Prescriptive Elements Research Articles

Impact of Criminal Code’s Articles 263 & 264: A Critical Look at Press Freedom and Human Rights

The public, human rights advocates, and media practitioners have engagedin significant debate regarding Articles 263 and 264 of the new CriminalCode (KUHP). These articles establish laws that criminalize spreadingfalse news that could cause social unrest. The punishments for spreadingsuch information vary depending on the severity and intention behind itsdissemination. Articles 263(1) and (2) differentiate between intentionallyspreading false information that the perpetrator knows is untrue andspreading information that is reasonably believed to be false. The punishmentfor this offense can be imprisonment for up to six years or a maximumfine of category V. Article 264 specifically addresses the act of spreadingfalse information that the perpetrator knows is untrue. Meanwhile, Article264 specifically addresses the act of spreading ambiguous, exaggerated,or incomplete news. Those found guilty can face a maximum penalty oftwo years in prison or a category III fine. This study utilizes normativelegal methodologies, which include statutory, conceptual, comparative,and futuristic approaches. The research design is characterized by bothdescriptive and prescriptive elements. Content analysis was conductedto evaluate the collected data. The study’s findings illustrate that theprimary objective of Articles 263 and 264 of the new Criminal Code is tomaintain public order and deter riots that may arise as a consequence of thedissemination of incorrect information. Nevertheless, these provisions havebeen criticized for their potential to be used as a means to suppress pressfreedom and limit public expression, both of which are fundamental aspectsof democracy and the protection of human rights. Concerns have beenraised about the potential impact of the implementation of these articles onthe protection of press freedom as guaranteed by the Press Law.

Rituximab Therapy for Immune-Mediated Neurological Diseases: Our Experience at a Tertiary Care Centre.

Rituximab (RTX) is a monoclonal anti-CD20 chimeric antibody that inhibits B cell activity. However, it is an appealing substitute for traditional immunomodulatory drugs as a swiftly acting, targeted therapy with mounting evidence of efficacy and tolerance in numerous neuroinflammatory conditions. We discuss the scientific evidence for the use of RTX in neurological illnesses, as well as the dose, safety, and other practical elements of prescription. This study aims to assess and correlate the effects of RTX on immune-mediated neurological disorders. The primary objective of this study is to determine the outcomes in patients treated with RTX for the following conditions: myasthenia gravis (MG), autoimmune encephalitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD), immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy, and inflammatory muscle disease. The secondary objective is to assess adverse drug reactions in patients treated with RTX. This is a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care centre. The data were analyzed for the period from May 2022 to May 2024. Approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee before commencing the study, andwritten informed consent was obtained from all patients. A total of 56 patients were included in the study. The distribution of patients according to diseases is as follows: MG (17), MS (11), NMOSD (10), MOGAD (7), immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy (6), autoimmune encephalitis (3), and inflammatory muscle disease (2). However, one patient was lost to follow-up in the autoimmune encephalitis group. All patients experienced improvements in symptoms, and no relapse episodes have been reported except for one patient who had a relapse in the inflammatory muscle disease group. During the infusion process, some adverse drug reactions, such as chills and rigors, were observed, and two patients experienced major side effects, such as Pott's disease and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Nevertheless, overall, rituximab shows promise as an off-labelimmunosuppressive treatment for the aforementioned neurological immune-mediated diseases.

Formulation of precise exercise intervention strategy for adolescent depression.

The high incidence of adolescent depression has become the focus of social and academic attention. Exercise is an important method to improve adolescent depression, but its intervention effect is still controversial. This study first compares and analyzes the relevant studies at home and abroad and finds that exercise prescription in adolescent depression intervention is not accurate enough. A meta-analysis was conducted to develop a precise exercise intervention strategy for adolescent depression. Firstly, this thesis identified how to optimize five elements (exercise intensity, exercise frequency, exercise time, exercise cycle, and exercise type) of exercise prescription to improve depression in adolescents. This is the problem. Furthermore, the concept of "precision exercise" was proposed, and a precision exercise intervention strategy (moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 8-10 weeks, 3 times/week, 45-50 min/time) was constructed to improve adolescent depression. This paper also presents research that strengthens the cross-sectional research and empirical research on adolescent depression and establishes a precision exercise prescription database for adolescent depression in China. In conclusion, this study not only puts forward the concept of "precision exercise" but also constructs a precision exercise intervention strategy for adolescent depression, which has important theoretical and practical significance for improving the high incidence of adolescent depression.

