follows proportional the associated application of zeolite with urea, the most powerful non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation processes being stimulated by this combination of fertilizers. Simultaneously, an increase in the dynamics of denitrifiers was observed, also the decomposition of lignin and cellulose and biological crust formation due to the proliferation of cyanobacteria. Rhizosphere of barley plants is characterized by the presence of actinomycetes as dominant in functional microbial community of all experimental variants analyzed with a high capacity for biological degradation and raised mineralization of organic matter.

Monitoring of Tirana River and the Margin of Data in Urbanized and Non Rezidental Area

Tirana River is one of the main branches of Ishmi river and serves as collector for wastewater discharge, for the capital city and its surrounding rural areas. This river created the north administrative border of Tirana and it’s formed from mountainouse conflux in Zall-Dajt area. Besides increasing the amount of sewage discharge into the river, as a result of population growth, it is a fact that in Tirana river solid waste from non-responsible businesses and different urban wastes are being deposited. The purpose of this study is to assess the microbiological quality of Tirana river by collecting reliable information about conditions in different area wherever the river course outside and inside the Tirana city. Samples were taken at four different points during year 2012-2013. The river is tested for indicators of pollution such as Streptoccocus faecali and Escherichia coli as well as the presence of actinomycetes. Microbiological contamination tests show relatively large water contamination, especially in three areas where the river passes in residential area. Bacteria are transported to the River via storm water, catch basins, sediment, runoff, discharges, and spills. Larger amounts of bacteria reach the river when surrounding lands are more highly developed or "urbanized." The high level presence of these microorganisms indicates that the water quality of the river is very bad according to standards, presenting a risk to health of all the organisms that inhabit the sweet waters. River areas in considerable distance from residential areas, show microbiological level lower than in those close to residential areas. It is noticed also, a growth of temperature and TDS. This growth was more evident during raining days for TDS and temperature during drought periods of monitoring.

Generation of Actinomycetes Aerosols Containing Spores and Mycelium: Performances of a Liquid Bubbling Aerosolizer

The presence of actinomycetes in many workplaces and their role in the incidence of various respiratory symptoms remains poorly understood and underestimated. A sampling and culture-independent analysis method to measure airborne actinomycetes has yet to be developed and controlled bioaerosols are needed for laboratory investigations. In this article, the performances of a single-pass bubbling aerosolizer were characterized to evaluate the feasibility of generating actinomycetes from a liquid source and to confirm that viability of aerosolized entities was preserved. Six preparation protocols for liquid Thermoactinomycetes vulgaris cultures were compared in terms of culturable flora and total spores concentrations (culture and epifluorescence microscopy) and size distributions (optical counter and cascade impactor) of the bioaerosols generated. Using the best protocol, the generator's performances were then validated using three species: Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida fusca, and Streptomyces cal...

Actinomycetes isolated from beehives in Thailand

Actinomycetes are one of the main microbial groups that produce bioactive compounds used as antibiotics. Although bacteria, mold and yeast have frequently been found in bees, the presence of actinomycetes in bee hives had not been previously identified or reported. The aim of our research was to focus on the diversity of actinomycetes in bee hives in Thailand. Bees, brood cells and hive materials were collected from apiaries and natural sources. Thirty-two isolates of actinomycetes were isolated and identified using morphological, physiological, chemical and molecular characterization. Most of the isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Some less frequent isolates were classified in the genera Nonomuraea, Nocardiopsis and Actinomadura.

Actinomycosis in Obstructive Tonsillar Hypertrophy and Recurrent Tonsillitis

A quantitative analysis of adenoid and tonsillar specimens from 460 patients was performed. The patients underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy for either recurrent tonsillitis or obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy. Histologic preparations revealed Actinomycetes as statistically more prevalent in the obstructive population. The presence of Actinomycetes in the adenotonsillar core of this diagnostic group may indicate an etiologic role for this organism in tonsillar and adenoidal hypertrophy.

Eikenella corrodens.