Optimal exercise dose and type for improving sleep quality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.

A substantial amount of research has explored the intricate relationship between exercise and sleep quality, consistently confirming that exercise can effectively enhance sleep quality. Nevertheless, previous studies have yet to conclusively determine which specific exercise program is most efficacious in improving sleep quality. To address this gap, the present study systematically evaluated the differential effects of various types of exercise, as well as exercise dosages (including duration, intervention period, frequency, and intensity), on sleep outcomes using a network meta-analysis approach. This endeavor aims to provide evidence-based support for the development of scientifically effective exercise programs tailored to improve sleep quality. Through the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases, we conducted a search for randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise interventions on sleep, with a search cutoff date of April 30, 2024. We rigorously selected the literature according to the PICOS principle, and two independent researchers extracted the data. We would like to change this passage to: Bias risk assessment was conducted using the RevMan 5.4 software, and traditional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were performed using Stata 17.0 software to generate forest plots, network evidence plots, and funnel plots. Furthermore, we adopted the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) to evaluate and rank the intervention effects of different exercise types and dosages on sleep quality. To verify the robustness of our study results, we performed a sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out method. The study strictly adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and included 58 RCT papers with a total of 5,008 participants. The network meta-analysis revealed significant variations in the impact of exercise frequency on sleep outcomes when compared to the control group. Interventions of 1-2 times per week [SMD = -0.85, 95% CI (-1.43, -0.26)], 3 times per week [SMD = -0.45, 95% CI (-0.80, -0.11)], and 4 times per week [SMD = -1.09, 95% CI (-1.92, -0.26)] demonstrated the most notable effects. Interventions lasting ≤30 min and 60-65 min were significantly more effective than the control group, with ≤30 min proving significantly more effective than 40-55 min [SMD = 0.75, 95% CI (0.01, 1.49)]. Interventions lasting 9-10 weeks [SMD = -1.40, 95% CI (-2.37, -0.44)], 12-16 weeks [SMD = -0.55, 95% CI (-0.90, -0.20)], and ≥ 24 weeks [SMD = -0.71, 95% CI (-1.31, -0.10)] were all significantly more effective than the control group. Additionally, the 9-10 weeks intervention period was found to be significantly more effective than the 6-8 weeks period [SMD = -1.21, 95% CI (-2.37, -0.04)]. Furthermore, interventions of moderate intensity [SMD = -1.06, 95% CI (-1.52, -0.61)] and high intensity [SMD = -1.48, 95% CI (-2.55, -0.40)] exercise interventions yielded significantly greater benefits compared to the control group. Specifically, high intensity interventions [SMD = -1.97, 95% CI (-3.37, -0.56)] and moderate intensity [SMD = -1.55, 95% CI (-2.57, -0.54)] exercise interventions were found to be significantly more effective than moderate-high intensity interventions. In terms of exercise types, aerobic exercise [SMD = -0.56, 95% CI (-0.86, -0.27)], traditional Chinese exercises [SMD = -0.57, 95% CI (-0.97, -0.18)], and combined exercise [SMD = -0.99, 95% CI (-1.66, -0.32)] interventions all produced significant improvements compared to the control group. The study determined that the most effective combination of exercise prescription elements for enhancing sleep quality includes a frequency of 4 times per week (SUCRA = 84.7), a duration of ≤30 min (SUCRA = 92.2), a period of 9-10 weeks (SUCRA = 89.9), and high-intensity (SUCRA = 92.9) combined exercise (SUCRA = 82.7). The current evidence indicates that combined exercise with a frequency of 4 times per week, a duration of ≤30 min, a period of 9-10 weeks, and high intensity is most effective for improving sleep quality. Nevertheless, due to the limited number of studies included, further research is needed to enhance the reliability of the findings. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42024555428.

MODERNIZATION CONCEPT AND SOCIAL IMAGINATION: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES

Since its inception, the theory of modernization has undergone so many transformations that it makes sense to speak of a «modernization discourse» rather than a theory and to consider the concept itself from the point of view of social epistemology in conjunction with social imagination. This paper is devoted to substantiating this approach. The concept of modernization is interesting in this regard because it contains not only hermeneutic but also prescriptive elements: by placing society in a broader historical framework of past, present and future, it creates a normative horizon for self-understanding and social transformation. It allows us to imagine our society as a historical whole, to imagine a social ideal and social development as a path towards it. At the same time, it appeals to the images of the social imagination - the social imaginary, depending on the context. A separate question, therefore, is what semantic load this concept receives when it is adopted by a different socio-cultural and political context. Such research could help to understand the internal logic of political processes in a society and its destiny. The paper consists of three subsections: the first is devoted to an overview of theories of modernization and their transformation under the influence of social epistemology; the second deals with the imagination as an anthropological a priori for considering social imagination; finally, the last subsection, which also serves as a conclusion, justifies why, given the purpose of the study, it is more appropriate to consider the concept of modernization in the context of the social imagination rather than as an ideology. The concept of ideology refers to political bias, to the question of truth and a critique of power discourse. In contrast, the concept of social imagination is politically neutral and refers to a cultural background of politics. It thus circumvents Man nheim’s paradox by being conceptualized as constitutive of a political order.

Dancing, drawing, designing

This paper describes and analyses a drawing practice in a research project on corporeality and gesture, with a view to designing objects and spaces. This research, carried out at the École nationale supérieure d’art et de design de Nancy (France), questions our presence with things and others, the sharing of space and the world, by questioning the gestures that underpin them. Drawing is one of these gestures. Its pedagogical aims are pragmatic and practical: to question our physicality in artistic training and to provide prescriptive elements, i.e. methods and techniques of looking, reading, writing, designing and drawing. Turning away from knowledge that makes the body an object, such as ergonomics, the approach turns towards a knowledge of the self by the subject itself: somatics. The objective of the so-called somatic practices is to better understand and appreciate one’s own body experience in an aesthetic way. They are different from our habits, from our everyday connection to environments and propose to discover the variety of movements offered to our body when making movements. They propose a path towards body awareness that cannot be acquired through theoretical teaching, but only through the practice of movement. The role of the aesthetic appreciation of the body experience and the creativity of somatic practices and more generally of dance allows us to make the hypothesis that they are tools for design research the objective of which is precisely to consider the body in movement in order to conceive objects and spaces differently. To verify this hypothesis, we describe a creative protocol, followed by dance students and design students, which combines dance, drawing and furniture design. The drawing is in turn notation, imprint, sensitive recording, trace of movement, score, memory and quasi-object supporting a morphogenesis. Because it constantly revives movement, the objects resulting from the process are open to gestural and postural invention.

Feasibility Meets Implementation Science: Narrowing the Research-To-Practice Gap for Exercise Activity in Multiple Sclerosis

Background There is a need to identify why multiple sclerosis exercise research is not translating into real-world participation. To lay the foundations of strong clinical research, considering the translational element of implementation science at the feasibility phase of a trial is vital. Methods Document analysis was used to examine document sources on exercise activity interventions designed for people living with multiple sclerosis. Document sources focused on multiple sclerosis research that incorporated exercise prescription elements and behaviour change and were feasibility studies incorporating aspects of implementation science. Results Implementation science should come much earlier than the efficacy or effectiveness research pipeline. An alternate view is outlined where feasibility and implementation science should meet based on case examples that have not yet shown strong efficacy or effectiveness. Findings from our key themes indicate a need for a cyclical iterative approach to the translational process. Multiple aspects of feasibility and how it can be assessed using an implementation science lens to support more successful interventions are provided. The determination of feasibility in behaviour change should involve implementation science as feasibility is drawn on for theory development, optimising the intervention design and quality of implementation strategies, and identifying those delivering the intervention before conducting efficacy and effectiveness research. Conclusions Document analysis methodology is underused in qualitative research and was appropriate to use as it was a very resource, time-efficient and an unobtrusive process that could track change and development to explore the integration of implementation science at the feasibility phase, with the findings indicating the earlier implementation science is introduced into multiple sclerosis exercise interventions the better.