Eikenella corrodens is a microaerophilic gram-negative rod which is a normal inhabitant of human mucosal surfaces, particularly the oral cavity. Although an uncommon cause of infection, it is by no means rare. It is found most often as part of a mixed infection, particularly with streptococci, but is capable of independently causing serious infection in both normal and immunocompromised hosts. Given its slow growth, requirement for hemin when grown aerobically, and preference for CO2 enrichment, it is likely that the involvement of Eikenella in an infection is not always recognized, and it would be prudent to alert the laboratory in situations where isolation of Eikenella is likely (especially in head and neck infections or infected wounds caused by a human bite). Although mixed infections which include Eikenella may resolve with treatment directed at the other infecting organisms, treatment of such infections with antibiotics to which Eikenella is resistant may result in a pure Eikenella infection. Such an outcome may occur, for example, when a human bite wound is treated with clindamycin or metronidazole. Among the oral antibiotics, penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol are generally effective, whereas cephalexin, dicloxacillin and their relatives are not. Cefoxitin and the third-generation cephalosporins are highly effective against Eikenella.

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Rhizosheaths of Oryzopsis hymenoides

Structural features and microorganisms associated with rhizosheaths (sand grain root sheaths) of Oryzopsis hymenoides were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Rhizosheath structure appears to depend primarily on the extent of root hair growth and the bonding between root hairs and sand grains. Several sources of bonding agents are suggested, but plant products may be the most important. Microorganisms, usually rod forms, were frequently observed in association with coatings, resembling mucilage, on root surfaces and root hairs. The fungus Olpidium and unusual bacterial forms resembling Ancalomicrobium and Hyphomicrobium were observed on or near root surfaces. Mycorrhizae were not observed nor could the presence of actinomycetes be attested to.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF RHIZOSHEATHS OF ORYZOPSIS HYMENOIDES

Structural features and microorganisms associated with rhizosheaths (sand grain root sheaths) of Oryzopsis hymenoides were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Rhizosheath structure appears to depend primarily on the extent of root hair growth and the bonding between root hairs and sand grains. Several sources of bonding agents are suggested, but plant products may be the most important. Microorganisms, usually rod forms, were frequently observed in association with coatings, resembling mucilage, on root surfaces and root hairs. The fungus Olpidium and unusual bacterial forms resembling Ancalomicrobium and Hyphomicrobium were observed on or near root surfaces. Mycorrhizae were not observed nor could the presence of actinomycetes be attested to.

Fossil Actinomycetes in Middle Precambrian Glacial Varves

Fossil actinomycetes and other bacteria have been found in sulfide minerals from "varved" argillites in the middle Precambrian Cobalt Series of Canada. The fossils consist of branched and unbranched nonseptate hyphae and chains of rod-shaped cells. The presence of actinomycetes is consistent with the theory that the argillites are lacustrine desposits.

Actinomycete disintegration of raw wool.

DURING the course of investigations on bacterial disintegration of raw wool, the presence of Actinomycetes in rotted wool was often noted. These organisms, however, rarely appeared in culture, perhaps because of the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa the antagonistic effects of which are well known. Eventually Actinomycetes were isolated from nutrient agar cultures of at least one month's growth when these had been left to dry out at room temperature. Under these conditions aerial hyphae appeared, from which pure cultures of the organisms were obtained.

牛のビタミンB<sub>12</sub>榮養障碍の機構に関する研究(第3報)

(1) Further studies on several kinds of strains in rice-fodder such as Natto bacteria belonging to Bacill. subtilis were carried out, but these microbes differed from Actinomycetes in the vitamin B12-producing activity. (2) The diseased animals were treated by the intermuscular injection of vitamin B12, and the satisfactory response on the variation of red blood cell count and of the diameter of red corpuscles. Therefore, it was found that “Kuwazu disease” may be a form of macrocytic anemia, namely endemic vitamin B12 deficiency in cattle owing to the absence of vitamin B12-forming microorganisms due to the toxic power of SiF6'' ions. (3) More recently, the presence of Actinomycetes in the rnmen and feces of cattle suffering from “Kiriyoi disease” in Shimane Prefecture was tested. In this case also, no Actinomycetes was detected. On the contrary, control examinations for healthy animals in the province always indicated posiive results. (4) The curative experiment of “Kiriyoi disease” with vitamin B12 by injection was also successfully completed. (5) The vitamin B12-deficiency in cattle and biosynthesis in vivo of this vitamin seem to be considered as in Fig. 3.