Analytic Framework to Improve Access for a State Medicaid Agency

Analytics can help identify strategies to improve the equity and capacity of health services for populations. However, many government agencies experience challenges with heavy workloads, limited time for continued analytic education, and employee turnover among contracted staff. Therefore, streamlining analytical workflows has the potential to (1) improve labor cost-efficiencies and (2) identify strategies to improve health among enrollees. We describe an analytic framework design that automates several empirical methods and provides recommendations for increasing healthcare access for Alabama Medicaid Agency (AMA) enrollees. The described framework, which includes descriptive and prescriptive elements, has been successfully used to inform various day-to-day analyses conducted by AMA’s Analytics Department and comprehensively analyze AMA-enrolled youths’ accessibility to licensed dentists. Specifically, in the dental context, the framework assisted in identifying (1) dental procedures that were ideal candidates for increased reimbursement payments and (2) geographical locations that AMA should target for interventions to improve physical access to care for AMA’s youth enrollees. The insights offered by the framework for dental care impact more than 0.5 million underserved youth and roughly $90 million of annual revenue for licensed dentists through reimbursements. History: This paper was refereed. Funding: D. Lewis, J. Parton, M. Hudnall, R. Tramp, X. T. Yang, and S. Samsel received salary support from the Alabama Medicaid Agency during the execution of this study. B. Cambron, T. Tyner, N. Biligowda, and D. Rush were employed at the Alabama Medicaid Agency during the execution of this study. The other authors do not declare the receipt of funding associated with entities affiliated with this study.

다이어트 복합운동 프로그램에 참여하는 비만여성들의 생리적 효과

The purpose of this study is to find out what effect it has on obesity among physiological changes, salivary α-amylase and blood active oxygen, which are physical stress factors, and total antioxidant power by having obese women who are on a diet perform compound exercise. The study was conducted with the necessity and purpose of the study. The study consisted of 80 minutes a day (including preparation and clean-up), 3 times a week for 12 weeks, and applied Zumba exercise, a form of aerobic exercise, and Da Vinci Body Board, a form of resistance exercise, to the interaction effect between the exercise group and the control group. Based on the results of repeated measures ANOVA and paired-sample t-test to see the results before and after the measurement of the exercise group, the following conclusions were drawn. By implementing a diet compound exercise program, the body fat percentage of obese women decreased, and α-amylase and active oxygen, which are stress factors, also decreased. In addition, the total antioxidant power increased, showing significant changes in all factors. Therefore, combined exercise has the result of recovering and improving health by relieving obesity and stress of obese women and increasing total antioxidant power, so I think that subjects will be able to lead a healthy life through continuous participation in exercise. If the subsequent exercise is additionally modified and supplemented to various subjects according to the qualitative and quantitative elements of the exercise prescription, anyone will be able to exercise while increasing the amount of physical activity in a healthy way.

Assessment and Physiotherapeutic Intervention for Patellofemoral Pain and Muscle Performance DeficitsA Case Report

Patellofemoral pain can lead to knee pain, mobility and muscle performance deficits. It is caused by mechanical and chemical imbalances within the patellofemoral joint. Physiotherapeutic intervention plays an important role in managing these deficits. In this case, physiotherapeutic interventional prescription was used on the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model. Assessment based on the ICF is a framework for describing and organising information on functioning and disability. A 55-year-old female with right peripatellar pain was examined using the ICF model for patellofemoral pain and muscle performance deficits. The components observed were correlated with the ICF model. On the basis of ICF-based assessment results, body function diminished in the form of decreased muscle strength and knee Range Of Motion (ROM) with the presence of pain. Functional activity limitations are present in the form of squatting and stair climbing. Other associated findings are mild patellofemoral swelling and quadriceps wasting. This case study found that muscle performance deficits caused by patellofemoral pain can be managed by eight weeks of ICF-based physiotherapeutic intervention that follows physiotherapeutic elements of prescription.

Abstract 14647: Effects of an App-Based Exercise Intervention Program on Exercise Capacity for Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Mobile-based healthcare is considered a strategy that can overcome time and space constraints and increase the participation rate of a heart health program; however, a review of the elements of exercise prescription, such as frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT), has been insufficient. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to identify the FITT elements of an app-based exercise heart health intervention that was effective in improving the exercise capacity of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Methods: A literature search was conducted for papers published up to November 2021. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of an exercise-based heart health program using a smartphone app for adult inpatients initially diagnosed with ACS, who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention or medication treatment. With the help of our librarians, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Literature selection, bias evaluation, and data collection were independently performed by two researchers. Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 was used to evaluate the quality of literature; the level of evidence was evaluated using GRADE, and CMA Version 3.0 was used for the meta-analysis. Effect size for exercise capacity was calculated using standardized mean difference. Results: Seven RCTs were identified. The study results suggested that using an app-based exercise heart health program was effective in improving the exercise capacity of patients in Phase III of cardiac rehabilitation post-ACS. As a confirmed exercise prescription factor, the app was found to be effective in improving exercise capacity when aerobic exercise was performed for approximately 30 minutes at least three to five times a week. The effect size for exercise capacity was 0.42 (95% CI, 0.24-0.60; I 2 , 45.00; p <.001). App-based exercise interventions was confirmed to be effective in improving exercise capacity compared to general heart health interventions. Conclusions: An app-based exercise heart health intervention is safe and effective in improving exercise capacity and encouraging post-ACS patients who are in Phase III of cardiac rehabilitation to start exercise after hospital discharge.

소도구 필라테스 운동이 비만중년여성의 대사증후군 위험인자에 미치는 영향

This study is to find out how small-tool Pilates exercise is applied to obese middle-aged women and how it affects metabolic syndrome risk factors. It was intended to be provided as one of the exercise programs for this purpose, and a total of 16 subjects were divided into two groups, and conclusions were obtained based on the results of before and after the exercise program. Among the metabolic syndrome risk factors, blood pressure showed a significant difference only in the pre-measurement of diastolic blood pressure between the two groups, and the waist circumference showed significant changes in the exercise group. In the body composition category, body fat percentage decreased only in the exercise group, showing a significant difference, and HDL-C showed significant changes in the exercise group, showing an increase. Triglycerides decreased in both groups, but only the control group showed a significant difference and there was a significant difference only in the post-measurements between the two groups. Blood sugar showed a significant difference only in the exercise group. Looking at the above results, through small-tool Pilates exercise, body composition among the metabolic syndrome risk factors of obese middle-aged women showed positive results of body composition change and blood improvement. As such, the small-tool Pilates exercise had an effect for health promotion, so if this program is carried out by applying the exercise prescription elements for a longer period of time, it will be possible to prevent factors that threaten the health of obese middle-aged women.

Review on the Formulation, Existing Problems, and Practical Effects of Fitness Exercise Prescriptions for People With Intellectual Disabilities.

Compared with normal people, patients with intellectual disability have poor cardiopulmonary and muscle fitness levels, and their daily physical activity generally cannot reach the “guideline-recommended amount,” which increases the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease in this group. From the perspective of six elements of exercise prescription (frequency, intensity, time, form of exercise, amount of exercise, and progressive rate), this paper systematically reviews the current situation of the formulation and implementation of exercise prescription for patients with intellectual disabilities. The results show that the design idea of aerobic fitness exercise prescription for patients with intellectual impairment follows the six-element 5paradigm, but the insufficient recommended amount of each element is a common problem. In the design of muscle fitness exercise prescription, due to the differences of different exercise forms, the description of the six elements is very inconsistent. Although most prescription execution effects show that it is beneficial to improve cardiopulmonary and muscle fitness, there is a great debate on whether it is beneficial to improve body composition. People with intellectual disabilities are highly heterogeneous groups. In the initial stage of exercise intervention, the elements of exercise prescription need to be adjusted individually to obtain sustainable positive benefits.

The Pregnancy care and baby parenting patterns in toraja ethnics

One of the causes of the high maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is the limited knowledge of the community and the existence of cultural influences. This study aims to analyze in depth the pattern of maternity care and infant care patterns in the Toraja ethnicity in the working area of ​​the Mekar Public Health Center, Kendari City. The type of research used is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The results showed that the pattern of maternity care and baby care in terms of elemental assessment in the Toraja tribe, namely the behavior that was more recommended, namely moving a lot, light exercise and walking; abstained behavior is not allowed to cut nails, cut hair, bathe after 4 pm, not allowed to sit at the door, not allowed to put a towel around his neck; preferred foods are katuk leaves and nuts; The foods that are abstained are bananas, pineapples, and durians, spicy foods and coconut milk. In terms of the prescriptive elements in the Toraja tribe, namely pregnancy checks, infant feeding, namely breastfeeding and complementary feeding such as red flour porridge, Ambon banana and mixed porridge after 6 months and over, and massage therapy. In terms of cognitive elements, the Toraja tribe has trust during pregnancy, but in terms of baby care, they have certain trust in baby caretakers in terms of views about the placenta, namely aluk ma'lolo. Therefore, education with a local culture approach can still be carried out as long as safe for mother and children

Real World Adherence to a Severely Energy Restricted Meal Replacement Diet in Participants with Class II and III Obesity

Severely energy-restricted diets (SERDs) are an effective treatment for obesity, however, adherence to such diets is often perceived as poor by healthcare professionals. This investigation evaluated adherence to a 12-week SERD in participants with class II and III obesity. Reported food consumption was compared against individualised SERD prescriptions. Body weight measures were obtained at baseline, 12 and 52 weeks. The data were analysed in three groups (i) the entire cohort (n = 26), (ii) completers (n = 13) and (iii) non-completers (n = 13). SERD prescription elements included (i) the number of meal replacement products; (ii) total protein; (iii) total energy intake; (iv) level of dietary energy restriction; (v) vegetable serves; (vi) water serves, and (vii) how much physical activity was performed. A generalised repeated-measures mixed-effects model was used to investigate if adherence to the program elements individually, or collectively, influenced weight loss. Completers had an average (± SD) of 4549 ± 748 kJ energy intake per day, resulting in a mean energy restriction of 62% compared to the 69% prescribed, indicating a degree of non-adherence. The percent weight changes for completers and non-completers were −7.8 ± 4.7% and −1.6 ± 2.6% at 12 weeks, and −12.2 ± 12.1% and −1.8 ± 3.2% at 52 weeks, respectively. Complete dietary adherence to a SERD may not be necessary to achieve a clinically relevant weight loss of 12% at 52 weeks, if energy is restricted by at least 62% (~4600 kJ per day) relative to requirements.

Characteristics of the elements of the acquisition prescription in the light of the need for further reform of the institute

Characteristics of the elements of the acquisition prescription in the light of the need for further reform of the institute

Comparison of pressure injury risk assessment outcomes using a structured assessment tool versus clinical judgement: A systematic review.

Whilst performing a pressure injury risk assessment is not in itself preventive, risk status identification is critical to inform the judicious implementation of prevention strategies. Risk assessment is mostly undertaken using a structured tool informed by clinical judgement, though there is a perception that use of clinical judgement alone may be sufficient. Within acute hospital settings, to identify differences in outcomes (risk status, preventive interventions) following nursing assessment of pressure injury risk when using a structured assessment tool compared to clinical judgement. Systematic review. EBSCO CINAHL Complete, EBSCO MEDLINE Complete, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid EMBASE. Primary research relevant to the objectives was eligible for inclusion. Databases were searched in February 2021 (limits: date 2010-2020, English language, adults). Two reviewers undertook the review process, with a third as arbitrator. Appraisal was undertaken using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Included studies are synthesised narratively. Reporting is in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. Five moderate to high-quality studies were included. Synthesis was limited by heterogeneity. Several risk assessment tools and methods of clinical judgement were used. Three studies reported pressure injury risk status using both assessment approaches, but in only one did nurses undertake both. Risk status, as identified by each method, varied and was sometimes contradictory. Three studies reported some elements of preventive intervention prescription and/or implementation following risk assessment, but comparison between approaches was limited. Some research suggests that risk status varies across different methods of pressure injury risk assessment, but it is unclear what impact this has on preventive intervention use. Risk status was not well linked to preventive interventions. Research is warranted to examine the influence that each approach to risk assessment alone and combined has on identified risk and preventive intervention prescription and implementation. A protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021224747).

SEC’s disclosure effectiveness initiative reshapes MD&A disclosure requirements

Purpose This article examines rule amendments issued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission in November 2020, as part of the SEC’s ongoing “disclosure effectiveness initiative”, that revise in significant respects the requirements for financial disclosures presented in SEC filings as Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Design/methodology/approach This article provides an in-depth analysis of the rule amendments in the context of contrasting perspectives expressed by the SEC, individual SEC Commissioners who dissented from adoption of the amendments, and market participants regarding the merits of the SEC’s movement away from prescriptive disclosure requirements towards a more principles-based approach to disclosure. Findings Although the SEC’s rules have long reflected a mix of principles-based and prescriptive disclosure elements, the principles-based emphasis in this latest stage of the SEC’s disclosure modernization project accords the managements of filing companies greater latitude to determine whether financial information is material to investors and how such information should be presented. Originality/value This article provides expert guidance on a major new SEC disclosure development from an experienced securities lawyer.

Impact of Electronic Prescription on Prescribing Errors

Aims: There are series of medical errors that can be prevented by taking precautions. Therefore, the study evaluates the impact of the electronic prescribing system on prescription errors.
 Study Design: A pre-post study design was conducted.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at outpatient pharmacy services of a teaching hospital in Jeddah city.
 Methodology: Prescriptions were evaluated for the presence of the essential prescription elements such as patient information, drug name, dose, frequency, strength, and other prescription completeness parameters.
 Results: In the pre-intervention study, 1182 handwritten prescriptions were evaluated, and 6627 errors were detected from these prescriptions. The length of the pre-and post-intervention period was two weeks each. The most prevalent prescribing errors were that of medications written without defined dosage forms were recorded 1653 (55.90%) time followed by prescriptions written by trade names 1493 (22.5%), without route of administration 1266 (19.1%), and without specified duration 1009 (15.2%). However, 1512 prescriptions were evaluated in the post-intervention study, among which 339 errors were detected. The errors included prescriptions written without diagnosis (5.09%), or without doctor’s name or stamp (1.52%), written by trade names (4.49%), without defined dosage forms (4.29%), and without specified duration (2.84%).
 Conclusion: The study concluded that E-prescribing eliminated prescription errors that resulted from handwritten prescriptions.

Process improvement approaches in emergency departments: a review of the current knowledge

PurposeThe healthcare system has been under pressure to provide timely and quality healthcare. The influx of patients in the emergency departments (EDs) is testing the capacity of the system to its limit. In order to increase EDs' capacity and performance, healthcare managers and practitioners are adopting process improvement (PI) approaches in their operations. Thus, this study aims to identify the main PI approaches implemented in EDs, as well as the benefits and barriers to implement these approaches.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a rigorous systematic literature review of 115 papers. Furthermore, under the lens of thematic analysis, the authors present the descriptive and prescriptive findings.FindingsThe descriptive analysis found copious information related to PI approaches implemented in EDs, such as main PIs used in EDs, type of methodological procedures applied, as well as a set of barriers and benefits. Aiming to provide an in-depth analysis and prescriptive results, the authors carried out a thematic analysis that found underlying barriers (e.g. organisational, technical and behavioural) and benefits (e.g. for patients, the organisation and processes) of PI implementation in EDs.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to knowledge by providing a comprehensive review of the main PI methodologies applied in EDs, underscoring the most prominent ones. This study goes beyond descriptive studies that identify lists of barriers and benefits, and instead the authors categorize prescriptive elements that influence these barriers and benefits. Finally, this study raises discussions about the behavioural influence of patients and medical staff on the implementation of PI approaches.